Meta-analysis of cognitive function in Chinese first-episode schizophrenia: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) profile of impairment

Background Compromised neurocognition is a core feature of schizophrenia. With increasing studies researching cognitive function of Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), it is not clear about the level and pattern of cognitive impairment among this population. Aim To provide a meta-analysis systematically analysing studies of neurocognitive function using MCCB in Chinese patients with FES. Methods An independent literature search of both Chinese and English databases up to 13 March 2019 was conducted by two reviewers. Standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated using the random effects model to evaluate the effect size. Results 56 studies (FES=3167, healthy controls (HC)=3017) were included and analysed. No study was rated as 'high quality' according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Compared with HCs, Chinese patients with FES showed impairment with large effect size in overall cognition (SMD=-1.60,95% Cl -1.82 to -1.38,厂=67%) and all seven cognitive domains, with the SMD ranging from -0.87 to -1.41. In nine MCCB subtests, patients with FES showed significant difference in Symbol Coding (SMD=-1.90), Trail Making Test (TMT)(SMD=-1.36), Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (SMD=-1.33), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (SMD=-1.24), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (SMD=-1.18), Mazes (SMD=-1.16), Category Fluency (SMD=-1.01), Spatial Span (SMD=-0.69) and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (SMD=-0.38). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates that Chinese patients with FES show neurocognitive deficits across all seven MCCB cognitive domains and all nine subtests, particularly in two neurocognitive domains: speed of processing and attention/vigilance, with the least impairment shown in social cognition. Symbol Coding and TMT may be the most sensitive tests to detect cognitive deficit in Chinese patients with FES.

Impact of Untreated Sedimentation Tank Sludge Water Recycle on Water Quality During Treatment of Low Turbidity Water

The overall purpose of this research is to examine the impact of untreated sedimentation tank sludge water( USTSW) recycle on water quality during treatment of low turbidity water in coagulation—sedimentation processes. 950 m L of raw water and different concentrations of 50 m L USTSW are injected into six 1 000 m L beakers without coagulant.The results indicate that USTSW characterized as accumulated suspended solids and organic matter has active ingredients,which possess the equivalent function of coagulant. The optimal blended water turbidity is in the range of 10-20 NTU,within which USTSW recycle achieves the highest save coagulant rate. The mechanism of strengthening coagulation effect when USTSW recycle mainly depends on the chemical effect and physical effect. What is more,through scanning electron microscopy( SEM),it is found that the floc structures with USTSW recycle are more compact than those without USTSW recycle. Besides,the water quality parameters of color,NH3-N,CODMn,UV254,total aluminum,total manganese when USTSW recycle is better than the raw water without recycle,indicating that USTSW recycle can improve water quality with strengthening coagulation effect.

Effects of densification on untreated and nano-aluminum-oxide impregnated poplar wood

Effects of densification of poplar wood（Populus nigra） impregnated with nano-aluminum oxide（NA） and pre-treated with water vapor for 4 and 6 h were investigated in the present study. Physical and mechanical properties of treated poplar wood were measured according to the ASTM D-143 standard specifications, and then compared with the untreated specimens. Results showed significant improvement in all properties as a result of densification. A 4-h vapor pre-treatment improved effects on both physical and mechanical properties. When the duration of vapor-treatment increased to 6 h, wood polymers degraded to the extent that the improvements due to the vapor pre-treatment decreased substantially, though the final results were still significant improvements compared with the control specimens. High thermal conductivity coefficient of NA slightly but not significantly improved properties. Due to the high spring-back after 15 days,densified poplar is not recommended for applications in which densified wood will be exposed for long periods to high humidity or to direct water.

Drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization sequentially combined with radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of untreated and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoem-bolization(DEB-TACE)has the advantages of slow and steady release,high local concentration,and low incidence of adverse drug reactions compared to the traditional TACE.DEBTACE combined with sequentially ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation(RFA)therapy has strong anti-cancer effects and little side effects,but there are fewer related long-term studies until now.AIM To explore the outcome of DEB-TACE sequentially combined with RFA for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS Seventy-six patients with primary HCC who underwent DEB-TACE sequentially combined with RFA were recruited.Forty patients with untreated HCC were included in Group A,and 36 patients with recurrent HCC were included in Group B.In addition,40 patients with untreated HCC who were treated with hepatectomy were included in Group C.The serological examination,preoperative magnetic resonance imaging examination,and post-treatment computed tomography enhanced examination were performed for all patients.The efficacy was graded as complete remission(CR),partial remission(PR),stable disease and progressive disease at the 3rd,6th,and 9th.All patients were followed up for 3 years and their overall survival(OS),disease-free survival(DFS)were assessed.RESULTS The efficacy of Group A and Group C was similar(P>0.05),but the alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin of Group A were lower than those of Group C(all P<0.05).The proportions of CR(32.5%),PR(37.5%)were slightly higher than Group A(CR:27.5%,PR:35%),but the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=0.701,P=0.873).No operationalrelated deaths occurred in Group A and Group C.The OS(97.5%,84.7%,and 66.1%)and the DFS(75.0%,51.7%,and 35.4%)of Group A at the 1st,2nd,and 3rd year after treatment were similar with those of Group C(OS:90.0%,79.7%,and 63.8%;DFS:80.0%,59.7%,and 48.6%;P>0.05).The OS rates in Group A and Group B(90%,82.3%,and 66.4%)were similar(P>0.05).The DFS rates in Group B(50%,31.6%,and 17.2%)were lower than that of Group A(P=0.013).CONCLUSION The efficacy of DEA-TACE combined with RFA for untreated HCC is similar with hepatectomy.Patients with recurrent HCC could get a longer survival time through the combined treatment.

Comment on anisometropia magnitude and visual deficits in previously untreated anisometropic amblyopia

Dear Editor,We read with great interest article titled'Anisometropia magnitude and visual deficits in previously untreated anisometropic amblyopia'by Chen et al[1].The authors have analysed subjects with previously untreated anisometropic amblyopia and found a significant correlation between high degree of anisometropia and deep amblyopia,worse contrast sensitivity,fusion and stereopsis functions.We commend the authors in addressing a very important problem and agree with the authors in the notation that children with anisometropia are usually detected later owing to lack of noticeable physical abnormalities.

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Treated and Untreated Hospital Wastewater at Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekelle, North Ethiopia

The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has become one of the most serious challenges in Ethiopia. This study determined the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from treated and untreated wastewater released from Ayder Referral Hospital in Northern Ethiopia. A cross sectional study design was conducted from September-December, 2015 in wastewater released from Ayder referral hospital. A total of 40 composite samples were aseptically collected, transported and processed for enumeration of indicator organisms, bacteriological identification and susceptibility testing following standard procedure. Data obtained were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mean heterotrophic plate count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count and E. coli count were found to be 1.6 × 106 CFU/mL, 2.2 × 106 CFU/100 mL, 2.0 × 105 CFU/100 mL and 1.1 × 104 CFU/100 mL from treated wastewater respectively. Among the total samples 134 bacterial isolates were detected and [84 (62.7%)] were from untreated wastewater and [50 (37.3%)] were from treated wastewater. The most frequently isolated bacteria from untreated wastewater samples was Klebsiella spp [14 (16.7%)] followed by S. aureus [13 (15.5%)] and P. aeruginosa [12 (14.3%)], similarly in treated wastewater samples Klebsiella spp [10 (20%)], P. aeruginosa [8 (16%)] and S. aureus [8 (16%)] were frequently detected. The overall multi-drug resistance (MDR) in this study was [79/134 (79.1%)]. MDR from untreated wastewater sample was [64/84 (76.2%)] while from treated wastewater sample was [42/50 (84%)] and shows significant difference with (COR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.15 - 3.29, P: 0.001). It is concluded that treated hospital wastewater contains large numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore, there should be continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effluent quality of the ponds and chlorination of the final effluent should be developed.

Effect of Narrative Therapy on the Psychological Status and Life Quality of Family Caregivers of Adolescents with First-episode Depression

[Objectives]The research aimed to explore the effect of narrative therapy on the negative emotion,quality of life,care burden and nursing satisfaction of family caregivers of adolescents with first-episode depression.[Methods]Using convenient sampling method,the family caregivers of the adolescents with first-episode depression hospitalized in the Children and Adolescents Psychology Department of a GradeⅢLevel A hospital in Shiyan City,Hubei Province from July 2021 to April 2022 were selected as the research objects.The coin toss method was used to determine the test group and the control group,with 60 cases in each group.The control group received routine nursing care,and the experimental group implemented narrative therapy on this basis.Self-rating anxiety scale,self-rating depression scale,health status questionnaire(SF-36),and caregiver burden inventory were used to evaluate the anxiety and depression level,quality of life,and care burden level of the caregivers before and after the intervention.The nursing satisfaction questionnaire was used to evaluate the nursing satisfaction to the caregivers after the intervention.[Results]After 8 weeks of intervention,4 cases fell off in the control group and 3 cases fell off in the intervention group.The scores of anxiety and depression in the two groups were lower than those before intervention,and the scores in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The life quality scores of life vitality,emotional function and mental health dimensions were higher than before the intervention,and the scores in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The total score of care burden and the scores in time dependence,development limitation and physiological dimension of the two groups were lower than those before intervention,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).[Conclusions]Narrative therapy can effectively alleviate the negative emotions of family caregivers of adolescents with first-episode depression,and improve their quality of life and nursing satisfaction,but not their care burden.

Integrated Review of Lifestyle Interventions Targeting Diet and Exercise in Early or First-Episode Psychosis

Aims: Life expectancy is reduced by 10 - 20 years in psychotic disorders compared with the general population, largely due to high incidence of physical health disorders: heart attack, stroke, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes. Early or first-episode psychosis patients can be especially vulnerable to physical health, psychological and social consequences of antipsychotic medication weight gain. The aim of this paper is to review diet and exercise lifestyle interventions employed to address these issues. Method: A review of research evidence on lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise) for individuals with early or first-episode psychosis (2000 to 2020) was undertaken. An internet-based literature search employed Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science. Results: Nine studies meeting the criteria were identified: comprising of three exercise intervention studies, one diet intervention study, and five combined diet and exercise intervention studies. Only one study used a RCT design with prior power analysis to determine participant numbers, two had a RCT design, two had a comparison group and four had no control group. Overall, these studies show that exercise and diet focused interventions may provide beneficial physical and mental health outcomes, but participant engagement and behaviour change may be difficult to achieve in early or first-episode psychosis due to individual factors associated with the experience of psychosis and medication prescribed, and health service related factors. Conclusion: There is a need for evidence-based lifestyle programmes in early or first-episode psychosis that includes individually targeted evidence based exercise and diet interventions. Further appropriately powered RCTs are required to strengthen the evidence base.

Prepulse inhibition deficits in antipsychotic-na-ve first-episode schizophrenia:a meta-analysis

Objective:Published studies have found prepulse inhibition(PPI)in schizophrenia is impaired,suggesting PPI may be a biomarker of schizophrenia.We aim to examine whether PPI deficits exist in antipsychotic-na-ve,first-episode schizophrenia,and evaluate the effect size of PPI deficits between patients and healthy controls.Methods:The effect size of PPI deficits was evaluated for PPI%by calculating standard mean differences(SMDs)between patients with antipsychotic-na-ve,first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls.Results:Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria,consisting390antipsychotic-na-ve,first-episode schizophrenia and406healthy controls.The effect sizes of76dB PPI in60ms and120ms interstimulus interval(ISI)were-0.19and-0.41respectively,and the76dB PPI overall effect size was-0.30.The effect sizes of85/86dB PPI in30ms,60ms and120ms ISI were-0.25,-0.42and-0.59respectively,and the85/86dB PPI overall effect size was-0.46.One study were excluded due to heterogeneity in the85/86dB,120ms ISI group,the pooled effect size of the PPI differences between patient group and health control dropped to-0.42,and the overall effect size changed to-0.39.There were no statistical differences in startle magnitude(overall effect size=-0.18)and habituation%(overall effect size=-0.17)between patients and healthy controls.Conclusions:Antipsychotic-na-ve,first-episode schizophrenia patients exhibit robust and reliable deficits in PPI,85/86dB PPI deficit was more severe than76dB PPI,and85/86dB,60-ms ISI PPI was more likely to be a biomarker for schizophrenia,it suggested that the parameters of PPI are particularly significant to affect the effect size so that should be interpreted with cautions in the future studies.

泽布替尼治疗老年初诊套细胞淋巴瘤的效果及不良反应分析

目的探究泽布替尼一线治疗老年初诊套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性收集甘肃省肿瘤医院血液科自2020年8月至2022年7月收住经泽布替尼治疗的13例老年初诊MCL患者临床资料。13例患者给予泽布替尼初始剂量为160 mg/次,2次/d,治疗时间均大于4个周期(1个月为1个周期),记录患者疗效,计算客观缓解率(ORR)、无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期、6及12个月无进展生存率和总生存率,分析不同因素对PFS、总生存期的影响。结果随访截至2022年11月1日,13例患者中,7例完全缓解(53.8%),2例部分缓解(15.4%),4例疾病进展(30.8%);ORR为69.2%(9/13);中位PFS为8个月(范围4~28个月),中位总生存期为10个月(范围5~28个月),6个月无进展生存率和总生存率分别为68.0%、92.0%,12个月无进展生存率和总生存率分别为23.0%、31.0%。单因素分析显示,美国东部肿瘤协作组评分、Ki-67指数、乳酸脱氢酶可能影响患者PFS,年龄、Ki-67指数、乳酸脱氢酶可能影响患者总生存期(均P<0.05),但多因素Cox回归分析结果未观测到有统计学意义的影响PFS、总生存期的因素(均P>0.05)。13例患者中,1例血液学毒性为轻度,4例非血液学毒性包括感染、继发恶性肿瘤、关节痛、恶心,所有不良反应经减量、停用泽布替尼及对症处理均安全可控,无治疗相关死亡发生。结论泽布替尼单药一线治疗老年初诊MCL,特别是对于体能状态差不能耐受化疗及个人意愿拒绝化疗的患者有较高的ORR、完全缓解率及较好的耐受性。

基于Nomogram模型构建精神分裂症病人出院1年预后预测模型及干预对策

目的:探讨精神分裂症病人出院1年预后风险列线图模型的构建及验证。方法:回顾性分析2020年1月—2021年6月医院收治的150例精神分裂症病人,使用功能大体评定量表(Global Assessment of Function,GAF)调查其出院1年后预后情况,将其分为发生组(GAF≤60分)及未发生组(GAF>60分),收集其精神分裂治疗前后相关数据,对其进行危险因素分析及风险列线图模型构建,另收取2021年6月—2022年1月医院收治70例精神分裂症病人,将其设为验证组,收集其治疗前后相关数据,对风险列线图模型进行验证。结果:多因素分析显示,两组病人中有精神疾病家族史、PANSS量表以阴性症状为主、精神病未治期较长、慢性起病及首次治疗效果较差为精神分裂症病人出院1年后预后良好的独立危险因素,以此建立风险列线图模型,Logit(p)=1.558×家族史+2.140×PANSS量表+0.626×精神病未治期+1.362×起病情况+2.017×首次治疗效果-11.936。其受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.956,95%CI(0.928,0.985),灵敏度为89.1%,特异度为91.9%,Youden指数为0.810,P<0.001,Hosemer-Lemeshow检验显示χ2=6.874,P=0.550。结论:本研究构建的风险列线图模型可对精神分裂症病人出院1年后预后不良的高风险病人进行早期识别,可为临床上精神分裂症病人个性化治疗护理方案的制定与修改提供参考意见,具一定的早期预警价值。

精神分裂症患者不同未治期与精神症状、认知功能及血脂的关系

目的:探讨不同未治时长的精神分裂症患者临床症状、认知水平及血脂的差异。方法:选取2017年11月至2021年4月于我院首次治疗的精神分裂症患者,以未治期(DUP)中位值(18个月)将患者分为长DUP(n=80)组和短DUP组(n=63)。收集患者一般人口学资料,评估阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、成套神经心理状态测验(MCCB)、功能大体评定量表(GAF),并检测患者外周血脂蛋白水平。结果:短DUP患者组PANSS量表中的焦虑抑郁因子评分及GAF评分均高于长DUP患者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者MCCB各项得分差异无明显的统计学意义(P>0.05),短DUP患者血高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平高于长DUP患者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:未治期较短的精神分裂症患者有更明显的焦虑抑郁情绪,认知功能较长未治期损害较少,脂代谢紊乱较长DUP患者轻。

家族史阳性首发未用药抑郁症患者的神经认知功能危险标记物

目的:探究家族史阳性、家族史阴性首发未用药的抑郁症患者及健康人群之间神经认知功能差异,从而明确家族史阳性首发未用药的抑郁症患者特异性神经认知功能危险标记物。方法:入组32例家族史阳性首发未用药的抑郁症患者,36例家族史阴性首发未用药的抑郁症患者和35例健康志愿者,在经精神科药物干预前应用成套神经心理状态评估工具在即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意力、延时记忆五个维度进行神经认知功能测评,应用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)进行临床症状测评。结果:家族史阳性与阴性首发未用药的抑郁症患者的即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意力、延时记忆五个神经认知功能维度的得分均明显低于健康人群(P<0.01)。家族史阳性首发未用药的抑郁症患者的即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力得分低于家族史阴性首发未用药的抑郁症患者(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示家族史阳性首发未用药的抑郁症患者各个神经认知功能维度得分与HAMA评分、HAMD评分均无相关性。家族史阴性首发抑郁症患者延时记忆得分与HAMA评分呈负相关(P<0.05,r=-0.397),言语功能得分与HAMD评分呈负相关(P<0.05,r=-0.039)。结论:家族史阳性首发未用药的抑郁症患者神经认知功能方面可能预先存在的特异性标记,成套神经心理状态评估工具中的即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力维度可以考虑作为其神经认知危险标记物,其神经认知功能受损与临床症状可能并无相关性。

精神病未治期及其早期干预的研究进展

精神病通常涉及一系列与职业或社会功能受损有关的认知、行为和情感症状。未治期是影响精神病患者预后的重要预测因素和独立危险因素,较长的未治期与疾病不良预后相关,缩短未治期的早期干预措施也逐渐受到国内外研究者的关注。本文回顾分析了精神病未治期的相关研究,阐述了未治期的概念、测量工具、神经生物学机制、未治期与精神病预后的关系及缩短未治期的早期干预措施,为临床针对精神病未治期的相关干预策略提供思路和依据。

基于血浊理论探析轻度认知功能障碍的辨证论治

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是处于正常衰老和痴呆之间的一种过渡状态,其过程具有可逆性,早期治疗有助于改善轻度认知功能障碍。文章基于血浊理论对MCI的治疗进行了探讨,阐述了肾精亏虚、血浊扰神是轻度认知功能障碍的病机关键,血浊生痰化瘀成毒是其基本病理变化,提出运用补肾化浊、化痰逐瘀解毒的方法来治疗轻度认知功能障碍。

药食同源中药基于肠道微环境干预糖尿病前期的研究进展

在我国“健康中国2030规划纲要”政策指导下,贯彻中医“治未病”思想,在糖尿病前期阶段给予有效干预是预防和延缓糖尿病发生的关键。对近年来有关文献报道进行研究,总结糖尿病前期人群肠道微环境的特点和肠道菌群紊乱在糖调节受损人群中可能的致病机制。糖尿病的发生发展与菌群数量、肠道通透性改变等机制相关,中医脾瘅理论为干预糖尿病前期提供理论基础,总结目前药食同源目录内中药通过调节肠道微环境干预糖尿病前期的研究进展,为延缓糖尿病进展提供循证学依据和治疗靶点。

从《伤寒杂病论》中“死证症候群”谈现代重症医学对中医应用范围的拓展作用

《伤寒杂病论》中记载“死证”“不治”“不可治”等病症(以下称为“死证症候群”),代表传统中医学所能治疗的极限水准。但随着时代变迁,现代医学的引入,在目前中医传承和发展过程中,利用现代仪器、技术及医学理论的更新与联合运用,重症患者的救治水平有了很大提高,传统中医记录的“死证症候群”病机也在救治中得到转变,甚至已不再是“死证”“不治”“不可治”。通过用现代重症医学理论对原有“死证症候群”病症及病机进行重症理论解读,以求利用现代重症医学理论与技术为传统中医学救治危重症患者提供新的应用空间,使在“死证”病机转化后继续发挥传统中医学的协同作用,并最终延长患者生存期、提高生活质量,以求尝试实现临床工作中的中西医结合。

未服药躁狂症患者的暴力行为与其TT_(3)、TT_(4)、TSH、CRP水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨未服药躁狂症患者的暴力行为与其总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT_(3))、总甲状腺素(TT_(4))、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的相关性。方法 98例首次确诊躁狂症患者,根据院前是否发生暴力行为以及改良版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评分分为对照组(院前未发生过暴力行为且MOAS评分<5分,61例)与观察组(院前发生过暴力行为或MOAS评分≥5分,37例)。两组患者均进行甲状腺激素(TT_(3)、TT_(4)、TSH)、CRP水平检测。比较两组患者的甲状腺激素与CRP水平,分析甲状腺激素、CRP水平与MOAS评分的相关性。结果 两组患者的TT_(4)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者的TT_(3)、TSH、CRP水平分别为(1.76±0.31)nmol/L、(4.23±1.16)mIU/L、(1.34±0.52)mg/L,均高于对照组的(1.61±0.17)nmol/L、(2.24±0.72)mIU/L、(0.64±0.17)mg/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TT_(3)与自身攻击评分呈正相关(r=0.698,P<0.05);TSH、CRP与自身攻击评分无相关性(P>0.05)。TT_(3)、TSH、CRP与言语攻击评分、财物攻击评分无相关性(P>0.05)。TT_(3)与身体攻击评分无相关性(P>0.05);TSH、CRP与身体攻击评分呈正相关(r=0.652、0.698,P<0.05)。结论 未服药躁狂症患者的暴力行为与其TT_(3)、TSH、CRP水平密切相关性,临床可根据相关指标的检测结果来早期防范暴力行为的发生。

精神分裂症未治期及其影响因素研究

目的了解精神分裂症患者首次正式开始治疗前的疾病未治疗期间(duration of untreated illness,DUI)和精神病未治疗期间(duration of untreated psychosis,DUP)及其影响因素。方法应用诺丁汉起病症状量表(Nottingham onset schedule,NOS)调查上海市精神卫生中心的精神分裂症患者,共收集117例。同时,应用自编问卷对患者家属进行访谈,调查可能影响患者及时就诊的因素。结果①精神分裂症患者DUI中位数是181天,DUP中位数是84天。②首发非特异性精神症状以失眠和情绪障碍最为常见,出现频度超过50%;首发精神病性症状以幻听和被害妄想最为常见,出现频度达到47%。③影响患者就诊的主要因素是家属不认识精神病和患者不愿接受诊治。④以DUI中位数181天将患者区分为长DUI组和短DUI组,发现:长DUI组中回答家庭成员意见不一致是延误就诊因素的比例显著高于短DUI组(χ2=3.9,P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者从发病到开始治疗的疾病未治疗期间较长。影响DUI和DUP的因素是多方面的,值得进一步深入研究。

污水源热泵系统和污水冷热能利用前景分析

分析了污水热源 /热汇的特点 ,介绍了以未处理污水作为热源 /热汇和以二级出水或中水作为热源 /热汇的污水源热泵系统 ,分析了污水源热泵系统的技术经济性和其应用潜力 ,介绍了国内外的应用情况 。