Dynamic Behavior and Deformation Analysis of the Fish Cage System Using Mass-Spring Model

Fish cage systems are influenced by various oceanic conditions, and the movements and deformation of the system by the external forces can affect the safety of the system itself, as well as the species of fish being cultivated. Structural durability of the system against environmental factors has been major concern for the marine aquaculture system. In this research, a mathematical model and a simulation method were presented for analyzing the performance of the large-scale fish cage system influenced by current and waves. The cage system consisted of netting, mooring ropes, floats, sinkers and floating collar. All the elements were modeled by use of the mass-spring model. The structures were divided into finite elements and mass points were placed at the mid-point of each element, and mass points were connected by springs without mass. Each mass point was applied to external and internal forces, and total force was calculated in every integration step. The computation method was applied to the dynamic simulation of the actual fish cage systems rigged with synthetic fiber and copper wire simultaneously influenced by current and waves. Here, we also tried to find a relevant ratio between buoyancy and sinking force of the fish cages. The simulation results provide improved understanding of the behavior of the structure and valuable information concerning optimum ratio of the buoyancy to sinking force according to current speeds.

Prediction of Long-Term Extreme Response of Fish Cage Using Environmental Contour Method

The fish cage design requires accurate predictions of long-term extreme loads and responses.Compared with the time-consuming full long-term analysis method integrating all the probability distribution of the short-term extremes,the environmental contour method gains much attention in predicting the long-term extreme values due to the less computational effort.This paper investigates the long-term extreme response of a fish cage using the environmental contour method.The fish cage is numerically simulated based on the lumped-mass method and the curved beam theory.Based on the one-dimensional(1D)and two-dimensional(2D)environmental contour,the extreme responses,including the surge and heave motions,mooring force,and vertical bending of the floater,are predicted for different return periods and compared with the full long-term analysis results.Results indicate that the 1D method greatly underestimates the extreme values.The 2D environmental contour method with a higher percentile level,namely90%,provides reasonable estimations and seems to be suitable for the long-term value analysis.Sensitivity studies show that the mooring arrangement and the bending stiffness have great effects on the bending moment and the mooring force and the mooring line pre-tension has minor effects on the fish cage response.

Applicability of Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube for Fish Waste Removal from Fish Cages in Sanggou Bay,P.R.China

The present study investigated the applicability of integrated polychaete-fish culture for fish waste removal to offset negative impact induced by organic benthic enrichment.A field study demonstrated that deposition rate was significantly higher underneath the fish farm than that in control area.The material settling under the farm was characterized by a high amount of fish feces(45%) and uneaten feed(27%).Both feeding rate(FR) and apparent digestibility rate(ADR) increased with decreasing body weight,as was indicated by significantly a higher rate observed for the groups containing smaller individuals in a lab study.The nutrient in fresh deposited material(De) was higher than that in sediments collected under the farm(Se),resulting in lower feces production but higher apparent digestibility rate for the De group as feeding rate was similar.Consequently,higher nutrient removal efficiency was observed in the De group.A mass balance approach indicated that approximately 400–500 individuals m^(-2) is required for removing all waste materials deposited underneath the fish farm,whereas abundance can be lower(about 300–350 individuals m^(-2)) when only the fish waste needs to be removed.The results showed that a significant amount of waste had been accumulated in the fish cages in Sanggou Bay.The integration of fish with P.aibuhitensis seems promising for preventing organic pollution in the sediment and therefore is an effective strategy for mitigating negative effect of fish farms.Thus such integration can become a new IMTA(integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) model in Sanggou Bay.

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Submersible Fish Cage at Various Depths in Waves

Submersible fish cages can be submerged under the water to mitigate the negative effects that arise from severe sea conditions and improve the growing environment for the farmed fish. Thus they are increasingly applied in offshore aquaculture. To ensure both safety and economic efficiency of submersible fish cages, it is important to determine the optimum submergence depth. In this study, a series of physical model experiments were conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of a submersible fish cage at various submergence depths(1/6, 1/4, 1/3, and 1/2 of the water depth as well as the floating condition for reference) with a model scale of 1:20. The results of the physical model experiment for the different depths were compared to analyze the effects of submergence depths on the mooring line tension and the movement of the floating collar. The results showed that the mooring line tension and the floating collar movement significantly attenuated with increasing submergence depth. However, the attenuation tendency became stable when the fish cage reached a certain depth. According to the results, 1/3 of water depth was determined as the optimal submergence depth of the fish cages. Deeper submergence depths showed no significant advantage from a perspective of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the fish cage. The determination of the optimum submergence depth is beneficial for the structural design and operation safety of submersible net cages.

A Model for the Calculation of Velocity Reduction Behind A Plane Fishing Net

A model for the calculation of velocity reduction behind a fishing net is proposed in this paper. Comparisons are made between the calculated results and experimental data. It is shown that by the application of the effective adjacent area coefficient of fluid flowing around a solid structure to the fishing net, the calculated results agree well with the experimental data. The model proposed in this paper can also be applied to the analysis of the velocity reduction within a fishing cage and can be introduced into the numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic behavior of fishing cages for the improvement of computational accuracy.

Wave and Current Effects on Floating Fish Farms

The paper is partly a review on hydrodynamic and structural aspects of fish farms. In addition, new numerical results are presented on the stochastic behavior of bending stresses in the floater of a realistic net cage in extreme wave conditions. The behavior of traditional-type fish farms with net cages and closed fish farms in waves and currents is discussed. Hydroelasticity can play a significant role for net cages and closed membrane-type fish farms. The many meshes in a net cage make CFD and complete structural modeling impracticable. As an example, a hydrodynamic screen model and structural truss elements are instead used to represent the hydrodynamic loading and the structural deformation of the net. In addition, the wake inside the net due to current plays an important role. The described simplified numerical method has been validated by comparing with model tests of mooring loads on a single net cage with two circular elastic floaters and bottom weight ring in waves and currents. It is discussed which parts of the complete system play the most important roles in accurately determining the mooring loads. Many realizations of a sea state are needed to obtain reliable estimates of extreme values in a stochastic sea. In reality, many net cages operate in close vicinity, which raises questions about spatial variations of the current and wave environment as well as hydrodynamic interaction between the net cages. Live fish touching the netting can have a non-negligible influence on the mooring loads. It is demonstrated by numerical calculations in waves and currents that a well boat at a net cage can have a significant influence on the mooring loads and the bending stresses in the floater. The latter results provide a rational way to obtain operational limits for a well boat at a fish farm. Sloshing has to be accounted for in describing the behavior of a closed fish farm when important wave frequencies are in the vicinity of natural sloshing frequencies. The structural flexibility has to be considered in determining the natural sloshing frequencies for a membrane-type closed fish farm. Free-surface non-linearities can matter for sloshing and can, for instance,result in swirling in a certain frequency domain for a closed cage with a vertical symmetry axis.

海上风机与养殖网箱融合系统中网箱系泊绳张力与导管架基础结构的安全性

海洋牧场与海上风电融合发展是现代渔业和清洁能源产业融合发展的典型代表,有利于构建“海上粮仓+清洁能源”的新产业模式。本研究基于福建漳浦六鳌海上风电场风机导管架构建养殖网箱与海上风机融合系统,运用Aqua-FE™有限元工具探究极端波流条件下不同网箱布设深度、波流入射角、生物附着程度对网箱系泊绳张力的影响;采用海洋工程专用设计软件SACS,计算分析风机导管架结构在波流及网箱系泊绳张力作用下的应力分布,评估养殖网箱系泊绳张力对风机导管架基础结构安全性的影响。结果显示,网箱布设深度的增加能够减少网箱系泊绳最大张力,显著改善网箱风机整体结构受力状态;波流入射角的改变对于网箱风机整体结构安全性影响不大;网衣生物附着程度的增加会显著增加网箱系泊绳最大张力,从而造成风机导管架基础杆件大量失效。研究表明,养殖网箱可布设于适当水深以减少受力,同时应及时清理附着生物,适当增加网箱系泊点附近的导管架杆件和导管架底部桩土点杆件的壁厚,以确保养殖网箱与海上风机融合系统结构安全。该结果可为深入研究网箱与风机融合系统的受力,评估该系统的安全性,优化设计养殖网箱与风机融合系统提供数据支撑。

船型网箱运动-波浪场扰动-网衣受力耦合动力响应特性

船型网箱是一种由大型浮体、钢架、网衣系统及系泊系统构成的新型海洋养殖结构.大型浮体在波浪中产生的绕射和辐射作用会对波浪场产生扰动,进而改变网衣受力,这种相互作用此前还未被研究过.本文基于势流理论求得绕射波和辐射波在网衣周围波浪场的速度传递函数,同时采用莫里森方程求解计及波浪场扰动的网衣水动力载荷;对网衣水动力载荷与浮体运动不断迭代计算,实现计及网箱运动-波浪场扰动-网衣受力耦合效应的船型网箱动力响应分析;最后,研究了不同幅值的规则波下这种耦合效应对网箱运动、网衣张力、容积损失和连接器载荷的影响规律.结果发现:波浪场扰动对网箱运动和容积损失的影响不明显,但是会导致网衣张力和连接器载荷明显增大,这能够为船型网箱的结构强度校核及安全设计提供指导.

基于水面红外图像的深海网箱鱼群夜间智能监测方法研究

获取深海网箱养殖过程鱼群活动数据,开展鱼群监测是提升深海养殖效率、降低养殖成本的有效手段。基于水面红外相机,利用深度学习前沿技术,提出了一种鱼群智能监测方法。该方法涉及鱼群识别及计数、鱼体分割和鱼体游向判断3个功能模块。首先,通过红外相机采集鱼类的图像信息,并进行标注以构建数据集,然后采用改进的Faster RCNN模型,以Mobilenetv2+FPN网络作为特征提取器,实现鱼类的准确识别,并输出包围框表征鱼类个体位置。其次,从框图内选择亮度前20%的像素点作为分割提示点,利用Segment Anything Model对图像进行分割,生成鱼体分割图。最后,通过对鱼体分割图进行椭圆拟合处理,可以判定鱼类的游向信息。改进的Faster RCNN模型在进行100次迭代训练后,平均精确率达到84.5%,每张图片的检测时间为0.042 s。结果表明,在水面红外图像的鱼类数据集上,所提出的改进Faster RCNN模型和椭圆拟合等关键技术能够实现对鱼群的自动监测。

功能性渔用材料的研究现状与展望

随着新材料技术的不断革新和现代渔业的高质量发展,功能性渔用材料迎来了新的挑战,同时也给现代渔业高质量发展带来新的机遇。功能性渔用材料在蓝色粮仓建设、渔业生态环境保护及绿色水产品供给等方面发挥了重要作用。为研发综合性能更加优越的功能性渔用材料,本文概述了近年来功能性渔用材料的研究现状,分析了防污材料、可降解材料、发光材料、抗菌材料等功能性渔用材料的应用进展以及现阶段存在的问题与不足,并展望了今后的发展趋势,以期为功能性渔用材料的快速崛起和产业化应用等提供参考。

基于高频水平机械扫描式声呐图像的海水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹数量估算方法

为准确估算海水养殖网箱中的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)数量,基于高频水平机械扫描式声呐和深度学习技术,提出了一种海水网箱鱼群数量的估算方法。该方法使用微分水层并逐层聚类的方式以实现计数,主要包括鱼群识别计数、鱼群聚类和鱼群数量拟合3部分。首先,使用高频水平机械扫描式声呐对海水网箱进行螺旋式的检测,获取鱼群图像信息并标注图像以构建改进的CS-YOLOv8s的训练数据集,然后训练CS-YOLOv8s模型以识别图像中的鱼类位置信息;其次,以40 cm水深间距划分网箱作为水层,对每个水层的识别坐标数据使用DBSCAN方法进行聚类处理,生成每个水层的鱼群数量数据;最后,将每个水层的数量数据与网箱中已知的鱼群数量进行拟合,构建鱼群数量拟合模型。结果表明,在海水网箱定量实验中,该方法对卵形鲳鲹数量的估算精度达到87.14%,能够较好地实现卵形鲳鲹的数量估算。

养殖网箱对阻尼池浮式风电平台性能影响

为研究网箱对浮式风电系统的影响,分析浮式风电与养殖融合平台的运动响应,采用基于动量叶素理论计算风力机的气动载荷,利用势流理论计算浮体水动力载荷,利用莫里森方程计算网箱水动力载荷,在时域范围内对系统运动响应进行计算分析,获得不同工况下系统响应的特征值。结果表明,在各种海况条件下,网箱带来的阻尼可以大幅降低浮式风电系统的响应幅值和系泊载荷,增强系统的稳定性。因此,通过合理设计浮式风电与海水养殖综合平台的参数,可以实现浮式风电与海水养殖的高效融合。

梭子蟹笼渔船起拔时的自动脱钩装备设计与试验

为实现蟹笼渔船蟹笼挂钩自动脱钩,设计一种撞击式自动脱钩装置。首先,利用三维软件和TRIZ理论对脱钩装置进行结构设计与改进。然后,基于Ansys workbench对脱钩装置在不同工艺参数下对撞击过程进行仿真模拟,通过仿真试验所得数据分析不同工艺参数对撞击效果的影响,以撞击角度和撞击速度对装置的工艺参数进行优化。最后,进行实验室试验来验证仿真试验所得参数的可靠性。结果表明:当牵引速度为40 m/min、撞击装置的上扬倾角为15°时,挂钩所受最大法向力为242.75 N,实测脱钩率为100%。该研究验证显示动力学和中心复合设计理论结合所得工艺参数的可靠性和精确度,为未来撞击式结构设计分析和参数选取提供一定的参考。

大宗淡水鱼坑塘设置网箱养殖大口黑鲈试验

在河北地区采用在大宗淡水鱼坑塘中设置网箱养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的模式,4月份网箱放养大口黑鲈鱼种75尾/m^(2),规格126~158 g/尾;10月份网箱产量41.44 kg/m^(2),平均规格595 g/尾,成活率92%,饲料系数1.33,利润294.48元/m^(2),投入与产出比1∶1.32。网箱外坑塘大宗淡水鱼鱼种平均产量11115 kg/hm^(2),饲料系数为1.08。该模式当年投放大规格大口黑鲈鱼种,可当年养成,当年销售见效益。

大鹏澳网箱养鱼水体自身污染及富营养化研究

根据1998年8～10月每1次对大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养鱼水体26h定点连续观测,采用国内常用的营养状态质量指数 (INQ))法,并选用COD、TIN、PO4-P和Chla为评指标,分析了各网箱水体的富营养化程度,讨论了A网箱INQ 值的周日变化;用质量平衡法估算了网箱养鱼水体的氮、磷负荷量。分析结果表明,8～10月份各网箱水体营养况状属中营养水平 ;INQ 值的周日变化中 ,高峰出现在12 :00～18:00,各网箱水体富营养化程度随着放养密度的增加而增大,8、9月份最为明显。网箱养鱼的水体的氮、磷负荷从7月至9月逐月增大 ,10月开始下降。

海水鱼类网箱养殖水域沉积物有机质的来源甄别

利用稳定碳氮同位素示踪技术,对南沙港网箱养殖水域沉积物中有机质的来源进行了分析研究。结果表明,网箱养殖区(距离网箱边缘100 m范围内)及对照区(距离网箱边缘大于500 m)沉积物的δ13C值分别为(-17.72±1.2)‰和(-12.73±0.38)‰,δ15N分别为(6.44±0.2)‰和(5.61±0.2)‰。网箱养殖区沉积物的有机质来源主要为残饵和鱼类粪便,比例分别占47.70%和27.71%。随着与养殖网箱距离的增加,网箱养殖源有机质(残饵和鱼类粪便之和)的比例降低,变化趋势符合指数方程y=97.167e-0.007 4x(R2=0.848 1),在潮流驱动的沉积物再悬浮及野生鱼类的扰动影响下,网箱养殖源有机质的水平位移可达400 m。鱼类网箱养殖的养殖废物是南沙港水域沉积物有机污染的主要来源。

水产养殖对流沙湾浮游植物群落特征的影响

于2012年8月至2013年1月在流沙湾海区进行了3个季度的浮游植物调查。共检出浮游植物80种,包括硅藻门34属69种,甲藻门5属9种,蓝藻门2属2种,主要优势种为中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）和中心圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus centralis）等。浮游植物的细胞丰度为0.001×104-1.495×10^4个·L^-1）,夏季最高冬季最低且内港丰度普遍低于外港。扇贝主养区、网箱鱼类养殖区、珍珠贝养殖区的多样性指数普遍高于对照区（无养殖区）,且网箱鱼类养殖区最高。夏、秋两季扇贝主养区丰度相对较高,网箱鱼类养殖区浮游植物细胞丰度则与对照区相近,珍珠贝养殖区丰度夏季较高（1.099×10^4个·L^-1）而秋季较低（0.021×104个·L^-1）。结果表明,近年来流沙湾海区浮游植物种类及丰度锐减;扇贝养殖可提高浮游植物丰度,鱼类网箱养殖则反之;密集的网箱设施阻碍了湾口水流交换,减少了营养物质的运输并限制了内港珍珠贝养殖区浮游植物丰度。

我国深远海网箱养殖工程与装备技术研究综述

在远离大陆的深远海水域发展大型网箱养殖,已成为缓解近海养殖环境压力、突破资源受限和空间制约问题的重要举措。深远海网箱养殖产业的蓬勃发展,加速促进了养殖方式转型升级和海洋养殖空间大幅拓展,形成了海洋设施养殖新发展格局。本文立足我国网箱养殖产业发展现状,分析深远海网箱养殖产业发展需求、发展前景以及设施装备科技需求,详细介绍国内外深远海网箱养殖工程与有关装备技术的研究应用情况,分析我国深远海网箱养殖工程与装备发展面临的主要问题,并从科学规划、科技引领、规范建设和创新模式等方面,对深远海网箱养殖产业发展提出相关建议。

真江蓠(Gracilaria verrucosa)对网箱养殖海区的生态修复及生态养殖匹配模式

2006年8～9月,在浙江象山港花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）养殖网箱中吊养真江蓠（Gracilaria verrucosa）对网箱养殖造成的水体富营养化进行生态修复研究。通过45d内的平面监测、定点跟踪监测和断面监测,结果表明：该网箱养殖区水体呈严重富营养化状态,营养状态指数（E）为32.00,其营养盐分布由高浓度的中心区向周围150m非养殖水域扩散;真江蓠对养殖区的富营养化海水具有较好的修复效果：江蓠生态修复区及其相邻网箱中水体PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N和NO3-N含量显著低于非修复区（P〈0.01）,修复区海水PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N和NO3-N浓度比非修复区分别降低22%～58%、24%～48%、22%～61%和24%～47%。养殖真江蓠45d后,修复区水体DO浓度和透明度显著高于非修复区（P〈0.05）,DO平均提高28%,透明度平均提高30%;而修复区水体Chl-a浓度显著低于非修复区（P〈0.05）,平均降低49%。通过建立基于N平衡的鱼藻生态养殖模式,每收获1kg花鲈至少需要匹配江蓠4.7 kg wetwt才可实现对鱼类排放N的完全吸收。因此网箱内栽培江蓠的混合生态养殖模式,可平衡因经济动物养殖所带来的额外营养负荷,有利于实现动物养殖环境的自我修复。

大黑汀水库水质时空变化特征及下游引水策略

为探究大黑汀水库2017年养鱼网箱拆除后水质特征,于2018年分季节采集水库表层和分层水样分析水库水质时空变化特征。结果表明:大黑汀水库表层水体总氮在冬季最高,总磷在夏季最高,硝态氮是溶解性无机氮中的主要成分;大黑汀水库总氮、硝态氮、总磷和磷酸盐质量浓度总体上都表现出上游最高、中游次之、下游最低的空间分布特征,氨氮和亚硝态氮则相反;垂向上主要表现为夏季总磷质量浓度底层大于表层,与温跃层及溶解氧水平有关;养鱼网箱拆除后显著降低了水库总磷和磷酸盐质量浓度,氨氮质量浓度也显著降低,总氮和硝态氮质量浓度无显著变化;氮磷比表明磷是该水库水体富营养化的限制因子,因此养鱼网箱拆除能有效控制该水库富营养化进程;根据水质时空分布特征,下游引水应避免在冬季取水,引水高度上应选择从坝前中层水柱取水。