Effect of Al_2O_3 Binder on the Precipitated Iron-Based Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） catalysts incorporated with Al2O3 binder were prepared by the combination of co-precipitation and spray drying technology. The catalyst samples were characterized by using N2 physical adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption （TPR/TPD） and MSssbauer effect spectroscopy （MES） methods. The characterization results indicated that the BET surface area increases with increasing Al2O3 content and passes through a maximum at the Al2O3/Fe ratio of 10/100 （weight basis）. After the point, it decreases with further increase in Al2O3 content. The incorporation of Al2O3 binder was found to weaken the surface basicity and suppress the reduction and carburization of iron-based catalysts probably due to the strong K-Al2O3 and Fe-Al2O3 interactions. Furthermore, the H2 adsorption ability of the catalysts is enhanced with increasing Al2O3 content. The FTS performances of the catalysts were tested in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor （CSTR） under the reaction conditions of 260 ℃, 1.5 MPa, 1000 h^-1 and molar ratio of H2/CO 0.67 for 200 h. The results showed that the addition of small amounts of Al2O3 affects the activity of iron-based catalysts to a little extent. However, with further increase of Al2O3 content, the FTS activity and water gas shift reaction （WGS） activity are decreased severely. The addition of appropriate Al2O3 do not affect the product selectivity, but the catalysts incorporated with large amounts of Al2O3 have higher selectivity for light hydrocarbons and lower selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons.

Effect of Manganese Incorporation Manner on an Iron-Based Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A systematic study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the manganese incorporation manner on the textural properties, bulk and surface phase compositions, reduction/carburization behaviors, and surface basicity of an iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） catalyst. The catalyst samples were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, H2 （or CO） temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）, and M5ssbauer spectroscopy. The FTS performance of the catalysts was studied in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor （CSTR）. The characterization results indicated that the manganese promoter incorporated by using the coprecipitation method could improve the dispersion of iron oxide, and decrease the size of the iron oxide crystallite. The manganese incorporated with the impregnation method is enriched on the catalyst＇s surface. The manganese promoter added with the impregnation method suppresses the reduction and carburization of the catalyst in H2, CO, and syngas because of the excessive enrichment of manganese on the catalyst surface. The catalyst added manganese using the coprecipitation method has the highest CO conversion （51.9%） and the lowest selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons （C12＋）.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis over Alumina- Supported Cobalt-Based Catalysts: Effect of Support Variables

Different kinds of aluminum precursors were obtained from precipitating ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, and saturated ammonium bicarbonate, then, boehmite (AlO(OH)), ammonium alumina carbonate hydroxide (AACH) and their mixture were obtained, and then, different kinds of alumina were obtained after calcination. Three catalysts supported on the different alumina were obtained via impregnating cobalt and ruthenium by incipient wetness. The effects of different precipitants on composition of precursors were?studied by XRD, FTIR, and TGA. The property and structure of alumina were studied by XRD and BET. The supported catalysts were studied by characterizations of XRD and H2-TPR, and the catalytic performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were evaluated at a fix-bed reactor. The relations among the composition of precursors, the property of alumina and the catalytic performance of supported catalysts were researched thoroughly.

Promoter effect on the CO_2-H_2O formation during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on iron-based catalysts

The effects of Mg,La and Ca promoters on primary and secondary CO2 and H2O formation pathways during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on precipitated Fe/Cu/SiO2 catalysts are investigated.The chemisorbed oxygen atoms in the primary pathway formed in the CO dissociation steps reacted with co-adsorbed hydrogen or carbon monoxide to produce H2O and CO2,respectively.The secondary pathway was the water-gas shift reaction.The results indicated that the CO2 production led to an increase in both primary and secondary pathways,and H2O production decreased when surface basicity of the catalyst increased in the order Ca 〉 Mg 〉 La.

ZrO_2改性Co-Ru/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂对Fischer-Tropsch合成反应的催化性能

采用浸渍法制备了ZrO2改性Co-Ru/γ-A l2O3催化剂(以下简称催化剂),考察了反应温度、反应压力、气态空速和合成气n(H2)∶n(CO)对催化剂催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,随反应温度的升高,催化剂的催化活性提高,CH4的选择性增加,重质烃的选择性先增加后减小;升高反应压力有利于提高催化剂的催化活性、增加重质烃的选择性;增大气态空速不利于重质烃的生成;随n(H2)∶n(CO)的增大,CO的转化率和CH4的选择性增加、重质烃的选择性减小。在反应温度220℃、反应压力1.5M Pa、气态空速800h-1、n(H2)∶n(CO)=2.0的条件下,CO的转化率达到84.88%,烃的总选择性为99.63%,CH4和CO2的选择性分别为5.47%,0.37%,C5+占全部烃产物的质量分数为88.16%,重质烃的收率(以标准状况下1m3(H2+CO)计)为152.83g。

水对钴基Fischer-Tropsch合成的影响

近年来钴基Fischer-Tropsch合成(F-T合成)成为C1化学领域的研究热点。在F-T合成中,水是主要产物之一,它不可避免地影响着催化剂性能。本文就水对钴基F-T合成的影响进行了评述,重点讨论了水对催化剂活性、选择性和稳定性的影响。

反应条件对Co/SBA-15催化剂Fischer-Tropsch合成性能的影响

采用初湿浸渍法制备了 Co/SBA—15催化剂,采用 N_2物理吸附、X 射线衍射和透射电子显微镜等方法对载体和催化剂进行了表征;在小锈钢固定床反应器中,对 Co/SBA—15催化剂的 Fischer—Tropsch 合成性能进行r评价,考察了反应温度、反应压力及合成气空速对 CO 转化率和产物选择性的影响,得到了 CO 转化率与反应温度、反应压力和合成气空速间的定量关系,并给出了数学表达式。实验结果表明,CO 转化率与反应温度呈指数关系、与反应压力呈线性关系、与合成气空速呈反比关系,过高或过低的反应温度、低反应压力和大合成气空速都不利于长链烃的生成。同时考察了反应时间对 Co/SBA-15催化剂 Fischer-Trop-sch 合成性能的影响。随反应时间的延长,CO 转化率降低,产物选择性变化不大,在考察反应温度、反应压力及合成气空速的影响时,可以忽略反应时间的影响。

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by nano-structured iron catalyst

Effects of nanoscale iron oxide particles on textural structure,reduction,carburization and catalytic behavior of precipitated iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis（FTS） are investigated.Nanostructured iron catalysts were prepared by microemulsion method in two series.Firstly,Fe2O3 ,CuO and La2O3 nanoparticles were prepared separately and were mixed to attain Fe/Cu/La nanostructured catalyst（sep-nano catalyst）;Secondly nanostructured catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation in a water-in-oil microemulsion method（mix-nano catalyst）.Also,conventional iron catalyst was prepared with common co-precipitation method.Structural characterizations of the catalysts were performed by TEM,XRD,H2 and CO-TPR tests.Particle size of iron oxides for sep-nano and mix-nano catalysts,which were determined by XRD pattern（Scherrer equation） and TEM images was about 20 and 21.6 nm,respectively.Catalyst evaluation was conducted in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor and compared with conventional iron catalyst.The results revealed that FTS reaction increased while WGS reaction and olefin/paraffin ratio decreased in nanostructured iron catalysts.

Controlled synthesis of cobalt nanocrystals on the carbon spheres for enhancing Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance

Non-porous carbon sphere was used as support to synthesize supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts with high activity and durability. Strong metal-support interaction was avoided and intrinsic activity of pristine cobalt nano-particles was studied. Thermal decomposition synthesis method was applied to obtain cobalt catalysts with high dispersion and narrow particle size distribution. Furthermore the cobalt size can be controlled by the molar ratio of o-dichlorobenzene/benzylamine. Compared with supported cobalt catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and ultrasonic impregnation method,the catalyst prepared by thermal decomposition method showed higher catalytic activity, higher long chain hydrocarbons selectivity and lower methane selectivity.

Kinetics studies of nano-structured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Kinetic parameters of nano-structured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） were studied in a wide range of synthesis gas conversions and compared with conventional catalyst.The conventional Fe/Cu/La catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation of Fe and Cu nitrates in aqueous media and Fe/Cu/La nanostructure catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation in a water-in-oil micro-emulsion.Nano-structured iron catalyst shows higher FTS activity.Kinetic results indicated that in FTS rate expression,the rate constant （k） increased and adsorption parameter （b） decreased by decreasing the catalyst particle size from conventional to nano-structured.Since increasing in the rate constant and decreasing in the adsorption parameter affected the FTS rate in parallel direction,the particle size of catalyst showed complicated effects on kinetic parameters of FTS reaction.

Effect of nano-particle size on product distribution and kinetic parameters of Fe/Cu/La catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Effects of nano-particle size on hydrocarbon production rates and distributions for precipitated Fe/Cu/La catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated.Nano-structured iron catalyst was prepared by micro-emulsion method.The concept of two superimposed AndersonSchulz-Flory （ASF） distributions has been applied for the representation of the effects of reaction conditions and nano-particles size on kinetics parameters and product distributions.These results reveal that by reducing the particle size of catalyst,the break in ASF distributions was decreased.Also useful different kinetics equations for synthesis of C3 to C9 and C10 to C22 were determined by using α1 and α2 chain growth probabilities.

Deactivation studies of nano-structured iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

A nano-structured iron catalyst for syngas conversion to hydrocarbons in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis（FTS） was prepared by micro-emulsion method.Compositions of bulk iron phase and phase transformations of carbonaceous species during catalyst deactivation in FTS reaction were characterized by temperature-programmed surface reaction with hydrogen（TPSR-H 2 ）,and XRD techniques.Many carbonaceous species on surface and bulk of the nano-structured iron catalysts were completely identified by combined TPSR-H 2 and XRD spectra and which were compared with those recorded on conventional co-precipitated iron catalyst.The results reveal that the catalyst deactivation results from the formation of inactive carbide phases and surface carbonaceous species like graphite,and it will be increased when the particle size of iron oxides was reduced in FTS iron catalyst.

Active Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Fe-Cu-K/SiO_2 catalysts prepared by autocombustion method without a reduction step

The purpose of this study was to prepare iron-based catalysts supported on silica by autocombustion method for directly using for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis（FTS） without a reduction step. The effect of different citric acid（CA）：iron nitrate（N） molar ratios and acid types on the FTS performance of catalysts were investigated. The CA：N molar ratios had an important influence on the formation of iron active phases and FTS activity. The iron carbide（FexC）, which is known to be one of the iron active phases, was demonstrated by the X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Increasing the CA：N molar ratios up to 0.1 increased CO conversion of catalyst to 86.5%, which was then decreased markedly at higher CA：N molar ratios. An excess of CA resulted in carbon residues covering the catalyst surface and declined FTS activity. The optimal catalyst（CA：N molar ratio = 0.1） achieved the highest CO conversion when compared with other autocombustion catalysts as well as reference catalyst prepared by impregnation method, followed by a reduction step. The autocombustion method had the advantage to synthesize more efficient catalysts without a reduction step. More interestingly, iron-based FTS catalysts need induction duration at the initial stage of FTS reaction even after reduction, because metallic iron species need time to be transformed to FexC. But here, even if without reduction, FexC was formed directly by autocombustion and induction period was eliminated during FTS reaction.

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over iron catalysts with corncob-derived promoters

A sustainable strategy for Fischer–Tropsch iron catalysts is successfully achieved by embedding of synergistic promoters from a renewable resource, corncob. The iron-based catalysts, named as 'corncob-driven'catalysts, are composed of iron species supported on carbon as primary active components and various minerals(K, Mg, Ca, and Si, etc.) as promoters. The corncob-driven catalysts are facilely synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal treatment under mild conditions. The characterization results indicate that the formation of iron carbides from humboldtine is clearly enhanced and the morphology of catalyst particles tends to be more regular microspheres after adding corncob. It is observed that the optimized corncob-driven catalyst exhibits a higher conversion than without promoters' catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis(ca. 73% vs. ca. 49%). More importantly, a synergistic effect exists in multiple promoters from corncob that can enhance heavy hydrocarbons selectivity and lower CO_2 selectivity, obviously different from the catalyst with promoters from chemicals. The proposed synthesis route of corncob-driven catalysts provides new strategies for the utilization of renewable resources and elimination of environmental pollutants from chemical promoters.

Effect of operating conditions and potassium content on Fischer-Tropsch liquid products produced by potassium-promoted iron catalysts

The dependencies of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis liquid hydrocarbon product distribution on operating pressure and temperature have been studied over three potassium-promoted iron catalysts with increasing potassium molar content. The study followed an experimental planning and the results were analyzed based on surface response methodology. The effects of different operating conditions and potassium contents on the liquid product distribution were compared based on number average carbon number and dispersion. Results showed that high pressures （25 to 30 arm） favored the production of waxes that could be converted into liquid fuels through hydrocracking, while greater direct selectivity towards diesel was favored by low pressure （20 arm） using catalysts with low potassium to iron molar ratios. The liquid product distribution produced using an iron catalyst with high potassium content presented higher number-average number of carbons when compared to the distribution obtained using an iron catalyst with low potassium content.

Effect of Sulfate on an Iron Manganese Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

The effect of sulfate on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performance was investigated in a slurryphase continuously stirred tank reactor （CSTR） over a Fe-Mn catalyst. The physiochemical properties of the catalyst impregnated with different levels of sulfate were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, H2 （or CO） temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）. The characterization results indicated that the impregnated sulfate slightly decreased the BET surface area and pore volume of the catalyst, suppressed the catalyst reduction and carburization in CO and syngas, and decreased the catalyst surface basicity. At the same time, the addition of small amounts of sulfate improved the activities of FischerTropsch synthesis （FTS） and water gas shift （WGS）, shifted the product to light hydrocarbons （C1-C11） and suppressed the formation of heavy products （C12＋）. Addition of SO4^2- to the catalyst improved the FTS activity at a sulfur loading of 0.05-0.80 g per 100 g Fe, and S-05 catalyst gave the highest CO conversion （62.3%）, and beyond this sulfur level the activity of the catalyst decreased.

有机硅烷对介孔Y型分子筛理化特性及费托性能影响研究

为了合成对汽油段、柴油段产物有高选择性的催化剂载体,以多种有机硅烷为模板剂原位合成了高结晶度介孔Y型分子筛,考察了硅烷剂浓度以及有机硅烷剂中的取代基对Y型分子筛性能的影响,并以合成的介孔分子筛为载体通过浸渍法负载钴制备了催化剂,考察了催化剂的费托反应性能;采用X射线衍射、比表面积测试、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段分析了介孔分子筛及催化剂的物性特征,分别使用气相色谱质谱联用仪、气相色谱对反应产物进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明:有机硅烷剂中的硅与硅凝胶中的硅摩尔比为1∶30时达到饱和,继续提高硅烷剂浓度将导致分子筛结晶度下降,且大量的微孔损失,粒径明显减小。通过改变有机硅烷剂的取代基链长,分子筛的平均介孔尺寸可在4.9~9.0 nm进行调控。极性有机硅烷剂更有利于合成高结晶度与大比表面积的介孔分子筛,其中最大比表面积达到683.7 m^(2)/g,且相较于相同链长的非极性有机硅烷剂合成的分子筛其微孔孔容增加了约30%,而介孔孔容几乎相同。在以合成气为原料气的费托合成实验中,极性有机硅烷剂合成的分子筛催化剂对柴油段C_(10-20)产物具有较高选择性,最高达31.1%;非极性有机硅烷剂合成的分子筛催化剂对汽油段C_(5-12)产物具有较高选择性,最高达39.7%。

碱处理HY分子筛负载Co基催化剂对费-托合成反应的催化性能

以不同季铵碱处理后的HY分子筛为载体,通过熔融法制备了Co/HY-X系列催化剂,并用于费-托合成反应,考察不同季铵碱处理对Co/HY催化剂性能的影响。采用N_(2)吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和氨程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在高压固定床反应器上对催化剂的费-托合成催化性能进行测试。结果表明,与未经过季铵碱处理的Co/HY相比,在季铵碱处理的Co基催化剂作用下的CO转化率都有所提高,其中经过四甲基氢氧化铵处理的Co/HY催化剂性能最好,CO转化率提高了约30百分点。

煤基费托合成油的催化氧化及对贫煤的浮选机理研究

为提升煤基费托合成油(CBFTSO)的附加值并拓宽其应用领域,以环烷酸锰为催化剂,采用催化氧化法对其开展了改性研究。在此基础上,以山西某洗煤厂的浮选入料为研究对象,通过浮选试验确定了适宜的氧化反应条件,并借助气相色谱-质谱联用分析(GC-MS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和接触角测试揭示了OCBFTSO(最佳氧化条件下的产物)与煤的作用机理。结果表明,CBFTSO的最佳氧化条件为氧化温度120℃、催化剂浓度0.1%、氧化时间12 h;在OCBFTSO、起泡剂(杂醇)用量均为50 g/t时,可获得精煤产率86.59%、精煤灰分8.64%的分选指标,与CBFTSO作捕收剂时相比,精煤产率提高了约2个百分点,精煤灰分降低了约1个百分点。机理分析结果表明,CBFTSO中的正癸烷及4-叠氮庚烷通过反应(链引发等)使OCBFTSO中出现极性基(酮基),该基团会与煤表面的C-O和O-C=O基团结合,提升煤表面的疏水性;使用OCBFTSO降低了精煤中高岭石和石英的含量,故具有良好的浮选选择性。

ZrO_(2)修饰对Co/SiC催化剂的费托合成性能影响

本研究采用ZrO_(2)对SiC表面进行改性,制得系列Co-ZrO_(2)/SiC催化剂,借助N2物理吸附、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS等表征手段对催化剂物化性质进行结构分析,并利用微型固定床反应器对催化剂的活性进行评价,研究ZrO_(2)改性SiC载体对钴基费托合成催化剂的影响。研究结果表明,由于ZrO_(2)体相存在氧空穴等不同的活性位,H2在Co表面被活化后形成的部分H溢流到ZrO_(2)表面并储存到ZrO_(2)表面,而ZrO_(2)与Co之间存在相对较强的相互作用,使得Co周围的H浓度增加,进而Co/SiC催化剂的还原度显著增加。同时,ZrO_(2)与SiC表面的无定形相发生相互作用形成Zr−O−Si键。由于Si(1.90)的电负性高于Zr(1.33),部分电子可以通过Zr-O-Si结构从Zr转向Si,形成富电子的SiOxCy相和SiO_(2)相。从而降低了SiC表面无定形相的对Co物相吸电子能力,减弱了Co与SiC表面的无定形相的相互作用,进而提高了Co相的电子密度。采用ZrO_(2)对SiC进行修饰后,同时提高了Co/SiC催化剂中Co物相的电子密度和还原度,使得催化剂对长链烃的选择性显著提升。