Performance Improvement of Kenaf/Glass Polymer Hybrid Composites by Effective Application of Fish Scale Powder as Filler:A Novel Approach

Modern technology for developing new items made from renewable resources is becoming more and more popular as a result of rising environmental concern.Recently,contemporary polymer composites have included the hybridization of natural fibers with synthetic ones,along with the inclusion of a variety of biowaste filler for developing sustainable goods.In this work,the kenaf/glass hybrid polyester composites are strengthened by the addition of fish scale(FS),which is taken from the fishs outermost layer of skin.Five different stacked-order laminates,such as KKKK,KGKG,GKKG,KGGK,and GGGG,are fabricated by using the hand lay-up method with four different weight concentrations of filler content:0%,5%,10%,and 15%.Mechanical possessions such as tensile,flexural,impact strength and micro-hardness have been evaluated through experimentation in accordance with ASTM standards.The experimental findings revealed that,the tensile strength and micro-hardness value of KGKG laminates with 15wt% of FS filler are found to be maximum of 118.72 MPa and 17.82 HV respectively which are 39.67%and 26.11%greater than that of KGKG laminates without FS filler.However,the flexural and impact strength of same laminates with 10 wt% FS filler exhibited a maximum value of 142.77 MPa and 62.08 kJ/m^(2).In order to corroborate its applicability for structural and building materials in open environment,the dimensional stability of the composite has been studied through moisture absorption test.The influences of FS filler loading on dimensional stability and resistance to moisture absorption capacity of laminates are also investigated.The experimental results reflected that the addition of FS-filler has significantly improved the dimensional stability of the laminates in moist environment by reducing the moisture absorption tendency.To further support the mode of failures,a fractography investigation of fractured surfaces was conducted.

Advances in Research and Application of Fish Scale Collagen

To study the current application and development of fish scale collagen at home and abroad, this paper reviews the structural properties, methods of extracting collagen from fish scale and the applications of collagen in biological medicine, food and chemical industries, cosmetics and other fields, discusses the utilization value of fish scale collagen, to provide a theoretical basis for future development and application of fish scale collagen.

Preparation of Fish Scales Hydroxyapatite (FsHAp) for Potential Use as Fillers in Polymer

The aims of this study were to prepare natural hydroxyapatite from fish scales(FsHAp)for potential use as a filler in polymer.The FsHAp was prepared from Tilapia fish scales using thermal method.The FsHAp was milled for 48 h and dried by spray method.The morphology was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)which showed irregular shape of FsHAp particles with particle size around 7μm.The analysis of FsHAp was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)to confirm chemical structure of FsHAp.

Technology for Extracting Effective Components from Fish Scale

The research of the category and extraction methods of effective ingredients of fish scale was reviewed at home and abroad. The extraction process of fish scale was studied, including collagen, hydroxyapatite, lecithin, guanine etc. The different extraction methods and the components were analyzed. The research of effective ingredients of fish scales was reviewed as theory basis to further research and comprehensive development.

Preparation and Characterisation of Collagen from Freshwater Fish Scales

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were prepared from the waste freshwater carp fish scales. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that purified collagens were composed of at least two different chains which were in accordance with the type I collagen with α chain composition of (α1)2α2. Compared with the carp fish ordinary muscle type I collagen , porcine dermis type I collagen and other seawater fish collagens, freshwater carp fish scales collagen contained relative high half-cystine (Cys-s), but lower denaturation temperature(Td) than the porcine dermis type I collagen. These collagens had evident absorption at 230 nm by UV-Vis spectra. The spectrum X-ray diffraction showed that the collagen remained single-helix and tri-helix configuration with the minimum values of the repeat spacings (d) of about 4.48 ? and 11.87 ?. Therefore, to make more effective use of limited-resources, carp fish scales can be a potential resource for the extraction of type I collagen or gelatin.

The calcium-binding activity of fish scale protein hydrolysates

The calcium-binding activity of tilapia scale protein hydrolysates sequentially hydrolyzed by trypsin, flavor enzyme and pepsin were investigated. The hydrolysates were divided into four fractions using G-15 gel chromatography, and the F3 fraction has the higher calcium-binding activity of 196.3 mg/g. The UV-vis and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrate that the amino nitrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms belonging to the carboxylate groups are the primary binding sites for Ca2+. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the reaction between the peptde and calcium. The results obtained indicated that this fish scale protein hydroly-sates have potential as functional foods for calcium-supplementation.

Bionic Research on Fish Scales for Drag Reduction

To reduce friction drag with bionic method in a more feasible way, the surface microstructure of fish scales was analyzed attempting to reveal the biologic features responding to skin friction drag reduction. Then comparable bionic surface mimicking fish scales was fabricated through coating technology for drag reduction. The paint mixture was coated on a substrate through a self-developed spray-painting apparatus. The bionic surface with micron-scale caves formed spontaneously due to the interra- cial convection and deformation driven by interfacial tension gradient in the presence of solvent evaporation. Comparative experiments between bionic surface and smooth surface were performed in a water tunnel to evaluate the effect of bionic surface on drag reduction, and visible drag reduction efficiency was obtained. Numerical simulation results show that gas phase de- velops in solid-liquid interface of bionic surface with the effect of surface topography and partially replaces the solid-liquid shear force with gas-liquid shear force, hence reducing the skin friction drag effectively. Therefore, with remarkable drag re- duction performance and simple fabrication technology, the proposed drag reduction technique shows the promise for practical applications.

Bioinspired tungsten-copper composites with Bouligand-type architectures mimicking fish scales

The microscopic Bouligand-type architectures of fish scales demonstrate a notable efficiency in enhancing the damage tolerance of materials;nevertheless,it is challenging to reproduce in metals.Here bioinspired tungsten-copper composites with different Bouligand-type architectures mimicking fish scales were fabricated by infiltrating a copper melt into woven contextures of tungsten fibers.These composites exhibit a synergetic enhancement in both strength and ductility at room temperature along with an improved resistance to high-temperature oxidization.The strengths were interpreted by adapting the classical laminate theory to incorporate the characteristics of Bouligand-type architectures.In particular,under load the tungsten fibers can reorient adaptively within the copper matrix by their straightening,stretching,interfacial sliding with the matrix,and the cooperative kinking deformation of fiber grids,representing a successful implementation of the optimizing mechanisms of the Bouligand-type architectures to enhance strength and toughness.This study may serve to promote the development of new high-performance tungsten-copper composites for applications,e.g.,as electrical contacts or heat sinks,and offer a viable approach for constructing bioinspired architectures in metallic materials.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of fish scale loaded TiO_2 composites under solar light irradiation

Fish scale （FS） loaded TiO2 composites were investigated as photocatalysts in degradation of Methyl Orange under solar light irradiation. Composites were prepared through sol-gel method by varying mass ratio of TiO2/FS at 90：10, 70：30 and 50：50, respectively. The catalysts prepared in this study were characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and nitrogen sorption. The effects of solar irradiation, mass ratio of TiO//FS composites, irradiation time and catalyst loadings were studied. Synergistic effect was found in TiO2/FS of 90：10 composite which performed higher photocatalytic degradation than synthesized TiO2 under solar light irradiation. However, further increasing fish scale content in the composites reduced the photocatalytic activity drastically. Under solar light irradiation, all the catalysts in this study exhibited photocatalytic activity, except TiO2/FS of 50：50 composite that only acted as a weak biosorbent without performing any photocatalytic property. Photocatalytic degradation increased with increasing catalyst loading and irradiation time but decreased with increased of initial dye concentration.

Nano-calcium silicate mineralized fish scale scaffolds for enhancing tendon-bone healing

Tendon-bone healing is essential for an effective rotator cuff tendon repair surgery,however,this remains a significant challenge due to the lack of biomaterials with high strength and bioactivity.Inspired by the high-performance exoskeleton of natural organisms,we set out to apply natural fish scale(FS)modified by calcium silicate nanoparticles(CS NPs)as a new biomaterial(CS-FS)to overcome the challenge.Benefit from its“Bouligand”microstructure,such FS-based scaffold maintained excellent tensile strength(125.05 MPa)and toughness(14.16 MJ/m^(3)),which are 1.93 and 2.72 times that of natural tendon respectively,allowing it to well meet the requirements for rotator cuff tendon repair.Additionally,CS-FS showed diverse bioactivities by stimulating the differentiation and phenotypic maintenance of multiple types of cells participated into the composition of tendon-bone junction,(e.g.bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs),chondrocyte,and tendon stem/progenitor cells(TSPCs)).In both rat and rabbit rotator cuff tear(RCT)models,CS-FS played a key role in the tendon-bone interface regeneration and biomechanical function,which may be achieved by activating BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway in BMSCs.Therefore,natural fish scale-based biomaterials are the promising candidate for clinical tendon repair due to their outstanding strength and bioactivity.

Fish scale-derived scaffolds with MSCs loading for photothermal therapy of bone defect

Tissue engineering scaffolds have presented effective value in bone repair.However,the integration of the diverse components,complex structures,multifunction to impart the scaffolds with improved applicability is still a challenge.Here,we propose a novel fish-derived scaffold combined with photothermal therapy and mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)to promote bone regeneration.The fish-derived scaffold is composed of the decellularized fish scale and gelatin methacrylate synthesized from fish gelatin(fGelMA),which can promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of MSCs with no obvious immunological rejection.Furthermore,the black phosphorus(BP)nanosheets are incorporated into the fGelMA hydrogel network,which can endow the hydrogel with the capacity of photothermal conversion stimulated by near-infrared(NIR)light.The fish-derived scaffold can promote the osteogenesis process of MSCs with higher expression of osteogenic markers and higher mineralization assisted by the NIR light in vitro.The regeneration of mice calvarial defect has also been accelerated by the scaffold with photothermal therapy and MSCs.These results suggest that the fish-derived scaffold,photothermal therapy,MSCs-based regenerative therapy is a promising clinical strategy in bone regeneration.

Bioinspired fish-scale-like magnesium composites strengthened by contextures of continuous titanium fibers:Lessons from nature

Natural fish scales demonstrate outstanding mechanical efficiency owing to their elaborate architectures and thereby may serve as ideal prototypes for the architectural design of man-made materials.Here bioinspired magnesium composites with fish-scale-like orthogonal plywood and double-Bouligand architectures were developed by pressureless infiltration of a magnesium melt into the woven contextures of continuous titanium fibers.The composites exhibit enhanced strength and work-hardening ability compared to those estimated from a simple mixture of their constituents at ambient to elevated temperatures.In particular,the double-Bouligand architecture can effectively deflect cracking paths,alleviate strain localization,and adaptively reorient titanium fibers within the magnesium matrix during the deformation of the composite,representing a successful implementation of the property-optimizing mechanisms in fish scales.The strength of the composites,specifically the effect of their bioinspired architectures,was interpreted based on the adaptation of classical laminate theory.This study may offer a feasible approach for developing new bioinspired metal-matrix composites with improved performance and provide theoretical guidance for their architectural designs.

Underwater Superoleophobic Crucian Fish Scale:Influence of Ontogeny on Surface Morphologies and Wettability

Recent development concerning underwater superoleophobic surface has been motivated by fish scales,which are rendered capable of preventing their surfaces from contamination in oil-polluted water.In this paper,for the first time,the variations in surface topography and chemical composition of crucian fish scales at different growth stages have been investigated.The water and oil contact angles,surface morphology and chemical composition of the fish scales were measured by means of contact angle measurements,scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,respectively.It is found that surface morphology and chemical composition both have influences on surface wettability of fish scales;fish scale at infant period seems to possess better hydrophilicity than that of fish scales at mature and senescent period.What is more,it is believed that the wettability heavily depends on the surface structures during their growth procedure,which enlightens us to design and fabricate biomimetic multifunctional underwater superoleophobic surfaces inspired by nature.

Performance enhancement of futuristic airplanes by nature inspired biomimetic fish scale arrays--A design approach

Biomimetics has an immense potential to drive the next generation of technologies forward by propounding competent solutions from nature.For decades,the nonsmooth topography of most living creatures has been critical to their existence and survival.Contrary to human-made smooth surfaces,when adapted for fluid flow applications,nonsmooth surfaces can enhance the overall aerodynamic performance by reducing the drag force.Recently,the bioinspired scale structure of fish has been identified as a key biomimetic derivative for improving the aerodynamic efficiency in various cross-domain applications.This study investigates the aerodynamics of a fish scale array(FSA)NACA 0021 model at a specific Reynolds number(Re)of approximately 2.46×105 that is meant for laminar flow conditions using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)tools and a subsonic wind tunnel facility.A 3D printed biomimetic FSA film is developed and affixed on the NACA 0021 wing profile for the experimental investigation,followed by flow visualization through the smoke tunnel facility.As proved qualitatively under specific aerodynamic conditions,the creation of velocity streaks has a major role in the drag reduction process.To obtain a clear perspective of flow across the overlapping fish scale structures,the results are focused on the central and overlapping regions of the FSA structure.The experiment has proved the existence of a combined formation of low and high velocity streaks in central and overlapping regions.The FSA 0021 model showed a maximum drag reduction of 9.57%,which was attributed to the streak formation phenomenon observed in the overlapping FSA configuration.

The impact of spatial scale on local Moran's I clustering of annual fishing effort for Dosidicus gigas offshore Peru

The spatial scale(?shing grid) of ?sheries research af fects the observed spatial patterns of?sheries resources such as catch-per-unit-ef fort(CPUE) and ?shing ef fort. We examined the scale impact of high value(HH) clusters of the annual ?shing ef fort for Dosidicus gigas of fshore Peru from 2009 to 2012.For a multi-scale analysis, the original commercial ?shery data were tessellated to twelve spatial scales from 6′ to 72′ with an interval of 6′. Under these spatial scales, D. gigas clusters were identi?ed using the Anselin Local Moran's I. Statistics including the number of points, mean CPUE, standard deviation(SD),skewness, kurtosis, area and centroid were calculated for these HH clusters. We found that the z-score of global Moran's I and the number of points for HH clusters follow a power law scaling relationship from2009 to 2012. The mean ef fort and its SD also follow a power law scaling relationship from 2009 to 2012.The skewness follows a linear scaling relationship in 2010 and 2011 but ?uctuates with spatial scale in2009 and 2012; kurtosis follows a logarithmic scale relationship in 2009, 2011 and 2012 but a linear scale relationship in 2010. Cluster area follows a power law scaling relationship in 2010 and 2012, a linear scaling relationship in 2009, and a quadratic scaling relationship in 2011. Based on the peaks of Moran's I indices and the multi-scale analysis, we conclude that the optimum scales are 12′ in 2009 ? 2011 and 6′ in 2012, while the coarsest allowable scales are 48′ in 2009, 2010 and 2012, and 60′ in 2011. Our research provides the best spatial scales for conducting spatial analysis of this pelagic species, and provides a better understanding of scaling behavior for the ?shing ef fort of D. gigas in the of fshore Peruvian waters.

Effects of microbial transglutaminase on the gelling property and in vitro digestibility of fish scale gelatin from grass carp

Fish scales are good sources of gelatin,but the wide application of fish scale gelatin(FSG)is highly restricted due to its poor gelling property.In this study,microbial transglutaminase(MTG)was utilized to improve the gelling property of FSG from grass carp.The effects of MTG on the gel strength,textural property,rheological property,triple-helix structure,chemical structure,thermal property,and microstructure of FSG were investigated.Then,the in vitro gastric and simulated intestinal digestibility of the cross-linked FSG were further studied.The cross-linking of FSG by MTG at all concentrations increased the gel strength,hardness,chewiness,peak temperature,and sol-gel transition temperatures.The MTG at a low concentration promoted the formation of an ordered triple-helix structure and a compact network in FSG,while the high-concentration MTG had an opposite effect.Besides,the cross-linking of FSG by MTG generally increased the digestion time of FSG and allowed the release of more unique peptides during gastric and intestinal digestion.Peptides with various bioactivities were released after the simulated intestinal digestion of the native and modified FSGs.This study may provide some guidance for the deep utilization of FSG in the food industry and further promote the exploitation of fish scales.

应用4-scale模型对人工针叶林郁闭度的反演

利用4-scale模型模拟不同叶面积指数、不同样地树木结构参数下的背景可视概率、冠层反射率,建立查找表。利用遥感数据,以像元尺度ILA值作为控制变量,根据冠层反射率数据查找对应ILA下的背景可视概率,进而反演出冠层郁闭度。最后采用鱼眼相机与样点法实测的郁闭度做模型的检验。结果表明:4-scale模型能很好地反演人工针叶林冠层郁闭度,与其他3种测量郁闭度方法相比,4-scale模型反演郁闭度与鱼眼照片提取的冠层郁闭度有很好的线性关系,决定系数R^2=0.628、均方根误差ERMS=0.0476,与样点法、样线法计算的郁闭度R^2与ERMS分别为0.5591、0.0518和0.5395、0.0529。考虑树干对鱼眼照片提取冠层郁闭度的影响后R^2为0.6847;对于人工落叶松林,R^2由0.4226提升到0.6153;对于人工油松林,R^2由0.7646变为0.7561。4-scale模型针能很好的反演人工针叶林冠层郁闭度,同时也证明4-scale模型反演冠层郁闭度与鱼眼照片提取的冠层郁闭度之间存在良好的关系。

波浪作用下小尺度多船并排锚泊横摇运动试验研究

采用物理模型试验方法研究双船、三船和四船并排锚泊时各船的运动量,并与单船艏艉锚泊情况进行了对比,重点分析了横浪作用下各船的横摇运动规律,探究了波浪周期和并排锚泊船数对多船并排锚泊时横摇运动的影响。结果表明,多船并排锚泊时,横摇运动响应随着波浪周期的增大而逐渐减小。双船并排锚泊时,横摇运动响应同单船相比减少了40%~50%;三船和四船并排锚泊时,横摇运动响应同单船相比减少50%~60%,四船并排锚泊时横摇运动响应减小的幅度与三船并排时相比差别不大。

提取温度对乌鱼鱼鳞明胶功能性质和结构特性的影响

功能性质是衡量鱼明胶品质的重要因素,直接关系着鱼明胶的实际应用范围和价值。为探究提取温度对乌鱼鱼鳞明胶功能性质的影响,本研究以乌鱼鱼鳞为原料,采用热水法提取明胶,考察了不同温度(60、70、80、90、100℃)提取对鱼鳞表面形态、鱼鳞明胶得率、功能性质(起泡性、乳化性、凝胶强度、凝胶温度、胶融温度)的影响,并进一步通过SDS-PAGE、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜探究鱼鳞明胶的结构特性。结果表明:当提取温度从60℃逐步升高到100℃,乌鱼鱼鳞表面的破损越来越严重,鱼鳞明胶得率从31.72%增加到50.97%,起泡能力从23.33%提升至73.33%,乳化活性从15.13 m^(2)/g增长到17.27 m^(2)/g,而凝胶强度、凝胶温度、胶融温度则从677.82 g、20.80℃、28.70℃分别降低至372.91 g、15.80℃、23.90℃。此外,随着提取温度的提升,电泳图中乌鱼鱼鳞明胶α_(1)、α_(2)、β链三条特征带逐渐模糊,红外光谱结果表明鱼鳞明胶都具有特征吸收峰(酰胺A、酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ、酰胺Ⅲ)且酰胺A带波数先升高后降低,扫描电镜结果显示鱼鳞明胶多孔网格结构的紧密程度降低。上述研究结果可为乌鱼鱼鳞明胶产业化提供理论依据。

阳江闸坡世界级渔港水域布置设计要点

渔港作为发展海洋经济的重要基础设施,其建设缺少完善的标准文件,同时渔港锚泊水域及码头作业条件相较于一般港口工程更为严格,因此渔港水域布置方案对后期的顺畅运营具有重大影响。结合实际工程案例、规范、地方规划及标准总结渔港防波堤、码头及锚泊水域建设标准,并以阳江闸坡世界级渔港为例归纳渔港建设设计思路;依据当地波浪观测资料分析渔港作业特点,在总体规划方案的基础上提出近期忽略掩护频率较低的偏北向浪的实施方案,以节省工程投资,并结合波浪数学模型和整体物理模型等试验对水域布置进行验证和优化。