Effect of Flood Stress on Soybean Seed Germination in the Field

Flooding is an abiotic stress that impacts soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and reduces seed germination. Effect of flooding on soybean plant grown at different growth stage has been previously conducted and reported. However, soybean seed germination responses to flood stress are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate flooding influence on soybean seed germination after planting in the field. The research showed that seed germination rate (SGR) of each genotype, without flood stress, was significantly different and ranged between 64.7% to 84.0% and 69.0% to 90.7% while using untreated and fungicide-treated seed (P < 0.0001), respectively. Results indicated that fungicide treatment improved soybean seed survival and germination in the field. The average of SGR of high-yielding soybean group was significantly higher than those of non-high-yielding soybean (P < 0.0001). The results indicated that high-yielding trait of each genotype was correlated with seed germination and survival. Under flood stress in the field, SGR means of untreated and fungicide-treated seed significantly decreased over eight flooding treatment times (P Flooding effect on germination between untreated and fungicide-treated seed was not significantly different (P = 0.1559). Furthermore, comparing the high-yielding and flood-tolerant soybean groups showed no difference in their SGR means over eight flooding treatment times (P = 0.7687 and P = 0.8490), indicating that soybean seed germination did not depend on genotype, yield, and flood tolerance trait, and seed treated by fungicide did not increase its germination in the field under the flood stress. Hence, it is necessary to develop new soybean seed pelleting to improve seed germination in the field under flooding conditions.

Response Mechanisms to Flooding Stress in Mulberry Revealed by Multi-Omics Analysis

Abiotic stress,including flooding,seriously affects the normal growth and development of plants.Mulberry(Morus alba),a species known for its flood resistance,is cultivated worldwide for economic purposes.The transcriptomic analysis has identified numerous differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in submergence tolerance in mulberry plants.However,a comprehensive analyses of metabolite types and changes under flooding stress in mulberry remain unreported.A non-targeted metabolomic analysis utilizing liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was conducted to further investigate the effects of flooding stress on mulberry.A total of 1,169 metabolites were identified,with 331 differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)exhibiting up-regulation in response to flooding stress and 314 displaying down-regulation.Pathway enrichment analysis identified significant modifications in many metabolic pathways due to flooding stress,including amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis.DAMs and DEGs are significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways for amino acid,phenylpropanoid and flavonoid synthesis.Furthermore,metabolites such as methyl jasmonate,sucrose,and D-mannose 6-phosphate accumulated in mulberry leaves post-flooding stress.Therefore,genes and metabolites associated with these KEGG pathways are likely to exert a significant influence on mulberry flood tolerance.This study makes a substantial contribution to the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms implicated in the adaptation of mulberry plants to submergence.

Effects of Flooding Stress on Growth and Root Physiology and Biochemistry of Grafted Red-seed Watermelon Seedlings

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore how to improve the waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon through grafting,to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation in rainy season.[Methods]The effects of flooding stress on the growth and root physiological and biochemical characteristics of grafted and own-rooted red-seed watermelon seedlings were studied using Luffa as rootstocks and"Zhongxin 1"red-seed watermelon as scions.[Results]After flooding stress,the biomass and root activity of grafted seedlings of red-seed watermelon were significantly higher than those of own-rooted seedlings.With the prolongation of flooding stress time,the soluble sugar and proline content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and the grafted seedlings had a larger increase and a smaller decrease,and were always significantly higher than own-rooted seedlings in the same period.The content of malondialdehyde in the root system of grafted seedlings increased first and then decreased,while it continued to increase in own-rooted seedlings,and the increase in own-rooted seedlings was significantly greater than that in grafted seedlings during the same period.[Conclusions]Grafting on Luffa rootstocks could improve waterlogging tolerance of red-seed watermelon.

Physiological responses of seedlings of two oak species to flooding stress

The physiological responses of 2-year-old seedlings of Nuttall＇s oak （Quercus nuttallii） and Southern red oak （Q.falcata） with two treatments i.e., deep-drowning and shallow-drowning, were studied. Taxodium distichum was selected as a control. The survival rates of seedlings were calculated, the photosynthetic indices were detected by Licor-6400 photosynthetic system instrument, and the root activities of seedlings were tested by the method of triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC）. Results showed that： 1） By experiencing flooding for 76 d and recovering for 60 d after water was drained off, all seedlings survived under the shallow-drowning treatment. None of Q. falcata seedlings died in the deep-drowning treatment until the 49th day. The survival rate of Q. falcata in the deep-drowning treatment was 30%. 2） Within 61 d of waterlogging treatments, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, stomatal conductance （gs） and transpiration rate （Tr） showed a tendency of declining, but intercellular concentration of CO2 （Ci） increased. With the prolongation of flooding stress, the extents of variation for all indices under deep-drowning treatment were larger than those under the shallow-drowning treatment. The variation of Q. falcata in flooding stress was larger than that of Q. nuttallii. 3） The root vigor and alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） activities were detected at the 61st day in flooding stress. Waterlogging obviously inhibited root activities. Shallow-drowning made root vigor of Q. nuttallii decreased by 11.7%, and for Q. falcata, by 51.88%. Shallow-drowning treatment had no remarkable effects on ADH activities of seedlings, but deep-drowning increased those of Q. nuttallii seedlings by 227.24%, and decreased those of Q. falcata seedlings by 59.22% in the meantime. We conclude that Q. nuttallii had a stronger waterlogging resistance than Q. falcata, but weaker than T. distichum.

Effect of stress sensitivity on displacement efficiency in CO_2 flooding for fractured low permeability reservoirs

Carbon dioxide flooding is an effective means of enhanced oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs. If fractures are present in the reservoir, CO2 may flow along the fractures, resulting in low gas displacement efficiency. Reservoir pore pressure will fluctuate to some extent during a CO2 flood, causing a change in effective confining pressure. The result is rock deformation and a reduction in permeability with the reduction in fracture permeability, causing increased flow resistance in the fracture space. Simultaneously, gas cross flowing along the fractures is partially restrained. In this work, the effect of stress changes on permeability was studied through a series of flow experiments. The change in the flowrate distribution in a matrix block and contained fracture with an increase in effective pressure were analyzed. The results lead to an implicit comparison which shows that permeability of fractured core decreases sharply with an increase in effective confining pressure. The fracture flowrate ratio declines and the matrix flowrate ratio increases. Fracture flow will partially divert to the matrix block with the increase in effective confining pressure, improving gas displacement efficiency.

外源亚精胺对淹水胁迫下地毯草形态和生理特性的影响

本研究以地毯草(Axonopus compressus)为材料,采用双套盆法,以土层与淹水齐平作为胁迫条件,研究淹水胁迫下喷施1 mmol/L亚精胺(Spd)对地毯草幼苗不同时间的生长及其相关生理指标的影响。结果表明,施加Spd可提高地毯草淹水幼苗的鲜重、干重、株高和根长;同时Spd能解除淹水胁迫产生的光抑制,使叶绿素含量及光合作用的相关指标有所提高;外源Spd处理可以提高胁迫下地毯草幼苗的抗氧化酶活性以及游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量,减少体内活性氧的积聚,降低丙二醛的含量,通过稳定细胞膜结构,进而增强地毯草对淹水逆境的适应性。同时,通过相关性和主成分分析对不同处理的地毯草生理生化指标进行综合评价,证明外源Spd处理可以提高地毯草的耐涝性,本研究为降低淹水胁迫对地毯草的伤害以及抗涝栽培提供理论依据。

Flooding Tolerance in Rice:Focus on Mechanisms and Approaches

Flooding is one of the most hazardous natural disasters and a major stress constraint to rice production throughout the world,which results in huge economic loss.Approximately one-fourth of the global rice crops(approximately 40 million hectares)are grown in rainfed lowland plots that are prone to seasonal flooding.A great progress has been made during last two decades in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in adaptation and tolerance to flooding/submergence in rice.In this review,we summarized the physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to tolerance of flooding/submergence in rice.We also covered various features of flooding stress with special reference to rice plants,viz.different types of flooding stress,environmental characterisation of flood water,impact of flooding stress on rice plant and their morphological,physiological and metabolic responses under flooding.A brief discussion on the tolerance mechanism in rice exhibited to different types of flooding will be focused for the future crop improvement programme for development of flooding tolerant rice variety.

水库消落带植物生态学研究热点——以三峡水库为例

水库是在河流、湖泊等天然水体中拦截筑坝形成,水文节律受人为调控。其中,库周水位变动影响的区域为水库消落带(WLFZs),其生态系统极为脆弱。由于受人为干扰强烈,生态环境问题突显,消落带研究越来越受到全球关注。本文通过CiteSpace文献计量分析梳理2000-2023年水库消落带植物研究沿革,搜集中文文献164篇,英文文献422篇。通过文献共被引分析及关键词时序和突显分析,得出研究热点为水位波动对植物生存、生长、生产以及群落组成带来的影响以及水库河岸带能量循环及景观格局。并以三峡水库消落带为例,结合团队多年研究工作,从水位变动下消落带植物群落时空格局与动态、消落带土壤种子库特征、植物功能性状、水淹胁迫下植物生理生态特征、消落带植被恢复和生态工程、植物-微生物分子作用关系的研究方面系统梳理水库消落带植物基础与应用研究,对水库消落带植物研究进行展望。

Design Considerations on a Flexible Membrane Tsunami Flood Barrier

Temporary high water floods may cause considerable damage. Protection against such flooding may be achieved with high dikes or walls. However, such rigid permanent structures may spoil the local architectures and views and may be quite expensive. Temporary collapsible structures do not have such disadvantages. This paper proposes such a temporary structure, consisting of a strong membrane made out of strong UHMWPE fibers (Dyneema?), a floating body and mooring cables. A two dimensional calculation scheme is presented and the calculation results are used for design considerations regarding the approximation of optimal configurations.

淹水胁迫对紫薇苗生长及生理特性的影响

以紫薇优良新品种‘丹红紫叶’二年生苗为试材,采用套盆淹水方法,设计了5个淹水持续时间处理,研究不同淹水胁迫处理对紫薇苗生长及生理指标的影响,以期为紫薇苗培育及园林应用的水分管理提供参考依据。结果表明:紫薇能承受14 d的淹水,淹水21 d是紫薇忍受淹水胁迫持续时间的极限。随着淹水胁迫时间增长,紫薇苗的叶片相对含水量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、净光合作用速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)均总体呈下降趋势,淹水21 d时分别比对照处理显著下降了24.29%、79.88%、18.66%、3.16%、80.45%、92.51%、93.10%、25.43%,淹水28 d时达到最低值;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量呈上升趋势,淹水21 d时分别比对照显著增加67.34%、360.54%,淹水28 d最大;过氧化氢酶活性呈先升后降的趋势,淹水21 d最大,比对照显著增加252.65%;可溶性糖含量呈先降后升再降的趋势,淹水21 d最大,比对照显著增加19.38%;淹水胁迫期间紫薇苗的叶绿素相对含量变化不明显;水分利用效率(WUE)呈起伏波动走势,对照最低,淹水21 d较高,比对照显著高184.00%。紫薇苗具有一定的耐涝性,淹水胁迫持续时间不宜超过14 d。

淹水胁迫下鸭茅根系基因差异表达及相关通路分析

近年来我国南方地区洪涝灾害频繁发生,严重制约草牧业的发展。鸭茅作为重要的生态草种和优质牧草,耐淹性较差的特性严重影响其在频繁遭受洪涝区域的推广应用。本研究以国审品种“安巴”鸭茅为研究对象,对淹水胁迫0、8和24 h处理后的幼苗根系生理和转录等进行分析,以探究鸭茅在淹水胁迫下的响应机制。结果显示,淹水胁迫引起鸭茅根系中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量显著增加,相对电导率先减少后显著升高。在淹水胁迫处理8 h后(相较于0 h),鸭茅根系中有5788个差异表达基因,包括上调基因2872个,下调基因2916个。胁迫处理24 h后,鸭茅根系中共有8807个差异表达基因,包括上调基因4123个,下调基因4684个。GO富集显示,这些差异表达基因功能主要涉及多糖代谢、微管结合、纤维素代谢过程、抗氧化反应等。KEGG富集显示,鸭茅根系主要通过苯丙烷生物合成、碳代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、氨基酸生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及糖酵解/糖异生等途径来响应淹水胁迫。进一步分析苯丙烷生物合成、碳代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢通路中的差异表达基因,推测HXK1、HXK2、ADH1、GST和APX2等关键基因在鸭茅响应胁迫中发挥重要作用。MYB、NB-ARC、WRKY、GRAS和AP2等转录因子家族基因在淹水胁迫中表达丰富,可能与鸭茅的耐淹性密切相关。本研究结果为进一步探究鸭茅耐淹的分子机理提供了基础数据,也为后续的鸭茅耐淹性状改良工作提供理论支撑。

水淹胁迫对美洲黑杨嫁接苗叶片色素及光合特性的影响

以‘全红杨’‘中红杨’和‘2025杨'3个品种嫁接苗为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,盆栽模拟水淹环境,以正常浇水条件为对照,研究不同胁迫处理时间下,3个杨树品种的叶片色素含量、光合特性的响应变化及各指标间的相关性。结果表明:水淹胁迫期间,3个杨树品种叶片色素含量及气孔导度(G_(s))、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))和胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))均极显著下降。胁迫后期,叶绿素a含量下降幅度大于叶绿素b,同时叶片C_(i)升高,羧化效率(CE)下降,C_(i)与P_(n)的相关性由正变为负,三者P_(n)的再次下降主要是由非气孔限制所致。对P_(n)的相关性分析表明,花色素苷含量与‘全红杨’叶片P_(n)呈正相关,而‘2025杨’花色素苷含量与P_(n)呈负相关。水淹胁迫70d,3个杨树品种叶片P_(n)均始终为正值,水分利用效率(WUE)大幅提高,表现出稳定的耐涝遗传特质,其中‘全红杨'耐水淹能力相对较弱。

不同泥沙含量下受淹胁迫对鄱阳湖平原双季稻生长与产量的影响

为探究鄱阳湖平原区洪涝时期不同泥沙含量下受淹胁迫对双季稻生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验与室内分析相结合的方法,设置淹2/3株高和全淹2种受淹深度,S1(0 kg/m^(3))、S2(0.5 kg/m^(3))、S3(1.0 kg/m^(3))3种泥沙含量,对淹水后6、9 d早稻和中稻的生长指标和水稻产量进行了观测研究。结果表明:适度受淹刺激水稻伸长,节间不断分化,叶片伸长、增宽。早稻抽穗开花期受淹株高、节间长增加9.35%、12.75%,2/3淹下叶面积增加11.00%。但胁迫过大抑制水稻生长,中稻全淹下株高和分蘖数减小33.49%、29.28%,叶面积减小30.94%,此时中稻难以伸出水面,导致功能叶片附沙严重,泥沙含量增大进一步抑制了水稻生长。受淹导致早稻和中稻穗干物质量平均减小32.35%、58.72%(P<0.05)。结实率和千粒质量减小是早稻抽穗开花期受淹后产量下降的主要原因,此时泥沙含量和淹水时间的影响并不明显。中稻全淹下泥沙导致减产加剧,S2、S3下减产率比S1下显著增加31.63%、52.20%(P<0.05),此时产量下降是穗长、有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量综合作用的结果。研究结果可为鄱阳湖平原区洪涝灾害治理和粮食安全保障提供理论和技术支撑。

水稻淹水萌发对低氧胁迫的适应及其机制研究进展

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻生产是国家粮食安全的重要保障。传统移栽种植模式对我国的水稻增产、农民增收、农业发展起到了重要作用。但随着社会经济发展和产业要素变革,农村劳动力大幅减少,迫切需求轻简化的生产方式。水稻淹水直播能节省劳力、节约资源、有效降低杂草危害,是一种高效、经济和节约型的轻简栽培模式,在当前有较高的推广价值。淹水萌发时低氧胁迫造成的出苗率低是阻碍水稻淹水直播的首要因素,丰富的水稻种质资源中存在耐淹水萌发优异资源和基因,挖掘和利用这些优异资源和基因并培育适宜淹水直播的水稻新品种,是突破目前直播稻推广和应用瓶颈的关键。本文围绕水稻淹水萌发的生理特点、鉴定评价方法、优异种质鉴定、遗传规律、响应机制研究以及功能基因的育种应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为水稻耐淹水萌发的机制研究和萌发耐淹品种的选育提供参考。

城市曲面应急防洪屏结构优化研究

研发新型防洪抢险装备,对于防御城市洪涝灾害,保障城市生命线安全具有重要的意义。采用数值仿真模拟的方法,分析了城市曲面应急防洪屏(以下简称“防洪屏”)曲面拱度对结构受力特性的影响,进一步对防洪屏的结构体型进行了优化研究。结果表明:在同一挡水工况下,随着曲面拱度的增大,防洪屏在同一挡水条件下,所承受的应力逐渐减小,变形明显改善;根据计算结果提出了优化方案,优化的新体型防洪屏在水深小于0.8 m,流速小于1.0 m/s挡水工况下,结构最大应力小于材料特性指标安全极限阈值,满足挡水安全稳定要求,可以作为定型装备推广应用。研究成果为城市曲面应急防洪屏的优化设计提供了重要参考依据。

三峡水库消落带生境特征与植被恢复模式

[目的]三峡水库蓄水运行后消落带生境破碎斑块化加剧,极端生境胁迫严重损害植被的结构和功能。厘清三峡水库消落带生境状况,提出适宜性植被恢复对策,重建河流受损廊道综合生态功能,对构建区域生态安全格局和保障长江流域水资源安全具有重要意义。[方法]针对三峡水库消落带植被退化与生态功能受损的突出问题,系统解析了消落带生境特征及其对植被生长的影响,围绕水库河岸受损廊道生态修复重大需求,探讨面向消落带微生境构建与植被格局功能优化的三峡水库消落带植被恢复模式。[结果]三峡水库消落带生境状况受水库运行形成的独特水位节律、出露期植被生长季气候条件、土壤侵蚀与泥沙沉积过程、土壤环境等多生境因子协同影响,呈现高度空间异质性特征。水位变动形成的淹没时长、出露时令、淹水强度是影响植株繁衍、生长的首要因素;土壤侵蚀、泥沙掩埋、土壤水养条件等影响植被生长状况。[结论]三峡水库消落带植被恢复需综合考虑水位节律、立地条件与物种形态-功能性状,选育优质抗逆物种,注重土壤基质保育,突出植被格局的分区优化配置。重建消落带综合生态功能,为水库消落带生态治理提供理论支撑和科学依据。

Variation in Expression of <i>Sub</i>1 Gene and Association with Submergence Stress Related Traits in Advance Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.) Genotypes as a Tool of Climate Change Adaptation

Floods have now become most detrimental natural catastrophe worldwide due to radical climatic fluxes. Therefore, there is a dire necessity to develop a high yielding rice lines to deal with this scenario. For this purpose, a large scale experiment was conducted including one hundred and fifteen (115) rice genotypes having SUB1 gene imported from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Philippines, six local cultivars/approved varieties and three high yielding rice varieties i.e. Sabitri, IR6 and NSICRC222 being used as potential varieties in different countries of Asia as susceptible check and IR64-SUB1 as tolerant check. The genotypic screening was performed using two PCR-based DNA markers i.e. ART5 and SC3. Phenotypic screening was conducted in a natural pond to assess the interaction of SUB1 gene in natural stagnant flood water as well as the suitability of introgression of SUB1 gene into approved varieties and elite rice lines. The genotypes were assessed in terms of plant survival percentage, submergence tolerance index, physical condition, stem elongation, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, grain yields and deviations in these traits after submergence stress. The PCR results suggested that both the primers ART5 and SC3 may be used as potential PCR-based markers for molecular screening of rice genotypes for SUB1 QTL. Furthermore, it confirmed the presence of SUB1 gene in all the lines imported from IRRI, while it was absent in all the local cultivars studied. All the genotypes with submergence tolerant gene (SUB1) showed significantly greater tolerance level in submergence stress of 14 days, as compared to other local cultivars/varieties, authenticating the effectiveness of SUB1QTL in conferring submergence tolerance. Significantly different performances of all the SUB1 genotypes in terms of all the studied traits indicate high Genotypic and Genotypic Environment Interaction (GEI) of SUB1QTL. Employment of SUB1 lines such as R105479:149-18, IR64-SUB1 and Rl05469:81-22-3 in breeding programs for developing flood tolerant rice varieties might further upsurge rice yields in flash flood areas. Correlation analysis revealed that plant survival percentage after submergence, reduced stem elongation during submergence and submergence tolerance index are very important traits for developing submergence tolerant lines.

外源水杨酸对淹水胁迫下西瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以‘雪龙1号’西瓜品种为材料,采用不同浓度(0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、3.5 mmol/L)水杨酸(SA)溶液喷施幼苗叶片,测定淹水胁迫下西瓜幼苗的生长性状、根系构型、光合参数、叶绿素含量、SPⅡ光能转换效率和抗氧化酶活性等指标,结合主成分分析,研究水杨酸处理对淹水胁迫下西瓜幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:喷施SA溶液缓解了淹水胁迫对西瓜幼苗的不利影响,提高了淹水胁迫下西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、实际光化学效率PSⅡ和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性,降低了植株的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高了植株耐涝性;与0.0mmol/L的SA处理相比,1.0mmol/LSA处理的西瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜质量、干质量分别显著提高18.80%、34.74%、23.57%、67.27%;总根长、根尖数分别显著提高116.41%、101.25%;叶绿素a、叶绿素a+叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量分别提升了66.55%、67.46%、73.81%;CAT活性显著提高20.92%,MDA含量显著下降53.32%;主成分分析结果表明,1.0、1.5、2.5、0.5、3.5、0.0 mmol/L SA处理的西瓜的耐涝性依次降低。

甘蓝型油菜苗期响应渍害胁迫的生理调控机制

长江流域是中国油菜主产区,该区域常年湿润多雨,且产区实行油菜-水稻轮作制度,导致渍害频发。为明确甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)对苗期渍害的响应机制,本研究采用盆栽试验,以强耐渍品系YZ12、中等耐渍品系YZ45和不耐渍品系YZ59为试验材料,研究苗期淹水对油菜表型性状、生理特性、光合作用、相关基因相对转录水平等的影响,同时分析了外源激素抑制剂对油菜渍害胁迫的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫严重抑制油菜生长,根系活力可作为衡量淹水胁迫对油菜生长影响的指示指标。根细胞超微结构观察发现,淹水胁迫导致油菜根系细胞发生质壁分离及细胞器破碎解体,强、中耐渍油菜的细胞器受损程度较小,能够在淹水胁迫中维持较为正常的细胞形态;淹水胁迫下根部细胞骨架相关基因Bnamicrotubule1.A3、Bnatubulin-α2.C3、Bnatubulin-β7.C6、Bnalamin-like.A2相对转录水平显著下调至对照水平(CK)的0.2~0.5倍;无氧呼吸相关基因BnaPDC.C9、BnaLDH.A1、BnaADH.A7表达量显著升高,为CK的3~6倍,且在中、强耐渍油菜中诱导表达水平更高。过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性随淹水时间延长呈先升后降趋势,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈升高趋势,其中强耐渍品系抗氧化酶活性相对较高,而MDA增幅较小。淹水胁迫严重影响油菜叶片光合效率及叶绿素含量,导致油菜叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著下降,胞间CO_(2)浓度显著升高,且不耐渍品系变化幅度相对较大。淹水胁迫导致油菜乙烯(ethylene,ET)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)含量显著升高,其中强耐渍品系ET含量较高,不耐渍品系ABA含量较高;强耐渍品系的ET信号相关基因BnaACO1.C8、BnaERF73.C6相对转录水平显著上调,不耐渍品系ABA合成相关基因BnaZEP.A7相对转录水平上调。外源喷施激素抑制剂可改善淹水胁迫对油菜的伤害,但不同外源激素抑制剂效果差异明显。综上,不同耐渍性甘蓝型油菜苗期对淹水胁迫响应在表型、生理代谢、光合、激素和基因转录水平存在差异。甘蓝型油菜通过调控细胞骨架、无氧呼吸、激素代谢相关基因的相对转录水平,引起植株内抗氧化酶活性、激素水平、光合效率、根部超微结构及根系活力改变,进而响应淹水胁迫。

旱柳NAC基因家族的全基因组鉴定及其在淹水和盐胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】对旱柳(Salix matsudana)NAC基因家族成员进行鉴定,并分析其在淹水胁迫和盐胁迫下的表达差异,为研究SmNAC家族成员参与逆境胁迫调控机制及培育高耐非生物胁迫旱柳品种提供理论基础。【方法】以敏淹旱柳品种Yanliu No.1、耐淹旱柳品种Suliu 795和敏盐旱柳种质Yanjiang和耐盐旱柳品种9901等4份旱柳种质为试验材料,通过基因组数据挖掘鉴定出旱柳全基因组范围内的NAC基因家族成员,并对其蛋白理化性质、保守基序、系统发育关系、基因结构及其染色体位置、共线性关系进行预测分析。对SmNAC基因家族成员进行淹水胁迫和盐胁迫下的表达谱分析;选取对淹水胁迫和盐胁迫均具有明显响应的基因构建拟南芥过表达载体并获取转基因拟南芥,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测该基因在野生型和转基因拟南芥中的相对表达量,并分析转基因拟南芥和野生型拟南芥在淹水胁迫下的表型差异,测定其生理指标。【结果】鉴定出290个SmNAC基因家族成员,命名为SmNAC001~SmNAC290;SmNAC家族基因编码的氨基酸数量范围为105~710个,分子量为12.7~77.8 kD,理论等电点(pI)为4.33~9.65,大多数蛋白成员定位于细胞核。根据SmNAC家族蛋白与拟南芥NAC蛋白的系统发育进化关系及其保守基序分析结果,将SmNAC家族蛋白分为16个亚家族。大部分SmNAC家族基因中含有3个外显子,同一亚家族内的SmNAC成员基序组成和排列模式相似,如NAP和OsNAC7亚家族。大部分SmNAC家族基因成员启动子含有茉莉酸甲酯以及缺氧胁迫等响应元件。SmNAC基因家族中有244个基因随机分布在38条染色体上,其中存在13对串联复制事件。转录组数据结果显示,淹水胁迫和盐胁迫后,ATAF亚家族(SmNAC007、SmNAC008、SmNAC009、SmNAC010、SmNAC011和SmNAC012基因)表达量在不同抗性旱柳种质中均明显上调。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,转基因拟南芥中SmNAC007基因的相对表达量明显高于野生型,为10~15倍;与野生型拟南芥相比,转基因拟南芥中总蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】鉴定出290个SmNAC基因家族成员,其中分别有102个和151个家族成员在淹水胁迫和盐胁迫中差异表达;初步证实SmNAC007基因在淹水胁迫响应中发挥正向调控功能。