Spatial diversion and coordination of flood water for an urban flood control project in Suzhou, China

Suzhou City,located in the Yangtze River Delta in China,is prone to flooding due to a complex combination of natural factors,including its monsoon climate,low elevation,and tidally influenced position,as well as intensive human activities.The Large Encirclement Flood Control Project(LEFCP)was launched to cope with serious floods in the urban area.This project changed the spatiotemporal pattern of flood processes and caused spatial diversion of floods from the urban area to the outskirts of the city.Therefore,this study developed a distributed flood simulation model in order to understand this transition of flood processes.The results revealed that the LEFCP effectively protected the urban areas from floods,but the present scheduling schemes resulted in the spatial diversion of floods to the outskirts of the city.With rainstorm frequencies of 10.0%to 0.5%,the water level differences between two representative water level stations(Miduqiao(MDQ)and Fengqiao(FQ))located inside and outside the LEFCP area,ranged from 0.75 m to 0.24 m and from 1.80 m to 1.58 m,respectively.In addition,the flood safety margin at MDQ and the duration with the water level exceeding the warning water level at FQ ranged from 0.95 m to 0.43 m and from 4 h to 22 h,respectively.Rational scheduling schemes for the hydraulic facilities of the LEFCP in extreme precipitation cases were developed ac-cording to food simulations under seven scheduling scenarios.This helps to regulate the spatial flood diversion caused by the LEFCP during extreme precipitation.

Improvement Strategies of Flood Control Landscape in Suburban Villages and Towns from the Perspective of Aquaphilia and Livability

In the context of urban and rural integrated development, many suburban villages and towns are still threatened by both urbanization and natural disasters. In order to explore the improvement strategies of flood control landscape integrating water ecology, water safety, water culture and water landscape, the Luozhou Ancient Town by the Wulong River in Fuzhou City was taken as an example, and the concept of pluralistic symbiosis from the perspective of aquaphilia and livability was proposed through field investigation, data monitoring, site analysis and planning, that is, while retaining the positive attributes of “boundary”, its negative limitation of “pluralistic” space is broken, so as to establish a pluralistic and symbiotic environment with aquaphilia and livability. It can not only effectively alleviate the contradictions between urban and rural areas, between water and land, and between old and new cultures, but also activate the vitality of suburban villages and towns, providing a new idea for the improvement of flood control landscape.

Urban flood control strategy based on new relationship of human and flood

China is one of the countries with the most serious flooding disasters.In China,above 70% of big cities,50% of population and 75% of industrial and agricultural output value are distributed in eastern coastal areas with serious flooding.Therefore,enhancement of theoretical study and experience summarization of urban flood control is of great theoretical and practical significance.As economy is developing rapidly,urban scale is expanding fast,and urban flood control stand is promoted.Urban flood control calls for new concept and methods.This paper makes a systematic summarization of concept evolution and advanced methods concerning urban flood control at home and abroad.The concept of urban flood control has transformed from simple flood control and drainage to coexistence with and use of flood.Flood control measures have transferred form emphasis upon engineering ones to priority to both engineering and non-engineering ones,with special attention to ecological flood control,such as making full use of ecological revetment,ecological realignment of a river,multi-objective management of urban flood detention region,turning flood into resources and utilization of wetlands.

Effect of Flood Peak Discharge Control by a Small Reservoir in an Urbanized Area—Case Study in the Kurabe River Basin, Japan

Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.

城市洪涝治理与韧性城市建设:变革、创新与启示

我国城市洪涝治理经历了从工程措施到工程与非工程措施并举,从洪涝分治到洪涝统筹,从城市局部治理到流域系统治理的重大转变。特别是海绵城市和韧性城市理念的引入,显著提升了城市洪涝治理水平,促进了城市可持续发展。经过多年探索与实践,我国在技术应用、政策管理、公众与社会参与等方面取得了显著进展,城市洪涝模拟与风险评估取得重要成果,监测感知系统日趋完善,预报预警技术取得突破,应用场景更加广泛;跨部门协作与联动机制、政府与社会资本合作模式的提出,高效信息传播机制和公众参与程度的加强,均显著增强了城市应对洪涝灾害的能力,为防洪减灾工作提供了有力支撑。借助北斗卫星、激光雷达、物联网、人工智能、大数据等先进技术,我国持续推进数字孪生流域、国家水网与区域水网建设,为洪涝治理和水利高质量发展提供了重要支撑。今后,城市洪涝治理将继续朝着系统化、智能化、生态化方向发展,面对新时代的机遇与挑战,应结合海绵城市与韧性城市建设,坚持系统治理、坚守底线思维、坚持创新发展,通过全局性谋划和整体性推动,不断提升水旱灾害防御水平和水安全保障能力。

Characteristics of Rainstorm and Flood Disaster in Shaoyang City and Flood Protection Countermeasures

Based on ground meteorological observation data at 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1951-2017 and rainfall data at over 220 automatic weather stations during 2005-2017,statistical analysis on rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang was conducted. Occurrence characteristics and rule of rainstorm and flood disaster were found,and disaster situation was evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that（ 1）there was almost local rainstorm and flood in Shaoyang City every year,with strong seasonal characteristic.（ 2） The loss caused by rainstorm and flood disaster was the most serious in various meteorological disasters.（ 3） Rainstorm and flood disaster generally had the sudden and devastating characteristics. Via the analysis and research on rainstorm and flood disaster,defense measure and countermeasure of rainstorm and flood were proposed,which could provide scientific decision basis for party and government leading flood relief,and had important guidance significance for preventing and mitigating disasters by government agencies.

基于MIKE FLOOD模型的西北城市河道橡胶坝群洪水风险分析研究

由于西北城市河道比降大,暴雨和山洪形成河道洪水突发性强,河道橡胶坝群的修建改善了城市生态环境,同时也客观上增大了城市洪水风险。基于MIKE FLOOD水动力学模型,对西北城市橡胶坝群河道典型案例进行了一二维耦合水动力学模型计算,研究了在河道遭遇大洪水时橡胶坝群未塌坝运行的洪水动态演进情况,定量计算了对城市可能造成的淹没情况以及洪灾损失,指明了橡胶坝群未按照防汛预案采取度汛措施而造成的潜在洪水风险,并且提出了降低城市河道橡胶坝群洪水风险的建设管理措施。

城市轨道交通车辆基地防洪设计及监测方案研究

[目的]城市轨道交通车辆基地防洪关系到车辆基地及正线运营安全,为有效提高车辆基地防洪能力,需对车辆基地防洪设计要点及措施进行研究。[方法]从设计阶段对影响车辆基地防洪的场坪标高、改移河道设计等要点及注意事项进行详细分析;针对可能出现的大量积水通过车辆基地U型槽进入正线区间造成行车事故的不利情况,开展了防洪措施设计研究,分析确定了出入段线U型槽处为车辆基地防洪关键点;为提高其防洪应急处置能力,从水灾演化规律、监测原则、等级判断及预测、方案设计、智能决策及应急调度等方面进行了防洪及监测方案研究。[结果及结论]在出入段线U型槽位置,采用可移动拼接式防淹挡板设计方案;明确了防淹挡板设计及布置方案、专业接口要点、适用情况;通过设置水位监测点并结合监测融合算法系统、智能决策系统及应急调度指挥系统,构建了出入段线水灾监测、智能决策及应急调度方案,实现灾前、灾中、灾后全过程智能防洪预警及调度指挥。

城市地下空间水灾害防治若干科技问题研究展望

在综述国内外城市地下空间水灾害状况和防灾研究现状的基础上,梳理了研究成果及案例分析,将城市地下空间遭受的水灾害性状归纳为两大类型问题:一类为地表洪涝灾害导致的地下空间水淹灾害,另一类为工程活动或周边水环境特征变化导致的水灾害。解析了城市地下空间内、外部水灾害环境关联响应关系。基于城市地下空间水灾害分布的复杂性,从灾害成因的关键要素和耦合响应关系入手,总结了当前国内城市地下空间水灾害防治存在的一些共性科学难题和技术瓶颈,多目标多层面分解地下空间水灾害防治科学问题和关键技术路线,系统性提出了应该重视和加强研究的若干科技问题及解决路径。并从科学问题、关键技术和解决措施三方面展望城市地下空间水灾害防治领域的科技发展。

适应我国不同自然条件类型城市的内涝治理模式研究

【目的】为加强各地内涝治理措施对区域气候特点、地形水系等自然条件的针对性,【方法】将我国城市根据自然条件差异分为北方少雨城市、平原河网城市、山地丘陵城市、滨海临江(河)城市4种类型,并筛选银川、苏州、宜昌、深圳4个城市分别作为案例,结合近年来内涝发生情况、风险评估及治理情况,梳理和剖析案例城市内涝主要原因、采取的治理措施和成效、面临的主要问题等;对照“源头减排、管网排放、蓄排并举、超标应急”的城市排水防涝工程体系,进一步细化延伸,研究提出不同类型城市的内涝治理模式。【结果】由于内涝成因差异,不同类型城市在管网建设、蓝绿空间保护、洪涝统筹、应急调度等方面工作的侧重点应各有差异。北方少雨城市应以补齐管网系统短板和保护修复蓝绿空间为主;平原河网城市应以保护水网格局、优化水系调度、增加强排能力为主;山地丘陵城市重点则是做好应对山洪的工作,强化排涝通道建设;滨海临江(河)城市需统筹洪涝潮关系,探索弹性空间建设,提高防汛应急和灾害响应处置能力。【结论】为应对气候变化条件下愈加频发的极端降雨,各地应结合自身自然条件,补齐内涝治理工作短板,持续提高城市的空间韧性。研究结果对于各地优化内涝治理工作思路具有一定的参考价值,为各地有效应对内涝灾害提供借鉴。

预案视角下城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价

为解决城市防汛应急预案在制订过程中,相关组织应急协同能力难以量化的问题,提出考虑级联失效的城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价方法。首先,以北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预案为研究对象,构建组织间网络,并提出网络攻击策略与鲁棒性评价指标;其次,计算网络特征统计参数,并分析网络拓扑特性;然后,以自然连通度为鲁棒性指标,评价城市防汛应急组织间网络在遭受节点单次攻击与连续攻击下的鲁棒性;最后,对比不同攻击下网络的鲁棒性强弱并找出对鲁棒性影响较大的关键组织。结果表明:北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预组织间网络具有无标度特性和小世界特性;节点单次攻击时,相较于非级联失效情形,组织间网络在级联失效情况下鲁棒性较弱,造成级联失效节点数较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织;连续攻击时,组织间网络在蓄意攻击情形下鲁棒性较弱,度值较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织。

滨海山地城区洪涝治理系统研究与应用

针对以往洪涝治理研究多集中在城市化对径流特性影响分析、洪涝模拟以及洪涝治理系统上层方案等问题,选取具有代表性的珠海滨海山地老城区,分析其山洪入城、内排不畅、海潮倒灌等致涝成因,构建“完善系统、高水高排、低水低排、自排为主、泵排为辅、蓄水利用、挡潮错峰”等举措于一体的高标准、精细化、系统化洪涝治理系统,同时针对山洪水并联调蓄规模、山地截洪沟规模、山水入城后市政雨水管网规模、路面排水过流能力校核以及滨海区闸泵联合调度调洪演算等论证方法进行系统梳理及适应性分析,以期对类似区域洪涝灾害防治提供经验借鉴。

我国内涝治理政策梳理及探讨

近年来,内涝灾害防治成了全球性的复杂问题,严重影响人民正常生产生活和生命财产安全。我国高度关注城市洪涝问题,十八大以来,为加强城市内涝治理,已经发布了一系列政策文件,为城市内涝治理指明了方向,提供了原则性和普适性的治理思路。为深刻领会相关政策精神,指导各地开展内涝治理工作,从治理目标、治理思路、重点任务、保障措施等几方面,对既有文件进行梳理总结,提出落实政策要求的建议,为各地推进城市内涝治理工作提供参考。

某国际旅游度假区周边开发中基于落地性的城市河道断面优化调整

城市河道是保障城市安全和社会经济发展的重要支撑,在进行区域开发时可能会遇到拟建河道与周边其他工程有冲突的情况。以某国际旅游度假区北片区河道为例,对河道断面进行优化调整。结果表明:河道断面的优化调整既保证了河道防汛除涝安全和活水畅流效果,又保证了周边其他项目能够顺利推进。

六安市城市防洪排涝体系建设研究

近年来随着城市发展,六安市主城区防洪问题日渐突显,在新标准下建设新的城市防洪排涝体系十分迫切。应对防洪安全问题需要提出科学有效的策略,本文根据长期城市防洪管理经验,从当前六安市存在的防洪排涝问题出发,结合城市发展新格局,按“全面布局、分区防守”的理念,研究优化六安市防洪排涝体系的思路,并提出建设建议。

分离式路基在堤防道路中的应用

堤防道路设计中防洪、交通、景观和周边地块衔接的复杂问题一直是业内探讨的课题。文章以武汉市长江主轴示范段左岸大道为例,在充分考虑道路交通、防洪、景观功能的基础上,分析了堤防道路沿线的主要控制因素,提出了分离式路基方案,详细介绍了分离式路基在堤防道路中平面、纵断面、横断面设计中的注意事项,同时对慢行交通、排水、交通安全、绿化景观提出了参考解决方案,可供类似堤防道路工程设计参考。

地翻式闸门在城市防洪工程中的应用

文章以温州市江心码头段防洪堤为载体,通过技术、经济、景观、安全等方面的综合分析论证,提出一种既满足防洪要求,又能与城市景观相协调的新型旱闸——地翻式闸门。文章对地翻式闸门的结构设计进行了介绍,并通过对塔架整体水平方向位移、闸门整体结构位移、墙体和底座节点应力、销轴部分节点应力、支撑连杆应力等进行计算分析,证明地翻式闸门结构的强度、刚度满足规范要求。因此,地翻式闸门为我国新时期城市防洪工程建设探索提出了一个新的发展方向。

基于层次分析法的城市防洪风险综合评价研究

为了提高评价城市防洪风险的准确度,本文根据影响城市防洪的因素构建了城市防洪风险评价体系,确定了各评价指标在不同风险等级所对应的取值范围,并进一步结合层次分析法(AHP)计算了指标层的权重及目标层的风险等级。由工程案例计算可知,基于AHP计算的风险等级与城市防洪体系的安全鉴定报告结论一致,说明该风险评价方法具有工程可靠性和适用性。该方法也可为其他城市防洪体系的建立和风险评价提供新的途径。

城市电排站稳定排查分析及其备用电源改造实践

东莞市是我国经济发展重要区域,城市内部水利基础设施完善,但建设时间久远,存在许多影响水利设施正常运行的问题。通过对东莞市城市排站进行安全排查鉴定,发现主要存在配备电源比率低,防雷接地系统不完善,机电设备隐患大3个问题,使得城市的防洪排涝能力大大下降。针对安全鉴定结果,对城市排站备用电源进行改造,在排站设置移动电源,解决电源供应不足的问题,保证排站的正常运行。