Effects of Milling Methods on Rice Flour Properties and Rice Product Quality:A Review

High-quality rice flour is the foundation for the production of various rice-based products.Milling is an essential step in obtaining rice flour,during which significant changes occur in the physicochemical and quality characteristics of the flour.Although rice flour obtained through mainstream wet milling methods exhibits superior quality,low production efficiency and wastewater discharge limit the development of the industry.Dry milling,on the other hand,conserves water resources,but adversely affects flour performance due to excessive heat generation.As an emerging powder-making technique,semi-dry milling offers a promising solution by enhancing flour quality and reducing environmental impact.This is achieved by minimizing soaking time through hot air treatment while reducing mechanical energy consumption to reach saturated water absorption levels.However,continuous production remains a challenge.This comprehensive review summarizes the effects of various milling technologies on rice flour properties and product qualities.It also discusses key control indicators and technical considerations for rice flour processing equipment and processes.

Research progress on properties of pre-gelatinized starch and its application in wheat flour products

Starch is the most abundant organic compound in nature,second only to cellulose.However,the conserved structure of native starches limits their properties and applications.Therefore,it is often necessary to modify them to obtain specific properties.As a common green and safe physical modification method,pre-gelatinization can improve the cold water solubility and swelling power of starch.The typical preparation methods of pre-gelatinized starch include spray drying,extrusion,and drum drying.Spray-dried pre-gelatinized starch still had good granule shape,but the increase of cold water solubility and cold paste viscosity was relatively small.Extruded and drum-dried pre-gelatinized starch showed serious structure destruction,significant increases in cold water solubility and cold paste viscosity,but relatively low hot paste viscosity.The properties of pre-gelatinized starch obtained by different methods are different,so do their effects on the quality of flour products.Wheat flour products,as one of the leading staple food for the people all over the world,play a vital role in people's daily life.With the improvement of people's living standards,more and more special flour products with unique features have received attentions of consumers and researchers.However,the sensory characteristics of special flour products are often inferior to traditional flour products,which limits its development.The unique functional characteristics of pre-gelatinized starch make it expected to play an essential role in the quality improvement of featured flour products.In this paper,the granule morphology,crystal structure,hydration and gelatinization properties of pre-gelatinized starch prepared by three common methods and their application in flour products were reviewed,which provides a theoretical basis for the application of pre-gelatinized starch in food industry.

Optimized electrochemical ammonia production:From metal-N_(2)/NO_(x) batteries to aqueous metal-NO_(x)^(–) batteries

Ammonia plays a crucial role in contemporary society,impacting medicine,agriculture,and the chemical industry.The conventional industrial synthesis of NH_(3) through the Haber-Bosch technique,carried out under severe reaction conditions,leads to substantial energy consumption and environmental pollution.It is thus imperative for NH_(3) synthesis methods to be investigated under more favorable conditions.Synthesis of ammonia by electrocatalysis can effectively reduce the environmental damage and other urgent problems,which is a promising solution.Metal-nitrogen series batteries(M-N batteries),such as metal-nitrogen gas batteries,metal-nitrogen oxide batteries and metal-oxynitride batteries have been regarded recently as an exemplar of concurrent NH_(3) synthesis and energy production.Nonetheless,the large-scale application of these batteries is still limited by numerous challenges are currently existing in building high-efficiency M-N batteries,including poor Faradic efficiency and low NH_(3) yield.Therefore,a comprehensive overview of M-N batteries is offered,specifically focusing on advanced strategies for designing highly efficient cathode catalysts in anticipation of future developments.The metal anodes,cathodic electro-reduction reactions,and design principles are encompassed in the discussion,offering detailed insights to enhance understanding.Mechanisms,feasibility analyses,technoeconomic assessments,device combinations,and comparative evaluations are delved into in the review,contributing to a thorough comprehension of diverse systems and their application potential.Perspectives and opportunities for future research directions are also delineated.

Preparation of Potato Whole Flour and Its Effects on Quality of Flour Products: A Review

When harvested the potato has a high moisture content, this could make its transportation and storage difficult. To help solve the transportation difficulties, potato is made into whole flour by many food processing companies. Potato whole flour has high nutritional value and may be regarded as beneficial to human health and fitness. In addition to the direct use of potato whole flour,it can also be used as added ingredients into other food products. This study summarizes and analyzes the processing technology of potato whole flour and its application in noodle products.

A system-wide approach to minimize the operational cost of bench production in open-cast mining operations

The production cycle of open-cast coal mines generally in eludes drilling, blasting, loading, hauling and coal preparation activities. Individual optimization of these activities does not mean that the whole system is optimized. This paper proposes a cost model considering all activities in mining cycle and system-wide approach to minimize the total mining cost of bench production. Since the fragmentation size and blast-hole diameter are linked to all activities of mining system, they are considered as decision variables in the problem form ul at io n. The operatio n costs are then minimized by using the evolutionary algorithm. Moreover, the impact of the change in the explosive price, and the hourly unit cost of equipment on total mining cost is quantified by sensitivity analysis. A case study is implemented to demonstrate the developed model.

Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine promotes lipid uptake of macrophage via cluster of differentiation 36 and receptor for advanced glycation end products

BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)are diabetic metabolic toxic products that cannot be ignored.Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine(CML),a component of AGEs,could increase macrophage lipid uptake,promote foam cell formation,and thereby accelerate atherosclerosis.The receptor for AGEs(RAGE)and cluster of differentiation 36(CD36)were the receptors of CML.However,it is still unknown whether RAGE and CD36 play key roles in CML-promoted lipid uptake.AIM Our study aimed to explore the role of RAGE and CD36 in CML-induced macrophage lipid uptake.METHODS In this study,we examined the effect of CML on lipid uptake by Raw264.7 macrophages.After adding 10 mmol/L CML,the lipid accumulation in macrophages was confirmed by oil red O staining.Expression changes of CD36 and RAGE were detected with immunoblotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.The interaction between CML with CD36 and RAGE was verified by immunoprecipitation.We synthesized a novel N-succinimidyl-4-18Ffluorobenzoate-CML radioactive probe.Radioactive receptor-ligand binding assays were performed to test the binding affinity between CML with CD36 and RAGE.The effects of blocking CD36 or RAGE on CML-promoting lipid uptake were also detected.RESULTS The study revealed that CML significantly promoted lipid uptake by macrophages.Immunoprecipitation and radioactive receptor-ligand binding assays indicated that CML could specifically bind to both CD36 and RAGE.CML had a higher affinity for CD36 than RAGE.ARG82,ASN71,and THR70 were the potential interacting amino acids that CD36 binds to CML Anti-CD36 and anti-RAGE could block the uptake of CML by macrophages.The lipid uptake promotion effect of CML was significantly attenuated after blocking CD36 or RAGE.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the binding of CML with CD36 and RAGE promotes macrophage lipid uptake.

Integrated management system of agro-fishery products based on QR-code

Recently,both the importance and awareness relating to food safety relating to agrochemicals,chemical fertilizers,the pollution of ecosystem and unwholesome foods are growing rapidly.For the same reason,the purchaser's curiosity increases to know about the production process which can be accomplished by production traceability system.The traceability system can store and superintend the specific attribute information about products regarding the productive centre,producer and production finish data.The products undergo various circulation processes and they are being managed by individually constructed traceability system.Thus,it is difficult for the producer and the consumer to guarantee the safety from transpirable issues about the falsification of production traceability because the traceability information can be re-produced by forging through various ways.So in this paper,we proposed a system for integrated management of agro-fishery products based on quick response code(QR-code)for forgery prevention which may help to solve these issues.The proposed system makes QR-code using production information provided by producer.And then it is provided to the distributor and the consumer through integrated service model using the QR-code.Therefore,this system make sure to provide the same production traceability about the products to the distributor and the consumer and always keeps both updated with the same information.

Application of vertically integrated sampling approach to study of new production via ^(234)Th -^(238)U disequilibria

The spatial and temporal distributions of new production vary largely in different sea areas. To understand the level of new production in the sea area studied better, an estimate of new production must be obtained in large spatial and temporal scales. The ~234Th/ ~238U disequilibrium is an effective method for the study of new production. Two sampling strategies, vertically integrated sampling ap proach based on trapezoidal integration principle and discrete layer sampling approach, were compared in the studies of the xiamen Bay and the northern South China Sea. The scavenging fluxes and removal fluxes of ~234Th and the residence times for dissolved and particulate ~234Th were calculated. The coinci dent results from two Sampling approach suggest that vertically integrated sampling approach is not only effective and reliable, but also significantly reduces the number and volume of samples. It allows us to study new production by ba ^(234)Th - ^(238)U disequilibria in large spatial scale.

THE BROAD-BAND CCD PHOTOMETRY AND DUST PRODUCTION RATES OF COMET HALE-BOPP

Based upon broad-band CCD observation data of comet Hale-Bopp obtained by a 60cm telescope at Xinglong Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory during March-August, 1996, the photometric results of comet Hale-Bopp are reported. Using the photometric results, the dust production rate, radius and mass of nucleus of comet Hale-Bopp are estimated as follows: dM/dt～1.5×10 5 kgs -1, R n～35.5km, and M n～5.65×10 16kg.

Study on In-vitro Production Technology of Embryos from Young Dorper Sheep

This study was conducted to investigate the in-vitro production technology of embryos from young Dorper sheep, so as to provide technical support for the utilization of ovarian follicles in young Dorper sheep. Tests were conducted from the induction of Dorper sheep of 4 to 8 weeks old using follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and pregnant horse serum(PMSG), collection of oocytes, in-vitro oocyte maturation-fertilization-zygote cultivation and 2-4-cell-stage fertilized ovum transfer. The results showed that 585 oocytes were collected from eight Dorper sheep at the age of 4 and 8 weeks, with an average of 73.13 oocytes/sheep. 346 of the 2-4-cell-stage fertilized eggs were obtained, whose cleavage rate was 59.15%. 77 in-vitro fertilized eggs at 2-4-cell stage were transplanted into 17 recipient sheep, seven of which were pregnant and gave birth to 13 "test-tube sheep" with a conception rate of 41.18%. It is indicated that the hormone induction technique, in-vitro oocyte maturation-fertilization-zygote cultivation technique and 2-4-cell-stage fertilized ovum transfer technique used in this study can serve as effective techniques for the in-vitro production of embryos from Dorper sheep of 4-8 weeks old.

Start of Production at the Ya 13-1 Gas Field in South China Sea

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中华面制品分类探讨

分类学在于阐明物种(物品)之间的历史渊源或相互关系,使建立的分类系统反映物种(物品)的亲缘关系和进化历史。食品分类学的意义在于揭示食品的起源、演化,以及食品多样性与饮食文化的关系,涉及食品仓储与物流、贸易与消费等管理问题。本文借鉴植物分类学和化学分类学概念、原则和方法,在对文献史料、起源进化、内在联系、管理需求等分析的基础上,依据面制品制作原料、制作原理或工艺、产品形态或特点、食用方法与习惯4大原则,厘清彼此之间的相互关系;将面制品分为饼子类、面条类、馒头类、粉类产品类、油炸面制品类等;明确了面制品的通用名称,初步建立了面制品分类树,讨论了面制品分类过程遇到的问题。从某种意义上说,面制品分类是对食品之间相互关系、饮食演变过程,以及食物供给与人类进化的初步探索或归纳,可为食品产业和食品市场管理提供依据或借鉴。

基于近红外光谱技术快速定量检测香菇面制品中香菇含量的研究

为定量检测香菇面制品中香菇含量,采用近红外光谱扫描添加0.5%~10%的香菇面粉样本,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立含香菇面制品中香菇定量快速无损检测方法。取含香菇的面粉样本120余份,将96个样品作为定标集,24个作为验证集,进行10000 cm^(-1)~4000 cm^(-1)近红外全波长扫描,得到添加含香菇面粉的近红外原始光谱,通过Spectrum Quant软件,利用偏最小二乘法,将光谱预处理后与香菇含量建立近红外模型,并进行模型的验证与预测。结果表明,最优的预处理方法为MSC+平滑点2+二阶导数降噪2预处理,主因子数10,校正集方程与验证集方程的相关性良好(R2>99%),预测性较好(偏差<5%),模型有较好的准确度,为香菇面制品中香菇含量的检测提供了方法基础。

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定面粉及其制品中的联二脲

建立了面粉及其制品中联二脲的液相色谱-串联质谱（ LC-MS/MS）测定及确证方法。采用纯水振荡提取样品中的联二脲，联二脲经高锰酸钾氧化后，转变为偶氮甲酰胺，再加入对甲苯亚磺酸钠使偶氮甲酰胺衍生为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲。以乙腈和2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.2％（ v/v）甲酸）为流动相进行梯度洗脱，经 Shimpak XR-ODSⅡ色谱柱（150 mm＆#215;2.0 mm，2.2μm）分离，电喷雾正离子模式电离（ESI＋），多反应监测（MRM）模式检测，同位素内标法定量。方法的线性范围为1~20000μg/kg，相关系数为0.9999，定量限为5μg/kg；当添加水平为5.0、10.0与50.0μg/kg时，联二脲的平均回收率为78.3％~108.0％，相对标准偏差（ RSDs）不大于5.73％。本方法新颖、可靠、灵敏、线性范围广，而且实用性强，可用于面粉及其多种制品中联二脲的测定和确证。

气相色谱法测定生湿面制品中的乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇

目的建立对生湿面制品中乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇含量同时测定的气相色谱方法。方法样品经粉碎,加适量的海砂研磨成干粉状,加入无水乙醇提取,离心,过滤后用气相色谱测定其中乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的含量。采用石英毛细管色谱柱(HP-INNOWAX),进样口为240℃,分流比为20:1,流速为1.0 m L/min,程序升温为:初始100℃,维持4 min,再以50℃/min升温至200℃,维持8 min。检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),检测器温度为280℃。结果该方法在2.39~2500μg/m L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,R2】0.9993,检出限为0.72~0.87 mg/kg。在5.0、10.0、50.0 mg/kg三个添加水平下,平均回收率为87%~106%(n=6),相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~5.4%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏度好、准确度高,所使用的试剂毒性小,可同时检测大量样品,能满足实际样品的检测要求。

离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定面粉及其制品中溴酸盐残留量

面粉样品用水分散，含油脂高的样品需另加石油醚，用超声提取和离心分离。分取一定量的上层清液流经On-Guard Ⅱ RP柱除去部分有机杂质，所得流出液用于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（IC-ICP-MS）测定其溴酸盐含量。为尽可能提高ICP-MS检测的灵敏度，选用了仪器高功率工作参数，质谱干扰主要是多原子干扰，选用同位素^79Br作为测量同位素。由于经过了色谱柱分离，消除了多原子干扰，在离子色谱分析中采用硝酸及氨水作为流动相，溴酸盐工作曲线的线性范围为100μg·L叫以内，方法的检出限（3σ/6）为0．6μg·L^-1。应用此方法分析了两种样品，测得平均回收率为97％，测定值的相对标准偏差（n=8）在3．3％～8．3％之间。

β-淀粉酶抑制面制品回生工艺优化的研究

以小麦粉为原料,通过β-淀粉酶对面制品进行抗回生处理,研究了加酶量、酶作用时间、酶作用温度对β-淀粉酶抑制面制品回生效果的影响,并在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面分析法对β-淀粉酶抑制面制品回生工艺进行优化,结果表明,β-淀粉酶抑制面制品回生工艺的最佳条件为:酶浓度为45.8 U,酶作用温度为57℃,酶作用时间32.2 min。在此工艺条件下制得的面制品,经4℃下冷藏48 h后测得的硬度为(3 299.86±8.32)g,而未经β-淀粉酶抗回生处理的面制品,经4℃下冷藏48 h后测得的硬度为(12 950±7.22)g。面制品硬度降低了74.52%。

微波消解/干灰化-分光光度法测定面制食品中的铝

采用微波消解法和干灰化法对面制品进行前处理,用分光光度法测定面制品中的铝含量,建立了微波消解/干灰化-分光光度法测定铝的方法.实验结果表明,本方法前处理简单,检测结果准确度高,精密度好,在0~10μg/25 mL线性范围内：相关系数r=0.999 5,方法检出限为0.2μg/25 mL,样品的加标回收率在92.0%~101.0%,RSD为0.98%~4.56%.