On the Possibility of Describing the Origin of the Big Bang According to the Hypothesis of Primary Particles

In this paper, we have determined the basic physical quantities that describe the very formation of the Big Bang using hypothetical primary particles, in accordance with our Hypothesis of primary particles, as well as with the logically observed smallest increment of speed that can exist, the “speed quantum”. According to the Hypothesis of primary particles, they exist in their basic, dynamic state, in their own flat spacetime, moving mutually at speeds much higher than the speed of light in a vacuum. Hence, a certain probability of a collision among these hypothetical particles exists, during which one of them would be abruptly decelerated to a speed greater than the border speed in our Universe, c, by a speed quantum, εu. As shown in this Hypothesis, such deceleration would increase the energy and the momentum of this particle immensely, so that in a very short period of time, they could tunnel into our Universe through the Big Bang, creating our total energy as well as our spacetime. With this theoretical consideration, we determined the power released during the Big Bang itself, the time period during which it took place, and its radius: PB≈1.63×10183W, tB≈9.51×10-114s and rB≈2.85×10-105m. Evidently, this approach allowed us to theoretically push the boundaries for the description of this singularity to values lesser than the Planck time and the Planck length. We expect that the results for the initial singularity itself will allow a more detailed study of the Big Bang.

Determination of the Energy of a Primary Particle in Accordance with the Hypothesis of Primary Particles and Another Meaning of Planck Mass

This paper represents a continuation of our Hypothesis of primary particles, which provides an opportunity for describing the origin of the Big Bang and other universes. In its hypothesis, we have shown that there was a possibility of hypothetical primary particles moving in their own flat spacetime, in their basic, dynamic state and possessing speeds much higher than the speed of light, acquiring energy and momentum during deceleration in mutual collisions, which would tunnel into various universes. The cosmic microwave background is evidence that our universe expanded from a very hot, dense state, which is consistent with our hypothesis. The lower border speed to which a primary particle at the Big Bang came very close in a collision during its deceleration, simultaneously represents the upper border speed in our Universe—the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light, along with other fundamental physical constants, had shaped our Universe, in a manner in which we are still able to recognize the “physical gene” that preceded our existence. By virtue of comprehending our Universe, using the help of fundamental physical constants, we have determined that the mass attributed to the primary particle, in accordance with the Hypothesis of primary particles, would correspond to the Planck mass. Therefore, energy of the primary particle would be: Ep ≈ 1.22 × 1019 GeV.

Gravidynamics,spinodynamics and electrodynamics within the framework of gravitational quantum field theory

By noticing the fact that the charged leptons and quarks in the standard model are chirality-based Dirac spinors since their weak interaction violates maximally parity symmetry though they behave as Dirac fermions in electromagnetic interaction,we show that such a chirality-based Dirac spinor possesses not only electric charge gauge symmetry U(1)but also inhomogeneous spin gauge symmetry WS(1,3)=SP(1,3)?W1,3,which reveals the nature of gravity and spacetime.The gravitational force and spin gauge force are governed by the gauge symmetries W1,3and SP(1,3),respectively,and a biframe spacetime with globally fiat Minkowski spacetime as base spacetime and locally fiat gravigauge spacetime as a fiber is described by the gravigauge field through emergent non-commutative geometry.The gauge-geometry duality and renormalizability in gravitational quantum field theory(GQFT)are carefully discussed.A detailed analysis and systematic investigation on gravidynamics and spinodynamics as well as electrodynamics are carried out within the framework of GQFT.A full discussion on the generalized Dirac equation and Maxwell equation as well as Einstein equation and spin gauge equation is made in biframe spacetime.New effects of gravidynamics as extension of general relativity are particularly analyzed.All dynamic equations of basic fields are demonstrated to preserve the spin gauge covariance and general coordinate covariance due to the spin gauge symmetry and emergent general linear group symmetry GL(1,3,R),so they hold naturally in any spinning reference frame and motional reference frame.