Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.

Research on the Course of Principles of Concrete Structure Design

Nowadays,education and teaching have become a hot topic,and teaching in colleges and universities is facing a brand-new development direction.Principles of Concrete Structure Design,as one of the main courses,transmits professional knowledge for students,enhances the students’professional ability,and further carries out in-depth research on the course to bring a better teaching effect for students.The article mainly focuses on the research of the principles of concrete structure design course,conducts an analysis of the teaching characteristics of the principles of concrete structure design course,and reasonably sets the teaching content from the optimization of the course teaching objectives;innovative course teaching methods can deepen the effect of knowledge understanding;reform of experimental practice teaching can lay down the effect of the internalization of knowledge,etc.The in-depth description and discussion of the relevant aspects of the research aim to provide guidelines for related research.

Exploring the Principles Underlying Business English Course DesignBased on a Training Program

In order to make a business English training course cost effective, the course is to be designed based on certain language teaching theories and principles involving needs analysis to identify learners' needs and wants, appropriate teaching approaches and during-and-after evaluation of the training effects.

Single-atom electrocatalysts for lithium-sulfur chemistry:Design principle,mechanism,and outlook

Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been regarded as one of the promising candidates for the next-generation“lithium-ion battery beyond”owing to their high energy density and due to the low cost of sulfur.However,the main obstacles encountered in the commercial implementation of LSBs are the notorious shuttle effect,retarded sulfur redox kinetics,and uncontrolled dendrite growth.Accordingly,single-atom catalysts(SACs),which have ultrahigh catalytic efficiency,tunable coordination configuration,and light weight,have shown huge potential in the field of LSBs to date.This review summarizes the recent research progress of SACs applied as multifunctional components in LSBs.The design principles and typical synthetic strategies of SACs toward effective Li–S chemistry as well as the working mechanism promoting sulfur conversion reactions,inhibiting the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect,and regulating Li+nucleation are comprehensively illustrated.Potential future directions in terms of research on SACs for the realization of commercially viable LSBs are also outlined.

Design Principles of the Non-smooth Surface of Bionic Plow Moldboard

The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.

Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching and Its Implications to TEFL Reform in Higher Vocational Colleges

Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching by Janice Yalden is a linguistics book for the ESL/EFL teachers and researchers. By briefing and analyzing the contents , some guidelines and methods are found practical and enlightening for the teachers in higher vocational college to develop EFL courses.

Designing Advanced Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries:Principles,Strategies,and Perspectives

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are an appealing battery system due to their low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental-friendliness,while their application is plagued by the obstacles from the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode.Summarizing the design principles and strategies toward the optimization of cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode is crucial for the development of AZIBs.Herein,we present a comprehensive analysis of the design principles and promising strategies toward the improvement of AZIBs.Firstly,the various reaction mechanisms are summarized and the existing issues associated with the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode are discussed to guide the rational design of AZIBs.Subsequently,we provide an in-depth and comprehensive discussion on the design principles and strategies for the electrodes/electrolyte/separator optimization,and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies.Importantly,the design principles and strategies of the newly appeared conversion-type AZIBs,such as Zn-S battery and Zn-Se battery,are also discussed and analyzed.The effect of design strategies on the electrochemical performance and the relationship between the current issues and strategies are also unveiled in detail.Finally,some research trends and perspectives are provided for designing better AZIBs.

PRINCIPLES FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN OF OPEN PIT MINES

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New design principles for the bath towards chromate-and crack-free conversion coatings on magnesium alloys

Cracking and low thickness are major obstacles to the high corrosion performance of conversion coating on magnesium alloy.In this work,the ratio of total acidity to p H(TA/p H)was applied as an indicator,and new principles regarding the design of conversion bath were proposed.The treatment bath should be composed of species that can be categorized into two groups:the first group of species that react with Mg substrate to increase the local p H at the interface;the second group that precipitate and contributes to the growth of coating.The species belong to second group exists in a supersaturated state and its precipitation process is almost independent on the reactions of the species in first group.By this way,a thick and crack-free two-layered conversion coating is obtained.Moreover,the nature of the adjustment of TA/p H and the roles of the oxidizing agent and catalyst were discussed.

Applying“First Principles of Instruction”as a Design Theory of the EFL Classroom:Findings from an Empirical Study

How to benefit the learners learning English as a foreign language(EFL)from the aspect of instructional design aroused the concerns of many teachers and researchers.The main purpose of this study is to address the question of how teachers can design and implement EFL classroom that benefit the learners.Specifically,the“First Principles of Instruction,”advocated by Merrill(2002),was applied by the English teachers to conduct their day-to-day pedagogical practices.The corresponding effects of this theory in designing EFL classroom activities were reported in this study.Two research questions are formulated as follows:(1)Does the“First Principles of Instruction”benefit the EFL classroom designing in the aspect of student achievement?If yes,what is the effect?(2)How do the English teachers perceive the“First Principles of Instruction”to design EFL classroom?While observing the EFL classroom activities and interviewing the college English teachers,an empirical study was done to perceive how college English teachers could best apply these principles to design EFL classroom activities.

Design Principles-Based Interactive Learning Tool for Solving Nonlinear Equations

Interactive learning tools can facilitate the learning process and increase student engagement,especially tools such as computer programs that are designed for human-computer interaction.Thus,this paper aims to help students learn five different methods for solving nonlinear equations using an interactive learning tool designed with common principles such as feedback,visibility,affordance,consistency,and constraints.It also compares these methods by the number of iterations and time required to display the result.This study helps students learn these methods using interactive learning tools instead of relying on traditional teaching methods.The tool is implemented using the MATLAB app and is evaluated through usability testing with two groups of users that are categorized by their level of experience with root-finding.Users with no knowledge in root-finding confirmed that they understood the root-finding concept when interacting with the designed tool.The positive results of the user evaluation showed that the tool can be recommended to other users.

Design Principles of External Lighting for Architectural Objects

Nowadays, lighting design is the modern attractive field of professional activity. Although its theoretical and methodological bases are in the initial stage of formulation. Though there are standards for regulating illumination quantitatively, the science has never created a bridge to transfer illumination quantity into illumination quality. How to keep a day image of architectural object without imitating natural lighting？ How unrecognizably to change the image, to make it extraordinary and catchy？ This paper offers a solution in the form of external illumination designing principles. This paper proposes two conceptual ways of creating artificial lighting of buildings and constructions that pursue different goals： the principle of ＂tectonic＂ illumination and the principle of ＂decorative＂ illumination. These principles were developed based on the analysis of the state of the art experience of lighting architectural objects and author＇s empirical study. The latter contained measuring luminosity with luminance meter, processing the data, statistical survey （180 respondents） and lighting modeling in the laboratory of Moscow Architectural Institute.

Design Method for Road Reconstruction and Expansion

This article analyzes the method for designing routes in road reconstruction and expansion projects,using an actual engineering project as an example.This includes an overview of a specific road reconstruction and expansion project,an analysis of the preexisting road,the basic principles of the design road project,and an analysis of the design methods and steps.This study aims to offer some guidance for road reconstruction and expansion design.

Overall Selection Design Based on the Mega Highway Bridge Project

In the continuous development of the modern highway and bridge engineering industry,the reasonable selection of mega highway bridges and their design is crucial.Based on this,this paper takes the actual bridge project as an example,and analyses the overall selection design of such highway bridges,including the basic overview of the project,the basic selection principle of mega highway bridge project structure and its design strategy,etc.,to provide scientific reference for its selection design.

On Design Principles of Micro-lectures of theme-based English Vocabulary for High-grade Primary School Students——A Case Study of a Class of Fifth-grade students in ECNU Affiliated Primary School

For English education primary school,English vocabulary teaching should be attach importance to because in the traditional class of English vocabulary teaching,teachers just fill young minds with knowledge points of each word in a 35-minute class yet fail to lay emphasis of learners’meaningful learning and autonomic learning as well as their very limited attention spans.To support traditional English vocabulary teaching classes,the research proposes the theme-based English vocabulary micro-lectures designed on the basis of experiential learning theory and constructivist learning theory as well as the analyses of target users of high-level students in the primary school.After application of the micro-lectures into practice,the research assesses the effect of the micro-lectures on the learners and then makes suggestions for design principles of theme-based vocabulary micro-lectures about selection of contents and vocabulary themes,supplementary teaching activities and teacher interaction in the micro-lectures for high-level students in the primary school.Also,the designers should make multi-level English vocabulary micro-lectures according to learners’English proficiency and increase repetition rates of vocabularies in the micro-lectures.

Landscape Planning Principles and Techniques for Residential Districts

Landscape design principles for residential districts were analyzed in this study,it was stressed that local features should be demonstrated,actual conditions of the site respected;functional demands of residential districts should be clarified;landscape designs and architectural designs should be organically combined;central landscapes should be highlighted,sense of hierarchy and enclosure created;human-concerned and ecological principles should be followed.On this basis,landscape design techniques for residential districts were discussed from the perspectives of artistic conception and plant furnishing.In terms of plant furnishing,spatial processing,linear changes and changes of seasonal aspects were emphasized,and plants with environmental and economic benefits were suggested.By doing this,this study aimed at contributing to the future planning and construction of residential districts.

Design and Evaluation of a Differential Accelerometer for Drop-Tower Equivalence Principle Test with Rotating Masses

A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measurement is performed by placing the two concentric masses of very different momenta in a vacuum drop capsule which is falling freely in the Earth＇s gravitational field. A nonzero output of the differential aeeelerometer is an indication of possible violation of new equivalence principle （NEP）. We present the conceptual design of a modified free-fall NEP experiment which can be performed at the Belting drop tower. Design and evaluation of the differential accelerometer with a hybrid electrostatic/magnetic suspension system are presented to accommodate for operation on ground and drop-tower tests. Details specific to the measurement uncertainty are discussed to yield an NEP test accuracy of 7.2×10^-9.

Research on Enterprise Strategic Information System on Design Principle and System Composition

This paper intends to describe how to design an optimized and effective strategic information system （SIS） by using the existing resources under the new market circumstances in China. Some feasible methods are thus proposed, which are about the design of SIS by detailed analysis of the principle requirements. The paper also puts forward the architecture and configuration of SIS in China in general.

An Approach to Representation for Principle Scheme Design

One of the open issues in principle scheme design of mechanical systems is principle representation, which not only outlines the physical principles, but also facilitates the design synthesis. An energy-based approach to represent principle scheme design is proposed. Firstly, an energy interaction model of mechanical systems is established and an intermediate model is derived, in which principle scheme design is transformed into solving the energy functions of system. Then the energy functions are modeled with the language of bond graphs, and principle representation for components is presented. Finally, characteristics of the developed representation approach are analyzed and a design example of gate drive system is given to demonstrate this approach.