Low temperature fabrication of flexible carbon counter electrode on ITO-PEN for dye-sensitized solar cells

A novel low temperature method was used to prepare the mesoporous carbon（MC） counter electrode（CE） on indium-doped tin oxide coated polyethylene naphthalate（ITO-PEN） for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells（DSSCs）.The obtained flexible MC CEs with carbon loading of 280μg cm^（-2） were characterized by SEM,XRD and electrochemical impedance.The light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of the DSSC fabricated with the prepared flexible MC CE was 86%of that of DSSC based on the decomposited Pt CE.

ACTIVE CONTROL OF A FLEXIBLE CANTILEVER PLATE WITH MULTIPLE TIME DELAYS

Active control of a flexible cantilever plate with multiple time delays is investigated using the discrete optimal control method. A controller with multiple time delays is presented. In this controller, time delay effect is incorporated in the mathematical model of the dynamic system throughout the control design and no approximations and assumptions are made in the controller derivation, so the system stability is easily guaranteed. Furthermore, this controller is available for both small time delays and large time delays. The feasibility and efficiency of the proposed controller are verified through numerical simulations in the end of this paper.

Optimal guidance strategy for flexible load based on hybrid direct load control and time of use

The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Optimal guidance mechanism of the flexible load based on strategies of direct load control and time-of-use.First,this study proposes a period partitioning model,which is based on a moving boundary technique with constraint factors,and the Dunn Validity Index(DVI)is used as the objective to solve the period partitioning.Second,a control strategy for the curtailable flexible load is investigated,and a TOU strategy is utilized for further modifying load curve.Third,a price demand response strategy for adjusting transferable load is proposed in this paper.Finally,through the case study analysis of typical daily flexible load curve,the efficiency and correctness of the proposed method and model are validated and proved.

An Improved Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem

Flexible job shop scheduling problem(FJSP)is the core decision-making problem of intelligent manufacturing production management.The Harris hawk optimization(HHO)algorithm,as a typical metaheuristic algorithm,has been widely employed to solve scheduling problems.However,HHO suffers from premature convergence when solving NP-hard problems.Therefore,this paper proposes an improved HHO algorithm(GNHHO)to solve the FJSP.GNHHO introduces an elitism strategy,a chaotic mechanism,a nonlinear escaping energy update strategy,and a Gaussian random walk strategy to prevent premature convergence.A flexible job shop scheduling model is constructed,and the static and dynamic FJSP is investigated to minimize the makespan.This paper chooses a two-segment encoding mode based on the job and the machine of the FJSP.To verify the effectiveness of GNHHO,this study tests it in 23 benchmark functions,10 standard job shop scheduling problems(JSPs),and 5 standard FJSPs.Besides,this study collects data from an agricultural company and uses the GNHHO algorithm to optimize the company’s FJSP.The optimized scheduling scheme demonstrates significant improvements in makespan,with an advancement of 28.16%for static scheduling and 35.63%for dynamic scheduling.Moreover,it achieves an average increase of 21.50%in the on-time order delivery rate.The results demonstrate that the performance of the GNHHO algorithm in solving FJSP is superior to some existing algorithms.

Development of a Simulation-Based Intelligent Decision Support System for the Adaptive Real-Time Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

This paper describes a simulation-based intelligent decision support system (IDSS) for real time control of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) with machine and tool flexibility. The manufacturing processes involved in FMS are complicated since each operation may be done by several machining centers. The system design approach is built around the theory of dynamic supervisory control based on a rule-based expert system. The paper considers flexibility in operation assignment and scheduling of multi-purpose machining centers which have different tools with their own efficiency. The architecture of the proposed controller consists of a simulator module coordinated with an IDSS via a real time event handler for implementing inter-process synchronization. The controller’s performance is validated by benchmark test problem.

A Flexible DSP-Based Network forReal-Time Image-Processing

This paper proposed a general purpose real-time image processing system based on a flexible DSP-based Network, which is implemented by a high bandwidth communication channel, links. The links is realized using FPGA and provides a bandwidth of 12. 8 Gbit/s. Using the links, The topologic of multi-DSP system can be changed online to meet the variabilities of the parallel algorithm of image processing. The system can be assembled with utmost tens of boards and maintain the high communication speed. Analysis of the system adaptivity to image processing is testified followed by actual results. Key words real-time image processing - multi-DSP - flexible - scalable - FPGA - links CLC number TP 303 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60135020)Biography: MAO Hai-cen(1973-), male, Ph.D. candidate, research direction: artificial intelligence, expert system, pattern recognition and image processing

Discrete time transfer matrix method for dynamics of multibody system with flexible beams moving in space

In this paper, by defining new state vectors and developing new transfer matrices of various elements mov- ing in space, the discrete time transfer matrix method of multi-rigid-flexible-body system is expanded to study the dynamics of multibody system with flexible beams moving in space. Formulations and numerical example of a rigid- flexible-body three pendulums system moving in space are given to validate the method. Using the new method to study the dynamics of multi-rigid-flexible-body system mov- ing in space, the global dynamics equations of system are not needed, the orders of involved matrices of the system are very low and the computational speed is high, irrespec- tive of the size of the system. The new method is simple, straightforward, practical, and provides a powerful tool for multi-rigid-flexible-body system dynamics.

Finite-time State Feedback Stabilization Method for a Class of Flexible Manipulators

Aimed at the finite-time stabilization problem of a class of flexible manipulators,a finite-time state feedback stabilization controller was proposed in this paper.Firstly,the nonlinear model of flexible manipulators was transformed into linear system through the exact state feedback linearization,and then using the finite time stabilization control method of the linear system,a finite-time state feedback stabilization controller was designed for the flexible manipulators.Furthermore,it was proved that all the states of flexible manipulators could be stabilized to equilibrium in finite-time under the proposed controller.The simulation results show that the performance of the flexible manipulators under the proposed finite-time state feedback controller is better than the traditional state-feedback controller.The proposed finite-time stabilization controller can improve the performance of the flexible manipulators.

Intelligent Examination Monitoring and Maintenance for the Safety of Operation of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Based on the system of electric power supply for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), a study has been carried out on the intelligent safety examination, monitoring and maintenance of its running environment. On the basis of the specific feature of the power supply network of an FMS, real time monitoring system of the power supply network and the fault diagnostic expert system for the power equipment have been designed. This system can diagnose not only definite fault phenomena, but also fuzzy, uncertain fault phenomena as well. Fault diagnostic knowledge base for the power equipment has been founded hierarchy architecture model and the method of fault tree analysis. Feasibility of this system has been proved by computer simulation.

Simultaneous Optimization of Synthesis and Scheduling of Cleaning in Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks

A novel methodology is presented for simultaneously optimizing synthesis and cleaning schedule of flexible heat exchanger network(HEN)by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms(GA/SA).Through taking into account the effect of fouling process on optimal network topology,a preliminary network structure possessing two-fold oversynthesis is obtained by means of pseudo-temperature enthalpy(T-H)diagram approach prior to simultaneous optimization.Thus,the computational complexity of this problem classified as NP(Non-deterministic Polynomial)-complete can be significantly reduced.The promising matches resulting from preliminary synthesis stage are further optimized in parallel with their heat exchange areas and cleaning schedule.In addition,a novel continu- ous time representation is introduced to subdivide the given time horizon into several variable-size intervals according to operating periods of heat exchangers,and then flexible HEN synthesis can be implemented in dynamic manner.A numerical example is provided to demonstrate that the presented strategy is feasible to decrease the total annual cost(TAC)and further improve network flexibility,but even more important,it may be applied to solve large-scale flexible HEN synthesis problems.

Intensivist-based deep sedation using propofol for pediatric outpatient flexible bronchoscopy

AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sedating pediatric patients for outpatient flexible bronchoscopy.METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for all children, age 17 years or under who underwent flexible bronchoscopy under deep sedation in an outpatient hospital-based setting. Two sedation regimens were used; propofol only or ketamine prior to propofol. Patients were divided into three age groups; infants(less than 12 mo), toddlers(1-3 years) and children(4-17 years). Demographics, indication for bronchoscopy, sedative dosing, sedation and recovery time and adverse events were reviewed.RESULTS Of the total 458 bronchoscopies performed, propofol only regimen was used in 337(74%) while propofol and ketamine was used in 121(26%). About 99% of the procedures were successfully completed. Children in the propofol + ketamine group tend to be youngerand have lower weight compared to the propofol only group. Adverse events including transient hypoxemia and hypotension occurred in 8% and 24% respectively. Median procedure time was 10 min while the median discharge time was 35 min. There were no differences in the indication of the procedure, propofol dose, procedure or recovery time in either sedative regimen. When compared to other age groups, infants had a higher incidence of hypoxemia.CONCLUSION Children can be effectively sedated for outpatient flexible bronchoscopy with high rate of success. This procedure should be performed under vigilance of highly trained providers.

Study on detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonation fuses

In order to study the detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonating fuses,a physical model and a theoretical mathematical equation of detonation velocity deficits for bending flexible detonation fuses were established based on the detonation wave＇s corner effects and delay time phenomenon by using non-dimensional analysis method.Besides,a semi-empirical formula of detonation velocity deficit for bending fuses in the same charge size was obtained through experiment and curve fitting.The result shows that an exponential relationship between the detonation velocity deficits and reciprocal of curvature radius.

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and external disturbances. The controller is based on the fractional calculus and nonsingular terminal sliding mode control technique,and it guarantees the convergence of attitude tracking error in finite time rather than in the asymptotic sense. With respect to the controller,a fractional order sliding surface is given,the corresponding control scheme is proposed based on Lyapunov stability theory to guarantee the sliding condition,and the finite time stability of the whole close loop system is also proven. Finally,numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

计及实时交通流的电动汽车灵活性多速率联合优化

由于交通网-电网之间的耦合愈加紧密,电动汽车(EV)作为灵活性资源参与调度的潜力愈加明显。针对现阶段交通网-电网耦合网络对交通流实时性考虑不足的现状,提出一种计及实时交通流的EV灵活性多速率联合优化(MRCO)策略。构建考虑交通拥堵的动态交通模型,基于速度-流量实用模型建立道路实时车流量与等效道路邻接矩阵的关系,提出考虑拥堵的等效最优路径搜索算法;建立以电网侧为主体的EV灵活性实时调度模型,针对交通网-电网的EV调度时间尺度不同的问题,提出基于MRCO的实时滚动优化算法,以适应交通路况实时多变的要求。基于某区域路网及IEEE 33节点系统对所提模型进行有效性验证,结果表明,所提策略能在满足用户出行需求的前提下,提高EV灵活性,促进可再生能源消纳。

基于改进D3QN算法的随机工时下柔性综合调度问题研究

针对离散制造车间的工时不确定性问题,在考虑设备和工序约束的基础上,以最小化最大完工时间为优化目标构建综合调度数学模型,并提出一种改进双竞争深度Q网络算法(ID3QN)求解随机工时下的柔性综合调度问题。从工序、机器及整体层面分别设计了三组状态特征;将与工时、加工顺序相关的工序规则以及与优化目标相关的机器规则组成的8组复合调度规则作为动作集,并根据平均机器利用率差值进行即时奖励;引入自注意力机制与混合采样策略,以进一步提升算法稳定性和泛化性。仿真结果表明:所提算法在求解随机工时柔性综合调度问题时,平均偏差比现有深度强化学习算法平均提高了54.63%,验证了算法的有效性。

柔性空间机器人预定义时间自适应滑模控制

针对具有典型非线性特性的多段线驱动柔性空间机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出基于预定义时间的自适应滑模控制方法.基于常曲率方法和拉格朗日法,建立多段线驱动柔性空间机器人的动力学模型.设计基于预定义时间理论的滑模控制器,利用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络补偿多段线驱动柔性空间机器人系统的建模误差和外界干扰.利用Lyapunov理论,证明轨迹跟踪误差可以在预定义时间内收敛.通过数值仿真验证了模型和控制器的有效性,与固定时间控制器和无补偿的控制器相比,所提出的控制器使系统轨迹误差具有更快的收敛速度.

考虑转移时间的多目标双资源柔性作业车间节能调度

针对考虑工人和工件在机器间转移时间的多目标双资源柔性作业车间节能调度问题(MO-DFJESP),构建了以最小化最大完工时间、总能耗、总工人成本和最大工人工作量为优化目标的数学模型。该模型同时还考虑了工人的技能、熟练度和单位成本差异。为了求解MO-DFJESP模型,提出一种多目标混合进化算法(MO-HEATS)。根据MO-DFJESP模型特点,设计了一种多维编码和解码方案以表示问题的可行解。基于sigmoid函数设计了自适应机制,以兼顾MO-HEATS算法的开发和探索能力,并结合禁忌搜索(TS)组件提升局部搜索能力。最后,在仿真算例上进行了消融实验和对比实验,实验结果验证了自适应机制和TS组件对MO-HEATS算法性能具有明显提升作用,且MO-HEATS算法对求解MO-DFJESP模型具有显著优势。

基于FPGA的TTCAN总线控制器的设计与验证

为了提高控制器局域网络(controller area network,CAN)通信的实时性,文章基于时间触发CAN(time-triggered CAN,TTCAN)协议,采用verilog硬件描述语言设计实现TTCAN总线控制器。该控制器可在经典CAN模式与TTCAN模式之间进行切换,同时兼容可变速率CAN(CAN with flexible data rate,CAN FD)协议下的高速通信。实验结果证明,相较于经典CAN总线控制器,该TTCAN总线控制器能够减少在高总线负载率下周期性报文的发送延时,在全波特率范围内且总线负载率大于等于60%的情况下,能够减少75%以上的CAN报文发送延时。

基于等效故障区段的柔性直流输电线路单端量保护方案

行波保护动作速度快,具有不依赖线路边界元件以及不受新能源控制策略影响等优点,是目前解决柔性直流输电线路中单端暂态量保护方案在弱边界情况下难以适用的有效途径之一。然而现有基于行波特征的单端量保护方案多为欠范围式保护,存在难以保护线路全长的问题。对此,该文首先通过分析线路不同位置故障时反向电流行波的传播路径,推导出在首个反极性波到达前,保护检测到同极性波的数量与故障位置的关系;在此基础上,考虑近端或末端故障时的“漏波”现象以及线路长度的影响,定义并引入“等效故障区段”的概念,以增大零线模时差在区内外故障时的差异,进而提出了基于等效故障区段的柔性直流输电线路单端量保护方案。该方案解决了现有单端量保护方案难以保护线路全长的问题,并考虑了近端或末端故障时采样率受限的影响,具有一定的容错性。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真实验,验证了所提保护方案的可行性。

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with Higher J_(sc) by Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Counter Electrodes

A flexible counter electrode(CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs) has been fabricated using a micro-porous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as support media and sputtered Pt as the catalytic material.Non-conventional structure DSCs have been developed by the fabricated CEs. The Pt metal was sputtered onto one surface of the membrane as the catalytic material. DSCs were assembled by attaching the Ti O2 electrode to the membrane surface without Pt coating. The membrane was with cylindrical pore geometry. It served not only as a substrate for the CE but also as a spacer for the DSC. The fabricated DSC with the flexible membrane CE showed higher photocurrent density than the conventional sandwich devices based on chemically deposited Pt/FTO glass, achieving a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.43%. The results provides useful information in investigation and development of stable, low-cost, simple-design, flexible and lightweight DSCs.