ULTIMATE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF CYLINDER DERIVED FROM AUTOFRETTAGE UNDER IDEAL CONDITION

According to the basic theory on autofrettage and according to the 4th strength theory, several parameters and their relations are studied under ideal condition, including σej/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at inside surface; σej＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at inside surface; and p/σy, load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder. By theoretical study on relations between the parameters, noticeable results and laws are achieved： to satisfy ｜σei＇｜=σy. the relation between kj and k is, k^2lnkj^2-k^2-kj^2＋2=0, when k→∞, kj = √e = 1.648 72, as based on the 3rd strength theory, where k is the outside/inside radius ratio of a cylinder, kj is the ratio of elastoplastic juncture radius to inside radius of a cylinder; If the plastic region covers the whole wall of a cylinder, for compressive yield not to occur after removing autofrettage pressure, the ultimate k is k=-2.218 46 as based on the 3rd strength theory; With k=2.218 46, a cylinder＇s ultimate load-bearing capacity equals its entire yield pressure, or p/σy=21nk/√3; The maximum and optimum load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is just 2 times the loading which an unautofrettaged cylinder can bear elastically, or p/σy=2（k^2-1）/√3 k^2, and the limit of the load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is also just 2 times that of an unautofrettaged cylinder. The conclusions are the same as based on the 3rd strength theory, but some equations are different from each other.

Effect of Optimum Plastic Depth on Stresses and Load-bearing Capacity of Autofrettaged Cylinder

Autofrettage is an effective measure to even distribution of stresses and raise load-bearing capacity for （ultra-）high pressure apparatus. Currently, the research on autofrettage has focused mostly on specific engineering problems, while general theoretical study is rarely done. To discover the general law contained in autofrettage theory, by the aid of the authors’ previous work and according to the third strength theory, theoretical problems about autofrettage are studied including residual stresses and their equivalent stress, total stresses and their equivalent stress, etc. Because of the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone which is presented in the authors’ previous work, the equations for the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress are simplified greatly. Thus the law of distribution of the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress and the varying tendency of these stresses are discovered. The relation among various parameters are revealed. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are obtained. According to the results obtained by theoretical analysis, it is shown that if the two parameters, namely ratio of outside to inside radius, k, and depth of plastic zone, kj, meet the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone, when the pressure contained in an autofrettaged cylinder is lower than two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent residual stress and the equivalent total stress at the inside surface as well as the elastic-plastic juncture of a cylinder are lower than yield strength. When an autofrettaged cylinder is subjected to just two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent total stress within the whole plastic zone is just identically equal to the yield strength, or it is a constant. The proposed research theoretically depicts the stress state of ultra-）high pressure autofrettaged cylinder more accurately and more reasonably and provides the reference for design of （ultra-）high pressure apparatus.

A Bio-inspired Mutual-hook Strategy for the Soft Finger to Improve Load-bearing Capacity and Grasping Stability

Soft grippers have great potential applications in daily life,since they can compliantly grasp soft and delicate objects.However,the highly elastic fingers of most soft grippers are prone to separate from each other while grasping objects due to their low stiffness,thus reducing the grasping stability and load-bearing capacity.To tackle this problem,inspired from the venus flytrap plant,this work proposes a mutual-hook mechanism to restrain the separation and improve the grasping performance of soft fingers.The novel soft gripper design consists of three modules,a soft finger-cot,two Soft Hook Actuators(SHAs)and two sliding mechanisms.Here,the soft finger-cot covers on the soft finger,increasing the contact area with the target object,two SHAs are fixed to the left and right sides of the finger-cot,and the sliding mechanisms are designed to make SHAs stretch flexibly.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed design can restrain the separation of soft fingers substantially,and the soft fingers with the finger-cots can grasp objects three times heavier than the soft fingers without the proposed design.The proposed design can provide invaluable insights for soft fingers to restrain the separation while grasping,thus improving the grasping stability and the load-bearing capacity.

考虑结构空间约束的现浇楼盖梁跨中受弯性能试验

为研究结构空间约束导致现浇钢筋混凝土楼盖梁跨中受弯承载力超强的机制,以楼盖梁在结构中的空间位置和配筋率为变量,设计12根上部架立筋不伸入支座的楼盖梁试件并开展跨中受弯静力试验,并基于建立经典混凝土理论的试验方法进行了4根简支梁对比试验。对梁试件破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、轴向伸长进行研究,结果表明:楼盖梁试件承载力与按受弯构件计算承载力之比为1.57~2.77,与相应矩形简支梁试件和T形简支梁试件承载力相比均有较大提高,超强程度与配筋率成反比;与简支梁试件相比,楼盖梁试件跨中截面破坏形态未因轴压力而发生显著改变,但楼盖梁试件延性降低;楼盖梁试件轴向伸长随挠度的增大而增大。将楼盖梁视为压弯构件,提出根据楼盖梁试验峰值荷载确定相应轴力和弯矩的方法。计算结果表明,楼盖梁试件跨中截面压弯状态弯矩与受弯状态弯矩的比值为1.28~2.19。楼盖梁试件有限元数值模拟结果表明,随着楼盖梁截面包含的楼板范围增大,轴力沿梁跨分布趋于均匀。

地震作用下掉层钢框架结构抗倒塌能力分析

采用PERFORM-3D程序对掉层钢框架结构进行了抗震倒塌能力研究。考虑不同的掉层情况和结构措施,设计了2个普通钢框架结构模型和4个掉层钢框架结构模型(其中2个模型带拉梁加强),利用增量动力分析方法对上述钢框架模型进行了易损性分析和抗震倒塌能力评估。结果表明,掉层钢框架结构的抗震倒塌能力与掉层数关系不大;采用拉梁加强的掉层钢框架,上接地侧的抗震倒塌能力和抗震倒塌安全储备性能有所提高,但掉层侧的抗震倒塌能力和抗地震倒塌安全储备降低;增加拉梁的数量对该类结构影响不大,但会改变其破坏模式;上接地侧倒塌模式下,上接地一层是上接地侧最薄弱的楼层;掉层侧倒塌模式下,上接地二层是掉层侧最薄弱的楼层。

高原铁路站房地板辐射系统的分区供暖效果

为了解决高原铁路站房部分区域在强太阳辐射的影响下出现过热、地板辐射供暖系统能耗浪费的问题,以某高原铁路车站为研究对象,根据站房内太阳照射情况对地板辐射系统提出了分区供暖方案;利用建筑能耗模拟软件Energyplus对该铁路站房进行模拟分析,对比了地板辐射系统分区前后站房内的热环境和系统供暖量.结果表明:地板辐射系统采用统一的设计及运行控制方案供暖时,站房内太阳直射影响区的平均操作温度在日间最高可达27℃,与非直射影响区之间的温差超过5℃;在地板辐射系统分区供暖时,直射影响区的平均操作温度最高为26℃,室内温度分布更为均匀,局部过热现象得到缓解;在保证站房热舒适性的前提下,地板辐射系统的分区供暖方案能够使直射影响区整个供暖季的供暖量降低38.2%.

新型高延性混凝土-压型钢板组合楼板承载力试验研究

为推动新型农村建设装配式体系研发,提出一种外包高延性混凝土夹芯压型钢板的全预制新型组合楼板,并推导相应受弯承载力和挠度的理论计算方法。设计3种不同跨度的新型组合楼板,并将试验结果与理论计算进行对比。结果表明:计算结果与实测结果拟合良好;在正常使用阶段,新型组合楼板的变形表现为理想的弹性效果;新型组合楼板具有良好整体性和组合效应并具有较高承载力,且满足规范要求。可为进一步理论研究提供可靠依据。

基于分层壳单元的楼板面内受力性能研究

为研究楼板在地震作用下的受力性能,采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS分层壳单元对剪力墙试验结果进行模拟对比,确定所采用混凝土与钢材本构以及计算参数的可靠性。针对典型混凝土楼板在复杂受力状态下的受力性能进行有限元分析,考察简化计算方法对评估楼板面内拉、压、剪承载力的适用性。分析结果表明,采用简化方法确定混凝土楼板在设防烈度下的承载力时,与有限元计算结果较为一致。根据工程中混凝土楼板在地震作用下的损伤判别标准,提出楼板抗震性能加强措施。

Analysis model for damage of reinforced bars in RC beams under contact explosion

The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete(RC) beams primarily relies on internal reinforced bars.However, limited research has been conducted on the dynamic response of these bars. To address this gap, this study has established an analytical model using dimensional analysis for calculating the deformation of reinforced bars within RC beams subjected to contact explosion. Comparison with experimental data reveals that the model has a relative error of 5.22%, effectively reflecting the deformation of reinforced bars. Additionally, based on this model, the study found that while concrete does influence the deformation of reinforced bars, this influence can be disregarded in comparison to the material properties of the bars themselves. The findings of this study have implications for calculating the residual load-bearing capacity of damaged RC beams, evaluating the extent of damage to RC beams after blast loading, and providing guidance for the blast-resistant design of RC structures.

夏热冬冷地区地板辐射和风机盘管供暖的对比分析

为分析地板辐射供暖和风机盘管供暖在夏热冬冷地区的具体运行效果,对两种模式下的室内热舒适、供热能力和能耗进行了实验和OpenStudio模拟分析。实验和模拟结果表明:风机盘管系统在运行初期体现优势,但后期地板辐射供暖具有更好的室内舒适性,垂直峰谷差仅为0.03℃,预测平均值模型PMV为-0.28,预测不满意百分比指标(PPD)为6.83%;地板辐射供热能力大于风机盘管供热,且耗电量更低。

Influence of cyclic loading on the fracture toughness and load bearing capacities of all-ceramic crowns

The purpose of this study was to investigate how cyclic loading influenced the fracture toughness of hot-press lithium disilicate and zirconia core materials and whether there was an increase in the propensity for crown failure. Two types of all-ceramic crowns including the IPS e.max Press system （n=24） and the Lava zirconia system （n=24）, were selected. Sectioned specimens were subjected to cyclic loading with the maximum magnitude of 200 N （R=0.1） until two million cycles. The material properties including Young＇s modulus （E） and hardness （H） and the fracture toughness （K,c） of the core materials were evaluated using indentation methods （n= 12 each）. The load-bearing capacities of the specimens were examined by means of monotonic load to fracture （n=12 each）. It was found that the material properties, including E, Hand Knc, of the two types of dental ceramics, were reduced. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant influences of fatigue loading on material properties E and H for both types of dental ceramics or Kgc for zirconia, while for the IPS e.max Press core, K,c, which was parallel to the direction of the lithium disilicate crystals, was significantly reduced （P-0.001）. A conclusion was drawn that zirconia possesses high mechanical reliability and sustainable capacity to resist fatigue loading, while fatigue loading remarkably degraded the anisotropic mechanical behaviour of hot-press lithium disilicate ceramics.

Influence of varying bedding thickness of underclay on floor stability

The variation in bedding thickness of the weak immediate floor has long been a challenge in the lllinois basin coal mines when it comes to floor stability. The vertical thickness of the immediate floor is not constant throughout the mines and can vary over short horizontal distances. The biggest misconception from a design standpoint is to use the maximum or average thickness found from core logs taken from various locations on the mine property. The result of this practice is oversized pillars in the areas where the weak immediate floor has thinned vertically. This over-design leaves coal in situ which could have otherwise been extracted. This paper presents a plane strain numerical model to illustrate the effect of a change in bedding thickness of a weak immediate floor across one or two coal pillars. The floor bearing capacity of the variable floor below each pillar where then compared to the consistent floor. The results show that the varying bedding thickness of weak underclay has an impact on the bearing capacity of the floor. Geometrically with the decrease in bedding thickness for constant pillar width, the B/H ratio increases exponentially. The influence of varying bedding thickness on the floor bearing capacity is apparent at higher B/H ratios. The floor bearing capacity under a single pillar is in variable floor model if the average thickness remains constant. For single pillar, the average of the bedding thickness can be considered and for pillars in a panel, and a safety factor has been proposed to take into account this change in bedding thickness.

考虑结构空间约束的现浇楼盖梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究结构空间约束对现浇楼盖梁受剪性能的影响,以剪跨比、面积配箍率、空间位置为变量,在足尺框架结构中开展12根楼盖梁受剪试验,并与对照试件简支梁试验结果进行对比。结果表明:结构空间约束可提高楼盖梁受剪承载力,削弱其变形能力;剪跨比和空间位置显著影响楼盖梁受剪承载力;剪跨比为0.7和1.0时,楼盖梁受剪承载力较简支梁平均提高至1.09和1.39倍;剪跨比0.7时,边框边跨和中框边跨位置的楼盖梁受剪承载力平均提高至1.10和1.25倍;剪跨比1.0时,边框边跨、边框中跨、中框边跨和中框中跨位置的楼盖梁受剪承载力平均提高至1.30、1.30、1.43和1.72倍。根据受剪试验结果修正考虑结构空间约束的楼盖梁受剪破坏数值模拟方法,数值模拟结果表明,楼盖梁在受剪过程中因空间约束产生约束轴力,约束轴力随跨中挠度增大而不断增大。

2022年我国地板产业指数企业分析

基于293家被调研地板企业的数据,分析了我国地板企业的情况,包括工厂分布、企业规模、生产能力、产量、销量等,以期在一定程度上反映我国地板产业发展情况,为地板企业的生产经营提供参考数据。

火灾后混凝土楼盖剩余承载力试验及理论研究

为了研究混凝土楼盖火灾后承载性能和破坏模式,对3块灾后楼盖和2块常温楼盖开展力学性能试验,获得了混凝土楼盖裂缝、破坏模式、变形、混凝土和钢筋应变等发展规律。基于塑性铰线理论,考虑梁刚度和变形对楼盖极限承载力的影响,建立了灾后楼盖剩余承载力和破坏模式计算方法,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:不同承载机制致使灾后和常温楼盖破坏模式略有不同,灾后楼盖表现为板先破坏模式,常温楼盖表现为梁先破坏模式;受火楼盖中板格易发生灾后爆裂,致使其保护层脱落、有效厚度减少,以及钢筋与混凝土间黏结性能降低,进而倾向于发生弯曲破坏和冲切破坏;相比配筋方式,配筋率对楼盖极限承载力有更为重要的影响,随着板格配筋率提高,极限承载力增加,但发生脆性破坏的可能性增加,特别是采用双层双向配筋方式的板格;传统简支板和固支板屈服线理论,倾向于低估或高估楼盖承载力。本文方法考虑边梁刚度和竖向变形的影响,其所得楼盖极限承载力计算结果较为合理,可用于确定结构中楼盖火灾后破坏模式和制定合理的灾后加固及修复措施。

轻钢与EPS混凝土组合单向板试验研究

以轻钢作为骨架外浇EPS(Expandable polystyrene)混凝土,形成轻钢与EPS混凝土新型组合楼板,并对组合单向板的变形性能、裂缝开展情况以及极限承载力进行试验研究.设计并制作了4块轻钢与EPS混凝土组合单向板试件,进行4点弯曲试验,观察组合板在试验过程中裂缝开展情况,测量钢骨架和组合板外表面混凝土的应变情况,以及组合板挠曲变形情况,明确了组合单向板的极限状态,以及型钢间距、EPS混凝土密度及保护层厚度等因素对组合板极限承载力的影响.

长沙国际会议中心大跨钢桁架受力性能分析与设计

从楼盖结构选型、节点设计等方面阐述了长沙国际会议中心75m大跨钢桁架的设计要点,采用有限元模拟方法对竖向荷载下钢桁架极限承载力、楼板刚度及温度作用对钢桁架受力的影响进行了分析,同时对楼盖舒适度评估等设计重难点进行研究。结果表明,通过调整构件安装次序可使桁架构件内力得到合理重分配,局部构件屈服后钢桁架整体仍有较大的承载能力和变形能力,混凝土楼板对钢桁架受力的影响主要限于与楼板直接接触的桁架上弦。大跨楼盖能满足正常使用舒适度要求,相关技术研究成果可供类似工程参考。

高延性混凝土T型肋叠合楼板的底板性能试验研究

为研究由装配整体式高延性混凝土(HDC)、带肋叠合板(PK板)、冷弯薄壁型钢组成的T型肋叠合楼板(HTPKG板)底板受力性能,通过HTPKG预制底板试件的重物均布加载静载试验,研究了HTPKG板的刚度、承载力等力学性能。分析跨度、上翼缘宽度、腹板宽度等因素对HTPKG板受压性能和承载力影响规律,选出最优板型。试验结果表明:在加载至4.4~4.5 k N时板底跨中位置均出现了裂缝,极限荷载下未出现脆断现象,说明HTPKG板具有较好的承载力和延性特征,HTPKG-4板的受力性能最佳。

PKPM软件在空斗墙砌体结构鉴定与加固中的应用

村镇地区存在大量的空斗墙房屋,需要进行安全性和抗震鉴定及加固,现有结构软件缺乏针对这方面的计算功能,本文系统性地分析并提出了解决该问题的方法。在明确空斗墙材料的主要物理指标后,对软件中如何实现其高厚比、受压承载力、楼层平均抗震能力指数、墙体地震剪力、墙体地震抗剪承载力等指标的计算,进行了详细的分析,并阐述了水泥砂浆抹面或钢筋网砂浆面层加固空斗墙的力学效果。最后通过具体算例,将手工计算与软件计算的结果进行了对比,验证了该方法的可行性。

基于Fluent的埋管式辐射地板传热及供冷能力研究

充分了解辐射供冷系统的传热特性有助于该系统的设计、推广及应用。构建了埋管式辐射地板的三维稳态传热模型,进行供冷工况下地板内部传热情况的数值模拟,得到了辐射地板内部及表面的温度场。经实验验证,建立的传热模型与实际误差小于9.01%。模拟分析了换热盘管长度与供水温度对辐射地板的供回水温差、供冷能力及温度分布的影响。结果表明:在相同供水温度下,换热盘管越长,埋管式辐射地板的供冷能力越弱,温度分布均匀性越差,管长每增加10 m,单位面积辐射地板供冷量约降低1.5 W/m^(2);在相同换热盘管长度下,供水温度越高,地板的供冷能力越弱,温度分布均匀性越好。