Debris flow impact on flexible barrier: effects of debrisbarrier stiffness and flow aspect ratio

Conventionally,flexible barriers are rated based on their ability to resist a free-falling boulder with a particular input energy.However,there is still no well-accepted approach for evaluating performance of flexible barrier under debris flow impact.In this study,a large-nonlinear finite-element model was used to back-analyze centrifuge tests to discern the effects of impact material type,barrier stiffness,and flow aspect ratio(flow height to flow length)on the reaction force between the impacting medium and flexible barrier.Results show that,in contrast to flexible barriers for resisting rockfall,the normal impact force induced by the highly frictional and viscous debris is insensitive to barrier stiffness.This is because the elongated distributions of kinetic energy are mainly dissipated by the internal and boundary shearing,and only a small portion is forwarded to the barrier.Furthermore,a new stiffness number is proposed to characterize the equivalent stiffness between a debris flow or a boulder,and a flexible barrier.Under the circumstance of an extremely elongated debris flow event,i.e.,low aspect ratio,the load on a barrier is dominated by the static component and thus not sensitive to the barrier stiffness.

Effects of aspect ratio on unsteady solutions through curved duct flow

The effects of the aspect ratio on unsteady solutions through the curved duct flow are studied numerically by a spectral based computational procedure with a temperature gradient between the vertical sidewalls for the Grashof number 100 ≤ Gr ≤ 2 000. The outer wall of the duct is heated while the inner wall is cooled and the top and bottom walls are adiabatic. In this paper, unsteady solutions are calculated by the time history analysis of the Nusselt number for the Dean numbers Dn = 100 and Dn = 500 and the aspect ratios 1≤γ≤ 3. Water is taken as a working fluid （Pr =7.0）. It is found that at Dn = 100, there appears a steady-state solution for small or large Gr. For moderate Gr, however, the steady-state solution turns into the periodic solution if γ is increased. For Dn = 500, on the other hand, it is analyzed that the steady-state solution turns into the chaotic solution for small and large Gr for any γ lying in the range. For moderate Gr at Dn = 500, however, the steady-state flow turns into the chaotic flow through the periodic oscillating flow if the aspect ratio is increased.

Effects of Span Length and Additional Structure on Flow-Induced Transverse Vibration Characteristic of a Cantilevered Rectangular Prism

We consider the effects of the aspect ratio L/H (where L is the length of a prism, and H is the height of a prism normal to the flow direction) and the size of additional structures (which are a plate and a fin on the surface of a prism) on a vibration characteristic of a cantilevered rectangular prism. The present research is intended to support the analysis of energy harvesting research on the flow-induced vibration in water flow using a magnetostrictive phenomenon. The prisms are constructed from stainless steel and mounted elastically to a plate spring attached to the ceiling wall of the water tunnel. The prisms with aspect ratios of L/H ≥ 5 have reasonably identical vibration characteristics. However, the difference in the vibration characteristic appears distinctly on a rectangular prism with an aspect ratio of L/H = 2.5. The rectangular prism with an aspect ratio of L/H = 10 and a side ratio of D/H = 0.2 has a stable and large response amplitude and oscillates with a lower velocity. The length of the added plate and the size of the added fin influence the velocity of vibration onset. If the length of the added plate and fin size on the rectangular prism with D/H = 0.2 becomes large, the curve of the response amplitude shifts to that of the rectangular prism with D/H= 0.5. The response amplitude of the rectangular prism with/without plate or fin is found to be related to the second moment of area of the prism.

Flow-Induced Stream-Wise Vibration of Circular Cylinders

Results from a series of studies on the stream-wise vibration of a circular cylinder verifying Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard S012-1998, Guideline for Evaluation of Flow-induced Vibration of a Cylindrical Structure in a Pipe, are summarized and discussed in this paper. Experiments were carried out in a water tunnel and in a wind tunnel using a two-dimensional cylinder model elastically supported at both ends of the cylinder and a cantilevered cylinder model with a finite span length that was elastically supported at one end. These cylinder models were allowed to vibrate with one degree of freedom in the stream-wise direction. In addition, we adopted a cantilevered cylinder model that vibrated with two degrees of freedom in both the stream-wise and cross-flow directions under the same vibration conditions as an actual thermocouple well. The value of the Scruton number (structural damping parameter) was changed over a wide range, so as to evaluate the value of the critical Scruton number that suppressed vibration of the cylinder. For the two-dimensional cylinder, two different types of stream-wise excitations appeared in the reduced velocity range of approximately half of the resonance-reduced velocity. For the stream-wise vibration in the first excitation region, due to a symmetric vortex flow, the response amplitudes were sensitive to the Scruton number, while the shedding frequency of alternating vortex flow was locked-in to half of the Strouhal number of vibrating frequency of a cylinder in the second excitation region. In addition, the effects of the aspect ratio of a cantilevered cylinder on the flow-induced vibration characteristics were clarified and compared with the results of a two-dimensional cylinder. When a cantilevered circular cylinder with a finite length vibrates with one degree of freedom in the stream-wise di-rection, it is found that acylinder with a small aspect ratio has a single excitation region, whereas a cylinder with a large aspect ratio has two excitation regions. Furthermore, the vibration mechanism of a symmetric vortex flow was investigated by installing a splitter plate in the wake to prevent shedding of alternating vortices. The vibration amplitude of acylinder with a splitter plate increased surprisingly more than the amplitude of a cylinder without a splitter plate. For a cantilevered cylinder vibrating with two degrees of freedom, the Lissajous figure of vibration of the first excitation region shows the trajectories of elongated elliptical shapes, and in the second excitation region, the Lissajous trajectories draw a figure “8”. The results and information from these experimental studies proved that Standard S012-1998 provides sufficient design methods for suppressing hazardous vibrations of cylinders in liquid flows.

Experimental study on influence of boundary on location of maximum velocity in open channel flows

The velocity dip phenomenon may occur in a part of or in the whole flow field of open channel flows due to the secondary flow effect. Based on rectangular flume experiments and the laser Doppler velocimetry, the influence of the distance to the sidewall and the aspect ratio on the velocity dip is investigated. Through application of statistical methods to the experimental results, it is proposed that the flow field may be divided into two regions, the relatively strong sidewall region and the relatively weak sidewall region. In the former region, the distance to the sidewall greatly affects the location of maximum velocity, and, in the latter region, both the distance to the sidewall and the aspect ratio influence the location of the maximum velocity.

Observation and characterization of flow in critical sections of a horizontal pressurized gating system using water models

This work is concerned with the hydraulics and f low characterization in a pressurized,horizontal gating system with multiple ingates attached to a plate mold,using transparent water models.Runners with two different aspect ratios(w/h=0.5 and 2)and four different types of ingates(rectangular,convergent,divergent and venturi)were examined for their influence on flow behavior.Flow behavior was visualized using a high speed camera capable of capturing images up to 10,000 frames per second.Real time experimentation with a few runner–ingate combinations were carried out to validate the usefulness of water models in predicting the f illing behavior.Comparison of the approaches provided useful insights into the filling behavior in critical sections of the flow passages as well as the utility of water models towards understanding of the f illing behavior during real time casting.

深纵比对方腔过渡流临界特性的影响研究

流场过渡流临界特性是指流场因流动分岔而引起的流动状态和流场物理特性变化.它从根本上决定了流动演化模式和流场特性等物理规律,对解释复杂流动现象意义重大.文章针对不同深纵比(R∈[0.1,2.0])的顶盖驱动方腔内流开展数值模拟和流场稳定性分析研究.预测Hopf,Neimark-Sacker和period-doubling流动分岔及湍流始现的临界雷诺数;分析流场演化模式,发现对应不同的深纵比,有些流动遵循经典的Ruelle-Takens模式,有些流动则会由周期性流动跃变至湍流;捕捉和分析各种流动现象,如流场稳定性丧失、能量级串、流场拓扑结构变化规律等.研究成果对于揭示深纵比这一几何参数对腔体内流过渡流临界特性的影响规律意义重大,进一步完善了内流流场特性的研究.研究发现,Moffatt效应不仅存在于拥有尖锐夹角的内部流动中,也出现于挤压拉伸的狭长空间;无论是深腔还是浅腔,流场稳定性最初的破坏总是以Hopf流动分岔的出现而开始;就浅腔(R<1.0)而言,随着深纵比逐渐增加,Hopf流动分岔的临界雷诺数越来越小,流动更容易变为非定常状态,说明流场稳定性变得越来越容易被破坏;就深腔(R>1.0)而言,相较于经典方腔驱动内流(R=1.0),流场稳定性更容易丧失;沿纵向的几何外形拉伸并不是提升流场稳定性的强制约束.

静态混合器内分散相混合性能数值模拟

为了解决熔体纺丝过程中由于在线添加颗粒引起的熔体品质降低与混合性能变差的问题,采用有限元法针对不同结构与工艺参数的静态混合器进行了建模与求解,得到了后处理结果。同时,为了定量表征其混合性能,采用示踪粒子技术求解了分离尺度、停留时间分布以及最大剪切应力的累积概率函数并对其进行统计学分析。结果表明:长径比由1升高到1.75时,管道内压力降由0.52 MPa上升至0.62 MPa,分离尺度差异不大,停留时间峰值逐渐减小,最大剪切应力大于5 kPa的概率提升到78%。进口流量从2×10^(-5)m^(3)/s提升到8×10^(-5)m^(3)/s,熔体的压力降从0.52 MPa上升至2.00 MPa,分离尺度变化较小,停留时间的峰值变高,最大剪切应力大于10 kPa的概率达到83%。

Numerical investigation of the interaction between upstream cavity purge flow and main flow in low aspect ratio turbine cascade

In modern gas turbines, rim seal located between the stator-disc and rotor-disc is used to prevent hot-gas ingestion into the inner stage-gap of high pressure turbine. However, the purge flow supplied to the cavity through the rim seal interacts with the main flow, producing additional aerodynamic loss due to the mixing process which plays a significant role in the formation, development and evolution of downstream secondary flow. In this paper, a set of cascade representative of low aspect ratio turbine is selected to numerically investigate the influence of upstream cavity purge flow on the hub secondary flow structure and aerodynamic loss. Cascade with/without upstream cavity and four different purge mass flow rates are all taken into account in this simulation. Then, a deep insight into the loss mechanism of interaction between purge flow and main flow is gained. The results show that the presence of cavity and purge flow has a significant impact on the main flow which not only changes the vortex structure in both the passage and upstream cavity, but also alters the cascade exit flow angle distribution along the spanwise. Moreover, aerodynamic loss in the cascade rises with the increase of purge flow rate while the sealing effect is also enhanced. Therefore, the effect of upstream cavity purge flow must be considered in the process of turbine aerodynamic design. What is more, it is necessary to minimize the purge flow rate in order to reduce aerodynamic loss on the premise of satisfying cooling requirements.

Effects of Aspect Ratio in a Transonic Shock Tube Airfoil Flow

In the present study, the flow visualizations were performed around the NACA 0012 models which differ in aspect ratios. We discussed the effects of the aspect ratio in the test models. Additionally the unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible Euler equations were solved for the NACA 0012 airfoil. Experiments were performed utilizing the conventional gas driven shock tube as the intermittent transonic wind tunnel. The aspect ratios of the models are about 0.86 and 1.5, respectively. The Mach numbers M 2 are about 0.84. The Reynolds numbers of the present experimental conditions were constant that Re based on chord length is about 4.0×10 5 . The results are as follows: in different aspect ratios, the difference of the shock wave location is confirmed though the Mach number and Reynolds number are same. It indicates the different correction Mach number by the effects of the side wall boundary layer though the nominal Mach number measured the same value. Also, on the difference of shock wave location for the effects of the aspect ratio, the tend of CFD shows the qualitative agreement with the result of an experiment.

热浮力对不同高宽比街道峡谷内流场影响研究

采用二维街道峡谷数值模型,研究墙体加热、不同高宽比、风速条件下对街道峡谷内部流场的影响。结果表明:街道峡谷的高宽比、来流风速及墙体的受热方式对峡谷内部流场影响显著;受热墙体对峡谷内部流场影响与峡谷高宽比及来流风速大小密切相关;背风面受热可加强内部对流;迎风面受热在低风速时有利于置换峡谷内部空气;底部受热可以在局部范围内加强内部对流;三种边界面的受热方式在来流风速大的时候对流场影响有限;高宽比越大,峡谷内部流场越复杂。

海洋立管涡激振动模型的实验验证

考虑内流作用利用功能原理建立顶张力立管涡激振动响应数值模型,采用尾流振子模型模拟涡激振动升力,利用Hermit插值函数将其离散得到立管振动响应的矩阵方程形式,运用Newmark-β法在时域内迭代求解其动力响应。在山东省海洋工程重点实验室进行了阶段流作用下的大长细比海洋立管涡激振动试验,对比数值模拟和试验结果表明该模型对于考虑内流作用的大长细比海洋立管涡激振动响应预报是有效的,为深水立管涡激振动研究提供一定的借鉴。

新型静态混合器流动阻力特性数值研究

基于微尺度流动特征利用 CFD 软件,研究新型静态混合器内部流动阻力特性。从轴截面速度矢量图中可以看到,新型静态混合器内部存在同混合元件组的旋向相反的自旋流动;利用量纲分析和π定理简化了新型静态混合器流动阻力的影响因素之间的关系式,通过数据整理和回归得到了普遍适用的流动阻力摩擦系数关联式,为其工业化应用提供了理论依据。

新型静态混合器湍流特性数值模拟

结合新型静态混合器的结构特点,利用CFD软件采用标准的k-ε湍流模型对新型静态混合器内的湍流状态下的三维不可压缩流场进行数值模拟。通过研究新型静态混合器脉动速度分布的对称性及其间歇性发现:新型静态混合器内3个方向速度分量的偏斜因子和平坦因子分布具有周期性;x和z2个方向的速度概率密度分布存在较小不对称性且其平坦因子数值在2.3—5.7变化,径向偏斜因子的数量级均较轴向小1个数量级。采用新的数据处理方法计算和分析得到了不同长径比下新型静态混合器湍流流动阻力统一特性曲线及其关联式。

表面活性元素硫对焊接熔池中流体流动方式和熔池深宽比的影响

综述了近20年国内、外有关特定焊接条件下,硫含量对熔池中流体流动方式和熔池深度影响方面的研究状况。表面活性元素硫主要是通过改变熔池中流体的流动方式来影响熔池的形状和尺寸。表面张力温度系数是熔池表面温度和活性元素硫含量的函数,表面张力不仅仅与硫含量有关,而且还与熔池表面温度关系密切。硫含量并不是获得最好的焊接熔池深宽比的唯一因素,而是硫含量、焊接电流、电弧移动速度、焊接能量以及能量密度的共同作用影响了熔池中流体的流动方式和熔池深宽比。

涡轮叶栅叶冠泄漏流动数值研究

以小展弦比涡轮叶栅为研究对象,利用三维数值计算的方法研究了篦齿数、篦齿排列型式、上下游压力以及径向间隙对叶冠泄漏流量的影响,并分析了泄漏流动与主流的相互作用。研究表明,叶片排上下游压比和径向间隙是影响叶冠泄漏流动的主要因素,篦齿数和篦齿排列型式对泄漏流量的大小和出口气流角均有重要影响。考虑了主流的影响之后,叶冠出口流动呈现出高度的三维性和周向不均匀性。在周向压力梯度的作用下,径向速度以正负交替的形式出现,而且周向速度和轴向速度则出现了明显的分层结构。

封闭腔内水自然对流换热数值模拟

为了揭示封闭腔内非Boussinesq流体在浮力驱动下所特有的流动换热现象和形成机理,采用CFD软件Fluent对封闭腔内水的自然对流进行数值模拟,得到矩形封闭腔高宽比、Rayleigh数、倾斜角度、壁面温度差对流动和传热的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于水的密度在3.98℃达到最大,两竖壁面温度跨越这一点时会引起流动图像反转;具有流动反转的双涡结构降低了对流换热平均Nusselt数;相同Rayleigh数下,高宽比为1对应对流换热平均Nusselt数最大值;倾斜角度对平均Nusselt数影响与Rayleigh数和温度边界条件有关。

小展弦比飞翼跨声速典型流动特性研究

小展弦比飞翼标模为国内自主设计的融合体飞翼通用研究模型,前缘后掠角为65°,展弦比为1.54。风洞试验结果表明小展弦比飞翼标模在跨声速迎角4°开始出现非线性升力,在迎角12°至16°范围内会出现升力突然下降、俯仰力矩突然上扬的现象。为了分析该现象的机理,通过数值模拟的方法研究了小展弦比飞翼标模在马赫0.9时的流动特性,分析了前缘涡的产生、发展直至破裂的整个过程,结果表明:小展弦比飞翼标模在迎角4°开始出现涡升力;随着迎角增加,前缘涡逐渐向内侧移动,涡强和背风面激波的强度也逐渐增加,前缘涡与激波发生交叉干扰并达到一个平衡流态;当前缘涡与激波无法维持既有平衡时则会发生涡破裂,流场急剧变化以达到新的平衡,从而导致升力突然下降并产生抬头力矩增量。

入口高宽比对旋风分离器壁面冲蚀的影响

运用CFD数值计算方法,在不同入口高宽比下,通过雷诺应力模型对分离器速度场进行研究,在拉格朗日坐标系下对粒子轨迹进行追踪,并对壁面磨损进行了对比分析。结果表明:分离空间切向速度峰值和中心区域的速度波动都与高宽比成正比,过大的高宽比也会加剧涡核摆动强度,加剧锥体底部的冲蚀磨损。中间粒径颗粒的入射位置对顶灰环的形成有一定影响,靠近入口下方入射时,颗粒更容易进入灰斗,而在入口上部入射时,容易在分离空间顶端聚集,加重顶部区域的磨损。在磨损方面,筒体部分的冲蚀速率都是从分离空间顶端向下渐渐变小,且随着高宽比的增大最大冲蚀速率逐渐变大。锥体壁面的冲蚀磨损速率沿着轴向向下都出现逐渐增大的趋势。因此,为了兼顾较小的壁面磨损和更好的工艺性能,因选择合适的高宽比。