Computer Aided Design of Differential Pressure Flow Meters

New methodology of designing the differential pressure flow meters for fluid energy carriers is developed in order to provide minimum uncertainty of results of flow rate measurement. This methodology is implemented in “Raskhod-RU” CAD system for computer aided design and calculation of differential pressure flow meters. “Raskhod-RU” CAD meets the requirements of new Standards implemented in CIS countries (GOST 8.586.1,2,3,4,5-2005) and provides accomplishment of the following tasks: verification of conditions (constraints) for application of the differential pressure method according to the requirements of new Standards;calculation of parameters of primary device, pipe straight lengths and flow meter in general according to the requirements of new Standards;calculation of uncertainty of results of fluid flow rate and volume measurement.

Generation of Arbitrary Pressure Pulsation of Wide Frequency Range for Flow Meter Testing in a Laminar Gas Pipeline

The present paper presents a device to test flow meters under an arbitrary pressure pulsation in a gas pipeline with a laminar flow containing frequency components up to 50 Hz, with the amplitude reaching hundreds of pascals. In order to reduce flow noise, the device has a strainer-like element connected to a pipeline under test and uses an open-loop control law based on the frequency response test. The control signal is calculated by adding the inputs to obtain each of the sinusoidal waves included in the original wave, which was decomposed by Fourier analysis. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated through the generation tests of superimposed pressure waves containing frequency components up to 50 Hz. Analysis of the relative uncertainty demonstrated the relative uncertainty to be less than 10% when the generated pressure is larger than 360 Pa.

CFD-Aided Investigation of Combined Flow Conditioners for Gas Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Stable and fully developed gas flow field is crucial for realizing accurate measurement of gas ultrasonicflow meter. To reduce the flow field distortion, a flow conditioner is usually used. However, the traditionalmonotype flow conditioner can only improve the flow field distribution partly. The measurement accuracy of thetransit time ultrasonic flow meter is still affected because of its serious flow field distortion in the complex pipelineconditions. In this paper, to further improve the flow field distribution, a combined conditioner is investigated.The combined flow conditioner is composed of fan-shaped section, turbulent mixing cavity, and honeycomb-shapedsection. The effects of fan blade angle and cavity length on the flow field of the DN50 flow meter are studied usingcomputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Simulation results indicate that compared with the monotypeconditioner, the combined conditioner has better performance on effectively reducing the swirl and turbulence andproviding more stable and repetitive velocity profiles. Experiments also validate the effectiveness of the combinedconditioner. The flow meter with the combined conditioner has better repeatability of less than 0.2%, which isbetter than those of the monotype conditioners under the same conditions. This work is very useful for accuratemeasurement of gas ultrasonic flow meter, especially for the complex pipeline conditions.

Prediction of oil flow rate through an orifice flow meter: Artificial intelligence alternatives compared

Fluid-flow measurements of petroleum can be performed using a variety of equipment such as orifice meters and wellhead chokes.It is useful to understand the relationship between flow rate through orifice meters(Qv)and the five fluid-flow influencing input variables:pressure(P),temperature(T),viscosity(μ),square root of differential pressure(ΔP^0.5),and oil specific gravity(SG).Here we evaluate these relationships using a range of machine-learning algorithms applied to orifice meter data from a pipeline flowing from the Cheshmeh Khosh Iranian oil field.Correlation coefficients indicate that(Qv)has weak to moderate positive correlations with T,P,andμ,a strong positive correlation with theΔP^0.5,and a weak negative correlation with oil specific gravity.In order to predict the flow rate with reliable accuracy,five machine-learning algorithms are applied to a dataset of 1037 data records(830 used for algorithm training;207 used for testing)with the full input variable values for the data set provided.The algorithms evaluated are:Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS),Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM),Radial Basis Function(RBF),Multilayer Perceptron(MLP),and Gene expression programming(GEP).The prediction performance analysis reveals that all of the applied methods provide predictions at acceptable levels of accuracy.The MLP algorithm achieves the most accurate predictions of orifice meter flow rates for the dataset studied.GEP and RBF also achieve high levels of accuracy.ANFIS and LSSVM perform less well,particularly in the lower flow rate range(i.e.,<40,000 stb/day).Some machine learning algorithms have the potential to overcome the limitations of idealized streamline analysis applying the Bernoulli equation when predicting flow rate across an orifice meter,particularly at low flow rates and in turbulent flow conditions.Further studies on additional datasets are required to confirm this.

Measurement of oil-water flow via the correlation of turbine flow meter, gamma ray densitometry and drift-flux model

The flow rate of the oil-water horizontal flow is measured by the combination of the turbine flow meter and the singlebeam gamma ray densitometry. The emphasis is placed on the effects of the pipe diameter, the oil viscosity and the slip velocity on the measurement accuracy. It is shown that the mixture flow rate measured by the turbine flow meter can meet the application requirement in the water continuous pattern( o- w flow pattern). In addition, by introducing the developed drift-flux model into the measurement system, the relative errors of measurements for component phase flow rates can be controlled within ?5%. Although more accurate methods for the flow rate measurement are available, the method suggested in this work is advantageous over other methods due to its simplicity for practical applications in the petroleum industry.

MEASUREMENT OF SOLID SLURRY FLOW VIA CORRELATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER,ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY AND MECHANISTIC MODELLING

The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter.A new in-situ measurement method based on measurements of the Electromagnetic Flow Meters(EFM) and Electrical Resistance Tomography(ERT) to study the flow rates of individual phases in a vertical flow was proposed.The study was based on laboratory experiments that were carried out with a 50 mm vertical flow rig for a number of sand concentrations and different mixture velocities.A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 212 μm to 355 μm was tested.The solid concentration by volume covered was 5% and 15%,and the corresponding density of 5% was 1078 kg/m3 and of 15% was 1238 kg/m3.The flow velocity was between 1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s.A total of 6 experimental tests were conducted.The equivalent liquid model was adopted to validate in-situ volumetric solids fraction and calculate the slip velocity.The results show that the ERT technique can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic flow meter as a way of measurement of slurry flow rate in a vertical pipe flow.However it should be emphasized that the EFM results must be treated with reservation when the flow pattern at the EFM mounting position is a non-homogenous flow.The flow rate obtained by the EFM should be corrected considering the slip velocity and the flow pattern.

Vacuum and Air Flow for 2QXP-1 Vacuum Precision Seed Metering

Vacuum precision seed metering is the key part of vacuum seed planter. Planting performance of planter is affected by vacuum and air flow which are important parameters for choosing fan. Effects of qualification percent and miss percent on air chamber vacuum 3, 4, 5 and 6 kPa were studied at different operating speeds. The results showed that operating performance of the seed metering was excellent when air chamber vacuum was 5 and 6 kPa, which air flow was 7.4-8.0 m3·s-1 and 8.0-8.8 m3·s-1 , respectively.

一种光纤布喇格光栅涡街流量传感器

在流量计量领域中,利用光纤传感技术对涡街流量计量的研究较少,故具有重要的研究意义。该文设计了一种悬臂梁式的光纤布喇格光栅涡街流量传感器,其利用悬臂梁自由端振动使光纤布喇格光栅中心波长发生周期性移位,从而测量涡街频率,得到流体流量信息。温度传感测试实验与流量传感测试实验结果表明,该传感器温度灵敏度为17 pm/℃,涡街流量灵敏度为0.01895 Hz/(L·h^(-1)),非线性误差为2.23%。实验验证了该传感器可应用于液体涡街流量计量。

基于微型空间相机的红外加热笼仿真与设计

在航天器热控技术领域,常采用红外加热笼模拟各表面的到达外热流,但随着模拟表面特征尺寸的逐渐变小,需要重新评估该模拟方法的合理性和准确性。本文基于某微型空间相机,以对外热流最为敏感的散热面为研究对象,开展红外加热笼仿真分析与优化设计的研究。采用有限元法建立红外加热笼-黑片热流计的系统仿真模型,分析了传统红外加热笼控制方法对模拟表面总到达能量和热流密度均匀性的影响。基于上述结果,通过适当扩大加热笼尺寸和调整热流计粘贴位置,提高模拟表面的热流密度均匀性,保证总到达能量满足保守设计原则。对比分析得出,优化设计前后散热面热流密度的统计方差由102.0下降至27.0、均匀性提升效果显著。本文研究内容也可为其他空间微小表面外热流的准确模拟提供参考、借鉴。

基于物联网的流量仪表智能标定系统设计

针对流量仪表因采用手工或半自动方式标定所造成的费时、低效等问题,设计了基于物联网的流量仪表智能标定系统。在物联网边缘通过数字化感知、边缘计算、数据网关,实现数据采集和传输,满足了各种标定设备的数据互联互通。根据流量仪表标定过程的特殊性,在云端建立了基于规则的流量仪表标定专家系统。通过数据共享、数据可视化等数字化、智能化的系统设计,模拟人类标定专家的思维过程。运用知识进行推理,根据不同的流量仪表产品,及时给出满意的标定解决方案。该方案赋能流量仪表的智能标定过程,实现了标定生产过程的全自动化。该设计使标定周期由原来的120min缩短到40min,提升了流量计生产装备智能化程度,提高了生产效益。

基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识

在低压配电网中,用户频繁地扩建和改接导致台账存在信息更新滞后、数据缺失等问题,难以获取当前运行状态下的拓扑及线路参数。针对无相角量测信息且含未知数量零注入功率“隐节点”的低压配电网,提出一种基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识方法。基于低压配电网的电气特性以及辐射状网络的结构特点,推导出一种功率-电压比形式的线性逆潮流模型。通过线性回归求解得到阻抗距离矩阵,再利用无判定阈值形式的改进分组递归算法实现拓扑与线路参数的联合辨识。最后,在IEEE欧洲低压测试馈线和中国南京市某地区的实际低压配电网中对所提算法进行数值仿真,验证了所提算法的有效性。

AutoFlow在定容控制通气模式中的应用

目的探讨AutoFlow(自动变流)在机械通气定容控制通气模式中对患者气道压力和血液动力学的影响。方法 71例接受机械通气的患者随机分为观察组(SIMV-PSV-PEEP+AutoFlow)和对照组(SIMV-PSV-PEEP),采集相关数据进行统计学分析比较。结果在SIMV-PSV方式基础上加用AutoFlow,能显著降低气道吸气峰压(PIP)和气道平均压(Pmean),气道阻力(R)有减小,差异有显著性;观察组和对照组患者的血流动力学监测结果差异无显著性。结论 SIMV定容控制通气模式联合AutoFlow既可以保证潮气量又避免气道压过高,对血液动力学影响不大。

U型科里奥利质量流量计温度影响特性分析

温度对用于液氢等低温流体流量测量的科里奥利质量流量计的影响不可忽略。基于卡氏第二定理,从能量角度出发建立了考虑温度影响的U型科里奥利质量流量计数学模型,并搭建了U型科里奥利质量流量计实验平台,通过实验数据对比验证了模型。在此基础上,考虑测量管固体物性参数对温度的依变,探究了温度对科里奥利质量流量计测量的影响规律,提出了一种包含弹性模量、泊松比和线膨胀系数的低温修正方法。经液氮数值仿真结果和液氦科里奥利质量流量计实验结果对比,发现对弹性模量、泊松比和线膨胀系数三者进行综合修正比恒定温度补偿系数修正的相对误差更小。成果有助于深入理解低温科氏流量计的测量特性。

单侧热绝缘热流计校准装置的研制

热流计是量化热能转移的仪器。为解决非对称平面热流计、热流传感器校准的难题,基于绝对法原理,对保护板法进行改进,建立一种单侧热绝缘的热流计校准装置,由主加热器、绝热层、保护加热器、功率输出系统、温度反馈调节系统和数据采集系统组成,装置可溯源至标准功率计。在400~1 000 W/m2范围内对装置进行验证,测试结果与传统保护板法热流计校准装置标定结果基本一致。根据测试结果评估电流源偏差、背向和侧向热损失、蓄热损失、测量重复性、面积不一致、装载方式对测量结果的影响。经过实验和分析,该装置的不确定度可以达到3%以内。

基于科氏质量流量计的微米级煤尘和岩尘颗粒分类方法

【目的】岩尘的粒径比煤尘的小得多,更容易被吸入到肺中,危害较大。为了解决煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的分类问题,提出一种微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的测量方法。【方法】首先采用环形静电传感器进行前端流体流量的测定,根据科氏质量流量计的测量原理,研究测量管两侧的时间差和流体的质量流量的关系;其次采用ANSYS有限元软件进行双向流固耦合,验证对煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒进行分类的可行性;最后对测量管进行静力学分析以及数值模拟分析,实现科氏质量流量计对微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的分类判别。【结果】在科氏质量流量计的同一个测量管道入口处,颗粒的流入速度与测量时间差正相关;谐振式U型管的激振频率应为二阶振型对应的固有频率113.11 Hz;当煤尘和岩尘颗粒混合粒径不同时,静力学参数和时间差随着煤尘的体积分数的增大而减小,并且全岩尘和全煤尘的时间差明显与混合颗粒的不同;当煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒粒径相同时,时间差随着煤尘的体积流量增大而增大,关系曲线的陡度也随着增大。当煤尘体积分数<50%时,煤尘和岩尘的混合颗粒的粒径越大时间差越大;当煤尘体积分数≥50%时,煤尘和岩尘的混合颗粒的粒径越大时间差越小。【结论】煤尘颗粒和岩尘颗粒具有鲜明且不同的分类判别特征,微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒分类具有可行性,可实现科氏质量流量计对煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的实时在线精确分类。

多管线流量仪表标定控制策略设计

以某企业现有流量仪表标定系统为研究对象,针对其单一管线标定效率低下、小流量时标定结果稳定性较差等问题,设计水泵、电动调节阀相互协调的多管线流量仪表标定控制策略。实施过程中,将若干个待校正流量仪表与标准表串联在管路上,计算出标定流量与实际流量之差,根据差值范围进行分段控制,在不同分段控制策略中,将阀门开度和水泵转速作为主调节量。另外,还建立了电动调节阀数学模型,通过理论计算和MATLAB仿真验证了控制策略的稳定性,取得了满意的结果。

超声波流量计整流器优化设计

气体超声波流量计的测量精度由飞行时间的测量精度和流量计自身的流场适应性决定,流量计的流场适应性又由流量计的声道布置和整流器的性能决定。文章设计了一种内嵌于流量计的整流器,详细阐述了该整流器的结构、各模块的功能。介绍了整流器性能优化的理论依据、过程以及整流器性能优劣的判别准则。该整流器性能优化主要取决于起旋器的优化,文章给出了装有8片起旋器和装有10片起旋器的整流器在直管、单弯管下的性能参数对比,试验结果显示装有10片起旋器的整流器有着更好的流场适应性:重复性满足国标要求,直管示值误差与弯管示值误差的差值<0.3%。文章的创新点在于给出气体超声波流量计整流器设计和优化的理论依据和一整套流程,对于设计气体超声波流量计整流器的科研人员有借鉴意义。

浅析原油计量交接提升改造系统应用现状

原油的交接计量是采油厂生产管理的一项基础工作,它在采油厂开发、生产、经营、管理过程中占有十分重要的地位。随着计量技术信息化、数字化、智能化的发展,孤东油气集输管理中心对内部原油交接点开展计量技术改造升级,逐步由“体积流量计+实验室化验”向“质量流量计+在线含水仪”转变,以信息化、自动化手段取代原油交接日常人工化验,提高数据准确率,实现贸易交接计量工作水平的整体提升。