Methods for the use of the best Russian innovations in forest fire detection and suppression

This paper addresses the final stage of the study concerning the practical use of the best Russian methods,technologies and means for detecting and extinguishing forest fires in Russia.In general,the work is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the forest fire protection system by improving the methodological and technical support for the use of the best new innovations.In the course of the study,analytical methods have been applied,tested and used in silviculture,while developing and improving the regulatory legal and methodological frameworks.Based on the selection of research directions in the preliminary stages of work,analysis of the current state,use,and the development forecast of the most effective and promising technologies was carried out.In addition,for detecting,controlling and extinguishing forest fires,including a comparative analysis of their economic efficiency,methods for practical use of the best Russian innovations was developed.A significant number of new developments have accumulated which,for a number of reasons,have not been implemented.Taking into account the current state and dynamics of these promising methods,technologies,means of detecting and extinguishing forest fires,this study substantiates the development forecast of these promising innovations and their content.Its structure includes general provisions,concepts and terminology,regulatory support,the procedure for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of the innovations,as well as a list of recommended documents for studying the use of technology for detecting,controlling and extinguishing forest fires.These methods will help meet modern requirements for the protection of forests from wildfires,and present an algorithm for their implementation in practice.

A review of fire-extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium-ion batteries fire

Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.

The efficiency and toxicity of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one in suppressing lithium-ion battery fire

Currently,the effective and clean suppression of lithium-ion battery(LIB)fires remains a challenge.The present work investigates the use of various inhibitor doses(Xin)of dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one(C_(6) F_(12)O)in 300 Ah LIBs,and systematically examines the thermal and toxic hazards of the extinguished batteries via real scale combustion and gas analysis.The inhibitor is shown to be completely effective.The inhibition mechanism involves a combination of chemical inhibition and physical cooling.While the chemical inhibition effect tends to saturate with increasing Xin,the physical cooling remains effective at higher inhibitor doses.However,extinguishing the battery fire with a high Xin of C_(6)F_(12)O is found to incur serious toxicity problems.These results are expected to provide a guideline for the design of inhibitor doses for the suppression of LIB fires.

水系灭火装置在汽车发动机舱的应用

通过发动机舱灭火模型的灭火试验、实车发动机舱内的喷射试验,给出了发动机舱灭火试验结果、水系灭火剂喷射时发动机舱内温度曲线和机舱内高温元件表面温度数据表。灭火剂喷射结束后连续进行3次启动-熄火测试,发动机均能正常运转。试验表明,水系灭火装置可以成功扑灭现有模型的火灾;灭火剂喷射不会使发动机部件因为热胀冷缩而产生裂纹,未见对发动机正常运转产生影响,不会对发动机造成损害。

Wildfire yields a distinct turnover of the beetle community in a semi-natural pine forest in northern Sweden

Background:Fires have been an important natural disturbance and pervasive evolutionary force in the boreal biome.Yet,fire suppression has made forest fires rare in the managed landscapes in Fennoscandia,causing significant habitat loss for saproxylic species such as polypores and insects.To better understand how the beetle community changes(species turnover)after a wildfire in a landscape with intense fire suppression,we monitored beetles with flight intercept traps the first 3 years as well as 12 years after a large wildfire in a national park in northern Sweden(a control/unburnt area was set up for the last year of sampling).Results:Species composition changed significantly among all studied years with a continuous turnover of species following the wildfire.The indicator species analysis showed that year 1 post-fire was mostly associated with cambium consumers and also the pyrophilous species Batrisodes hubenthali.Year 2 was the most abundant and species-rich year,with Tomicus piniperda as the most important indicator species.The indicator species year 3 were mostly secondary successional species,fungivores,and predators and were characterized by lower species diversity.Year 12 had higher diversity compared with year 3 but lower species richness and abundance.A control area was established during year 12 post-fire,and our analyses showed that the control area and burned area differed in species composition suggesting that the beetle community needs longer than 12 years to recover even after a lowintensive ground fire.Conclusion:The wildfire area hosted several red-listed and fire-dependent species suggesting that after a century of landscape-level fire suppression in a semi-natural area,the reintroduction of fire benefits rare and pyrophilous species and still impacts species composition after 12 years.This study implies that fire has long-lasting effects on high latitudes and that prescribed burning has the potential to benefit biodiversity over decades in these landscapes while also highlighting the value of considering the whole species community and not only monitoring abundance and richness to assess biodiversity after management actions.