Review of state-of-the-art decision support systems (DSSs) for prevention and suppression of forest fires

Forest ecosystems are our priceless natural resource and are a key component of the global carbon budget. Forest fires can be a hazard to the viability and sustainable management of forests with consequences for natural and cultural environments, economies, and the life quality of local and regional populations. Thus, the selection of strategies to manage forest fires, while considering both functional and economic efficiency, is of primary importance. The use of decision support systems(DSSs) by managers of forest fires has rapidly increased. This has strengthened capacity to prevent and suppress forest fires while protecting human lives and property. DSSs are a tool that can benefit incident management and decision making and policy, especially for emergencies such as natural disasters. In this study we reviewed state-of-the-art DSSs that use: database management systems and mathematical/economic algorithms for spatial optimization of firefighting forces; forest fire simulators and satellite technology for immediate detection and prediction of evolution of forest fires; GIS platforms that incorporate several tools to manipulate, process and analyze geographic data and develop strategic and operational plans.

Comparisons and Assessment of Forest Fire Danger Systems

The paper gives a brief description about the current main forest fire danger rating systems in the world, which in- clude forest fire danger rating system used in Canada, USA, Australia, and other countries. It shows the composition, structure and development of the main fire danger rating systems. The limitations of those systems are also discussed. Through a comparison of the three main forest fire danger rating systems the paper describes their differences on development, fuel complex descriptions, inputs and outputs, and their applications and finds that the technologies of the Canadian forest fire danger rating system can be adopted for China to develop a national forest fire danger rating system. Two steps are needed to develop our own national forest fire danger rating system. Firstly, we apply the CFFDRS directly. Then some studies should be done to calibrate the FDRS to local weather and fuel characteristics.

An expert system for diagnosing fire-caused damages to reinforced-concrete tunnel lining

During the last four decades, reinforced-concrete structure failures have been happening widely for many reasons, such as increased service loads, war accidents, fire, and durability problems. The economic losses due to those failures are very high. An expert system is an interactive computer-based decision tool that uses both facts and heuristics to solve difficult problems based on knowledge acquired from experts. To realize these requirements, a logic programming visual basic language is used together with visual diagnosis. The expert system, Diagnosis of Fire-Caused Damages to Reinforced-Concrete Tunnel Lining (DFCDRCTL) was developed in this work for diagnosing the annual damages caused by fire. The program is used as an alternative of a human expert to make annual technical decisions in diagnosing fire damages at the second reinforced-concrete tunnel lining segment. It is concluded that the proposed DFCDRCTL expert system is easy to use, and is fast and helpful for engineers.

Intelligent Design and Implementation of Missile Fire Control System

Missile fire control system is the core of ship-based missile weapon system, whose safeguard level has direct relation with the attack ability of naval vessels. After a long period of deep investigation and research, it was found that, in one missile fire control system, there are such problems as single safeguard system, low ratio of cost to efficiency, etc. By adopting intelligent control techniques and many measures to multiple securities, the new type of assistant system is designed, some difficult problems are solved, such as fixed project channel and unitary means of missiles, which can make the equipment carry out combat mission reliably and continuously.

Tank Fire Control Systems Accuracy Assignment Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgment Method

A method of accuracy assignment based on fuzzy comprehensive judgment method (FCJM) in tank fire control system is proposed. From the flowing route of the error sources and their respective correlative signals, the transfer functions of several sources are analysed by means of mathematic simulation, and FCJM is applied to obtain the cost comprehensive factor for each part of system, combining its error sensitivity factor the mathematical model is built to solve the accuracy assignment problem. Simulation result shows the proposed method can help designer of tank fire control system work out an optimal system more efficiently and more economically.

Hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire based on GIS

The authors study the structure, functions and data organization for the hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire on the platform of GIS. A general hazard analysis model of the post-earthquake fire is presented. Taking Shanghai central district as background, a system for hazard analysis of the post-earthquake fire and auxiliary decision-against fire is developed.

Accuracy Assignment Study of Tank Fire Control System Based on Value Analysis Method

A method of accuracy assignment based on value analysis method （VAM） in tank fire control system （TFCS） is proposed. From the analysis of primary error sources and their error transfer relationships, the mathematical model is built on the basis of VAM to solve the accuracy assignment problem. Simulation results show the validation and feasibility of the proposed method. It can help designer of tank fire control system work out an optimal system more efficiently and more economically.

System Performance and Pollution Emission of Biomass Gas Co-Firing in a Coal-Fired Boiler

To reduce greenhouse gases emission and increase the renewable energy utilization portion in the world, the biomass gasification coupled with a coal-fired boiler power generation system is studied. It is a challenge to achieve optimum performance for the coupled system. The models of biomass gasification coupled with co-firing of coal in a boiler have been established. A comparative study of three kinds of biomass (Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets) has been done. The syngas produced in a 10 t/h gasifier is fed to a 330 MWe coal-fired boiler for co-combustion, and the co-firing performances have been compared with pure coal combustion case under the conditions of constant boiler load. Results show that co-firing decreases the furnace combustion temperature and raises the flue gas temperature for Food Rubbish and Straw, while, flue gases temperature decrease in case of Wood Pellets. At the same time NOx and SOx emissions have reduced. The system efficiencies at constant load for Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets are 83.25%, 83.88% and 82.56% when the optimum conditions of gasification and co-firing process are guaranteed.

34 GHz Bandpass Filter for Low-temperature Co-fired Ceramic System-in-Package Application

Modern electronic circuit requires compact,multifunctional technology in communication systems.However,it is very difficult due to the limitations in passive component miniaturization and the complication of fabrication process.The bandpass filter is one of the most important passive components in millimeter（mm）-wave communication system,attracting significant interest in three-dimension（3D） miniaturized design,which is few reported.In this paper,a bandpass filter structure using low-temperature co-fired ceramic（LTCC） technology,which is fully integrated in a system-in package（SIP） communication module,is presented for miniaturized and high reliable mm-wave application.The bandpass filter with 3D end-coupled microstrip resonators is implemented in order to achieve a high performance bandwidth characteristic.Specifically,all of the resonators are embedded into different ceramic layers to decrease the insertion loss and enhance the out-of-band rejection performance by optimizing the coupling coefficient and the coupling strength.A fence structure,which is formed by metal-filled via array with the gap less than quarter wavelength,is placed around the embedded bandpass filter to avoid electromagnetic（EM） interference problem in multilayer structure.This structural model is validated through actual LTCC process.The bandpass filter is successfully manufactured by modifying the co-fireablity characteristics,adjusting the sintering profile,releasing the interfacial stress,and reducing the shrinkage mismatch with different materials.Measured results show good performance and agree well with the high frequency EM full wave simulation.The influence of layer thickness and dielectric constant on the frequency response in fabricated process is analyzed,where thicker ceramic sheets let the filter response shift to higher frequency.Moreover,measured S-parameters denote the center frequency is also strongly influenced by the variation of ceramic material＇s dielectric constants.By analyzing the relationship between the characteristics of the ceramic tape and the center frequency of the filter,both theoretical and experimental data are accumulated for broadening application filed.With the coupling resonators embedded into the ceramic layers,the bandpass filter exhibits advantages of small size and high reliability compared to conventional planar filter structure,which makes the bandpass filter suitable for SIP communicational application.

A Review on Mine Fire Disasters and Assessment of Fire Detection Using a Dual-Cab Suppression System

The health and productivity of mining operations are negatively impacted by coal mine fires, making them dangerous. It happened everywhere, in both working and abandoned coal mines. This study seeks to review and provide technical analytics of potential mine fires and fire detection in a Dual-Cab suppression system. Analysis was done on potential mine fires like spontaneous combustion, flammable gas explosions, and cab vehicle fires. Additionally, a review of the NIOSH experiment was conducted to assess the performance of smoke and flame detectors in a dual-cab suppression system. This study guides both open-pit and underground mining operations. Additionally, a few ideas and suggestions are presented to assist with on-the-job safety analysis, ensuing creative alterations, and technology advancement for the mining industry’s overall safety.

Application of Composite Materials in the Fire Explosion Suppression System

In order to lighten the weight of the special vehicles and improve their mobility and flexibility, the weight of all subsystems of the whole vehicle must be reduced in the general planning. A fire explosion suppression system is an important subsystem for the self-protection of vehicle, protection of crews and safety of a vehicle. The performances of the special vehicles determine their survival ability and combat capability. The composite bottle is made of aluminum alloy with externally wrapped carbon fiber ; it has been proven by a large number of tests that the new type explosion suppression fire distinguisher made of such composite materials applied in the special vehicle has reliable performance, each of its technical indexes is higher or equal to that of a steel distinguisher, and the composites can also optimize the assembly structure of the bottle, and improve the reliability and corrosion resistance. Most important is that the composite materials can effectively lighten the weight of the fire explosion suppression system to reach the target of weight reduction of the subsystem in general planning.

APPLICATION OF DIRECT BTT GUIDANCE LAW BASED ON NONLINEAR INVERSE SYSTEM THEORY TO INTEGRATED FIRE／FLIGHT SYSTEMS（IFFS）

To counter BTT guidance mode, new relative motion equations of the targetaircraft and the attack aircraft are proposed. The inverse system theory of the nonlinearcontrol is used, and the direct BTT-180 guidance command is solved, which can operatethe attack aircraft to automatically complete the flight mission of the preceding stage ofthe terminal weapon delivery, and thus the automatic attack is extended from the stage ofthe terminal weapon delivery to the preceding stage of the terminal weapon delivery.

A New Fire Detection Method Using a Multi-Expert System Based on Color Dispersion, Similarity and Centroid Motion in Indoor Environment

In this paper, a video fire detection method is proposed, which demonstrated good performance in indoor environment. Three main novel ideas have been introduced. Firstly, a flame color model in RGB and HIS color space is used to extract pre-detected regions instead of traditional motion differential method, as it’s more suitable for fire detection in indoor environment. Secondly, according to the flicker characteristic of the flame, similarity and two main values of centroid motion are proposed. At the same time, a simple but effective method for tracking the same regions in consecutive frames is established. Thirdly,a multi-expert system consisting of color component dispersion,similarity and centroid motion is established to identify flames.The proposed method has been tested on a very large dataset of fire videos acquired both in real indoor environment tests and from the Internet. The experimental results show that the proposed approach achieved a balance between the false positive rate and the false negative rate, and demonstrated a better performance in terms of overall accuracy and F standard with respect to other similar fire detection methods in indoor environment.

Fire Distribution of Integrated Missile-gun Air Defense System Based on Earlier Damage Criterion

The fire distribution can be divided into weapon assignment and firing time scheduling. The criterion of weapon allocation is that a target with greater threat has higher priority. And the criterion of firing time scheduling is that a target can be damaged with the expected probability before a specific time. A fire distribution scheme and a program for the integrated missile-gun air defense system based on a criterion of earlier damage were presented. An example was taken to illustrate its effectiveness.

基于System C的火控计算机交易级建模

SystemC是一种面向软硬件协同设计、性能测试的编程语言。在介绍火控计算机工作原理、硬件结构和软件算法的基础上,采用SystemC进行火控计算机系统级建模,构建了火控计算机交易级模型,描述了相关模块接口间的调用方法,为生产或更新火控计算机集成电路芯片提供了快速可行的设计与验证方法。

压缩空气泡沫灭火系统长距离输运及喷淋特性试验研究

基于正压发泡的压缩空气泡沫灭火系统是一种新型高效的灭火系统,该系统产生的泡沫具有存留时间长、泡沫动量大等优点,可用于扑灭换流站变压器油火灾。采用全尺度试验的方式,以406 m和699 m管道为例,研究长距离管道压缩空气泡沫的输运特性及其在不同覆盖区域的喷淋特性。结果表明:压缩空气泡沫灭火系统的响应时间和达到稳定喷射状态的时间均随输运距离的增加呈单调递增变化;不同喷淋覆盖位置的泡沫性能差异不大,各试验工况下发泡倍数均高于5倍,25%析液时间均超过300 s;对于同一喷淋区域的泡沫供给强度,在距离左右两侧防火墙5.3 m位置处的泡沫供给强度最大,同时向两侧减小,通过多项式拟合得到了不同横向位置处泡沫供给强度分布的关系式。研究结果可为实际火灾中压缩空气泡沫灭火系统的灭火效果评估和泡沫覆盖盲区判定提供参考。

Agent信任与名誉的FIRE模型的改进

在开放的多Agent系统中,信任与名誉对Agent之间的交互至关重要。FIRE是一种新型的、分布式的、采用多来源的综合性的信任与名誉模型。FIRE模型包括四个组成部分:IT(interaction trust)、RT(role-based trust)、WR(witness reputation)和CR(certified reputation),在与相关模型的比较中,显示出优越性。针对WR信息获取的低效、CR不能消除Agent的欺骗等不足,提出一种基于Agent组织的半分布式FIRE模型,相关分析和实验表明了改进的有效性。

基于分布式优化与机器学习的电气火灾预警系统设计

设计一种基于分布式优化与机器学习的电气火灾预警系统,旨在构建具备高实时性和高扩展性的智能预警体系。系统采用分布式计算、边缘计算与机器学习相结合的架构,依托多种传感器节点实时监测电气火灾早期征兆。数据通过高效传输协议传送至分布式计算平台进行处理,并利用Spark和Kafka实现低延迟数据处理。仿真验证表明,系统在正常与异常工况下的火灾预警准确率和召回率均超过95%,验证了系统的有效性和可靠性。

中国和马尔代夫消防系统设计标准对比

为了进一步了解马尔代夫当地执行的消防标准与中国消防标准之间的差异,结合马尔代夫Ooredoo商务办公楼项目的工程设计实例,分别从室内消火栓系统、室外消火栓系统、自动喷水灭火系统、建筑灭火器配置4个方面对消防系统及设施的设计差异进行对比,给出马尔代夫公共建筑消防系统的设计建议。结果表明:马尔代夫消防标准在某些设计要求方面仍存在薄弱环节,如室内消火栓系统的供水管道未成环布置,消防水池的贮水量过小;室外消火栓系统仅考虑设置市政消火栓,且市政消火栓之间的间距过大;自动喷水灭火系统的设置场所仅考虑5~10层(或建筑高度范围为15~30 m)的工业厂房、车间和A、B组塑料橡胶仓库。本文成果可为马尔代夫类似民用建筑项目提供一点借鉴。

Experimental Study of Compressed Air Foam System and Its Foam Rheology

The paper described a newly developed high performance compressed air foam system(CAFS). The effective system generates uniform foam w ith greater momentum by injecting compressed air into flowing foam solution. Foa m generated by this system presented superior viscous and wetting properties to water.A pendulum system was designed to measure yield stress of foam. The results pro ved the existence of yield stress of foam. And the increasing tendency of yield stress with gas fraction and bubble size has also been found out.