袋型阻尼密封动力学特性双控制体Bulk Flow模型

为快速准确预测袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力学特性,针对传统单控制体Bulk Flow模型预测精度低、无法预测交叉动力系数的问题,提出了袋型阻尼密封双控制体Bulk Flow模型和动力学特性数值预测方法,并开发了计算程序。首先,依据边界层理论,将袋型密封腔室划分为两个控制体,推导了控制体的连续性、周向动量和能量方程,引入Swamee-Jain和Takahashi方程,计算流体-壁面间和流体-流体间的周向黏性摩擦力;其次,采用牛顿-拉夫森算法和摄动分析法分别求解0阶和1阶控制方程,获得各刚度、阻尼动力特性系数;然后,通过与袋型阻尼密封泄漏量和动力特性系数的实验值、单控制体Bulk Flow模型和非定常计算流体动力学(CFD)数值结果进行比较,验证了模型和方法的准确性和可靠性;最后,研究了转子转速(10 000、15 000、20 000 r/min)和预旋比(0.067、0.724、0.997)对袋型阻尼密封动力学特性的影响。结果表明:所发展的模型和方法具有计算速度快、预测精度高(泄漏量预测误差小于6%,动力特性系数预测误差小于38%)的优点;转子转速和进口预旋的增大均会导致袋型阻尼密封有效阻尼显著减小,穿越频率显著增大,易诱发轴系失稳。

Effects of Four Types of Pre-swirls on the Leakage, Flow Field, and Fluid-Induced Force of the Rotary Straight-through Labyrinth Gas Seal

The labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is a key element that restricts leakage flow among rotor-stator clearances from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions. The fluid-induced forces on the rotor from seals during machine operation must be accurately quantified to predict their dynamic behavior effectively. To understand the fluid-induced force characteristics of the labyrinth seal more fully, the effects of four types of pre-swirls on the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of a rotary straight-through labyrinth gas seal (RSTLGS) were numerically investigated using the proposed steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the three-dimensional models of the RSTLGS. The leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS for six axial pre-swirl velocities, four radial preswirl angles, four circumferential positive pre-swirl angles, and four circumferential negative pre-swirl angles were computed under the same geometrical parameters and operational conditions. Mesh analysis ensures the accuracy of the present steady CFD method. The numerical results show that the four types of pre-swirls influence the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The axial pre-swirl velocity remarkably inhibits the fluid-induced force, and the circumferential positive pre-swirl angle and circumferential negative pre-swirl angle remarkably promote the fluid-induced force. The effects of the radial pre-swirl angle on the fluid-induced force are complicated, and the pressure forces and viscous forces show the maximum or minimum values at a specific radial pre-swirl angle. The pre-swirl has a negligible impact on the leakage. The four types of pre-swirls affect the leakage, flow field, and fluidinduced force of the RSTLGS to varying degrees. The pre-swirl is the influence factor affecting the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The conclusions will help to understand the fluid-induced force of labyrinth seals more fully, by providing helpful suggestions for engineering practices and a theoretical basis to analyze the fluid–structure interaction of the seal-rotor system in future research.

Flow Dynamics of a Spiral-groove Dry-gas Seal

The dry-gas seal has been widely used in different industries. With increased spin speed of the rotator shaft, turbulence occurs in the gas film between the stator and rotor seal faces. For the micro-scale flow in the gas film and grooves, turbulence can change the pressure distribution of the gas film. Hence, the seal performance is influenced. However, turbulence effects and methods for their evaluation are not considered in the existing industrial designs of dry-gas seal. The present paper numerically obtains the turbulent flow fields of a spiral-groove dry-gas seal to analyze turbulence effects on seal performance. The direct numerical simulation （DNS） and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） methods are utilized to predict the velocity field properties in the grooves and gas film. The key performance parameter, open force, is obtained by integrating the pressure distribution, and the obtained result is in good agreement with the experimental data of other researchers. Very large velocity gradients are found in the sealing gas film because of the geometrical effects of the grooves. Considering turbulence effects, the calculation results show that both the gas film pressure and open force decrease. The RANS method underestimates the performance, compared with the DNS. The solution of the conventional Reynolds lubrication equation without turbulence effects suffers from significant calculation errors and a small application scope. The present study helps elucidate the physical mechanism of the hydrodynamic effects of grooves for improving and optimizing the industrial design or seal face pattern of a dry-gas seal.

Effects of Geometry on Leakage Flow Characteristics of Brush Seal

In order to better application of brush seal in rotating machinery,the leakage flow characteristics of the brush seal considering geometry effects are numerically analyzed using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes( RANS) model coupling with a non-Darcian porous medium model. The reliability of the present numerical method is proved,which is in agreement with the experimental and numerical results from literatures. Three different bristle pack thicknesses,fence heights and initial clearances under different pressure ratios,rotational velocities and other operating conditions are utilized to investigate the effects of geometry modification on the brush seal leakage flow behaviors. It discusses the effectiveness of various geometry configurations outlining important flow features. The results indicate that the increase of fence height and clearance would lead to the increase of leakage rate. But the leakage is not linearly with respect to the bristle pack thickness,and the effect of rotational velocity is not obvious. Moreover,the detailed leakage flow fields and pressure distributions along the rotor surface,free bristle height,and fence height of the brush seals are also presented. The static pressure drop amplitude through the bristle pack and the pressure rise amplitude through the cavity would increase while the pressure differential increases. And the axial pressure is the main reason of bristle blow down. The results provide theoretical support for the brush seal structure optimal design.

Experimental Examination of Fluid Flow in Fractured Carbon Storage Sealing Formations

This report describes a series of experiments where CO2-saturated-brine flow through fractured seal rocks from three sites within the continental United States that are being considered, or are actively being used, for CCUS pilot studies were examined. The experiments were performed over multiple weeks by injecting CO2 saturated brine through fractured samples, and were scanned with a computed tomography scanner at regular intervals over the course of the experiment while kept at representative reservoir pressures. The goal was to evaluate the change in the fracture flow that would result from a CO2 leakage event so that accurate relationships can be implemented in numerical models to assess risk. Of the three different formations studied in this series of fractured seal formation CO2-saturated-brine flow through experiments, only one formation had a reaction that was greater than the noise in the system. Reactions within the Tuscaloosa claystone sample appeared to reduce the transmissivity of the fracture slightly over the 39 day experiment. The change in the geometry of the fracture was not great enough to view with the medical CT images that were captured during the experiment. All other tests showed a minimal amount of change in the fracture and fracture flow properties.

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置量值溯源方法

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置具有操作简单、测量效率高、无水银密封、易于携带和具有自动温压补偿功能等优点,在气体微小流量测量中广泛使用。被动活塞的上下往复运动对测量管路内的压力会产生波动,直接用流量测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源还存在一些困难。针对这一情况,提出了一种利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源的新方法,对几何测量溯源法进行了不确定度评估,并与国外相关机构进行了比对验证。结果表明,利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行溯源的方法是可行的。

A New Magnetic Sealless Coupling Axial Flow Blood Pump

For rotating blood pump, the sealing problem is a very important one to solve. In this paper, it was introduced that we designed and made a small axial flow pump, applying the magnetic coupling method. The pump consisted of two pump housings, a brushless DC motor, an impeller with five wanes, a pair of magnetic discs, a spacer, an inlet and an outlet areas , bearings, a support frame, and etc. The pump is made of titanium and is 125 mm length, 147 ml volume, total 380g of weight. Performances of outputting, sealing, heat creating and damage to blood by the pump were investigated in vitro experiment. Results showed for external experiment that: (1)The pressure created by the pump was 90 mmHg, the flow rates were 1.2 L/min, 4 L/min, 5.9 L/min and 7.8 L/min correspondingly to 5000 rpm, 6000 rpm, 7000 rpm and 8000rpm rotation speeds. The hydrodynamic performance of the axial flow blood pump was enough to meet a patient need when the blood pump was used as a left ventricular assistant device. (2)The hemolysis test was studied by the normalized index of hemolysis(NIH). The NIH result of the axial flow pump was 0.08 g/100 L. (3)The outside temperature of the pump didnt change obviously in 120 hours of rotation, and the sealing function was very well.

衍生T形槽干气密封稳态性能研究

目的 设计具备双向旋转特点的动压型干气密封端面结构,并展现良好的开启性能,以T形槽为优化对象,衍生出一种新型槽型结构。方法 借助有限元软件,计算并对比经典T形槽与衍生槽型在流场特性和稳态性能方面的差异,探讨不同参数对2种槽型干气密封稳态性能的影响规律,揭示衍生槽型的密封机理。结果 衍生槽型的开启力高于经典T形槽,泄漏率也会增加。随着工况参数的升高,2种槽型的稳态性能参数近似线性增加,且差异逐渐增大,最小差异达到6.6%。随着槽深的增加,泄漏率方面的差距在逐渐减小,为扩大衍生槽型的控漏效果,槽深应>5μm。开设有引流槽型结构的衍生槽型稳态性能顺序为发散型>直口型>收敛型,但在文中的工况下,数值差别较小,最大仅为1.2%。结论 相比于经典T形槽,衍生槽型具有更强的动压效应,开启性能明显提升。另外,通过开设不同形式的引流槽可以改变气膜的流动特性和干气密封性能。

基于刷丝束叉排管束模型的透平机械刷式密封泄漏流动特性和封严机理研究

【目的】为获得刷式密封的精细化泄漏流动特性,并揭示其封严机理,建立基于刷丝束叉排管束模型的刷式密封泄漏流动特性数学模型。【方法】数值求解三维雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes,RANS)方程和剪切应力输运(shear stress transport,SST) k-ω湍流模型,研究刷式密封泄漏量和刷丝束间隙的流动特性。数值模拟获得的泄漏量和压力分布与实验数据吻合一致,验证了数值方法的可靠性。获得了4种压比和转速下的刷式密封泄漏量和刷丝束间的泄漏流动曲线。【结果】随着进出口总静压比的增大,刷丝束内部开始出现细小漩涡并逐渐发展,对泄漏流的阻碍作用变大,刷式密封泄漏量增大的趋势逐渐减缓,最后一排刷丝承受的压差占比从13.1%增加至26.3%。【结论】在所研究的转速范围内,转速对刷式密封的泄漏量的影响可以忽略。压比不同时,泄漏流在末排刷丝与后夹板间隙处的径向流动与围栏高度处轴向流动强度存在差异,导致后夹板下方涡系结构不同,通过刷丝束间精细化泄漏流动分析,揭示了刷式密封的封严机理。研究结果可为三维叉排管束模型在刷式密封泄漏流动研究中的应用提供参考。

高流态封孔注浆材料力学性能及水化机制

为提高深部矿井煤层气抽采效率,针对目前常见的封孔注浆材料存在的高分子封孔材料价格昂贵易燃、普通水泥材料渗透性差、粉煤灰等膏体材料强度不足等问题,采用超细水泥为基料研发一种高流态封孔注浆材料。通过对高流态封孔注浆材料开展力学性能试验研究、结合扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等一系列试验的结果,揭示新型高流态封孔注浆材料水化机制。结果表明:高流态封孔注浆材料在水化初期就生成大量的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和钙矾石(AFt)晶体;随着水化反应的持续,水化产物的凝胶粒子充填材料中的孔隙。与普通水泥封孔注浆材料相比,材料的水化反应更迅速、更充分、整体结构致密,比普通水泥封孔注浆材料抗压强度提高3.68%,更有利于保持瓦斯抽采钻孔的稳定性,提高瓦斯抽采效率。

扩压式自泵送流体动静压型机械密封自清洁特性研究

传统的流体楔入式机械密封需增设外部流体阻塞系统来降低杂质颗粒对密封性能影响。针对一种具有自清洁特性的新型扩压式自泵送机械密封,采用FLUENT中的DPM模型研究不同离散相参数、螺旋槽结构参数和工况参数对颗粒在动压槽内的运动规律和排出特性的影响。研究结果表明:含固工况下的端面液膜开启力和泄漏量较纯流体状态下更大,泄漏量最大增加6.1%;在低颗粒体积分数下,排屑率逐渐上升,在体积分数7%时达到最大,随后排屑率快速降低;随着颗粒直径增加,排屑率整体呈下降趋势,且颗粒直径越大,排屑率下降得越快;螺旋槽结构参数主要改变了螺旋槽内压力梯度分布幅值和分布范围,在低转速下,颗粒受压差梯度力影响更加显著;高转速和低介质压力工况能够显著提高端面排屑效率,排屑率最高能达到92.3%。

刷衬-篦齿密封泄漏流动特性数值模拟研究

为进一步提高空气涡轮火箭发动机(Air-Turbo Rocket Engine,ATR)在高封严压差下的密封性能,同时避免接触式刷式密封摩擦升热问题,建立了刷衬-篦齿密封结构和数值模型,在已有刷束泄漏流动实验数据验证模型准确性的基础上,计算了刷衬-篦齿密封不同结构参数下的流场、压力分布和泄漏流量,分析了刷衬-篦齿密封各主要结构参数对密封性能的影响,结合参数与泄漏流量之间的关系,改进了刷衬-篦齿密封的结构。结果表明,刷衬-篦齿密封泄漏的主要来源为篦齿与刷束之间间隙的“透气效应”,减小篦齿与刷衬之间的间隙、刷丝直径、刷丝自由高度可不同程度地减小泄漏率;而减少齿数、刷束厚度、齿顶宽度、篦齿间距、刷束密度等参数则导致泄漏的增加,其中篦齿与刷衬之间零间隙泄漏率约为间隙0.3 mm时的23%;改进后的刷衬-篦齿密封泄漏率较原刷衬-篦齿密封低8.9%,密封性能得到进一步改善。

分流通道对台阶型篦齿封严性能影响研究

为提高涡轮级间篦齿的封严性能,设计了一种带分流通道的台阶型篦齿封严结构,研究了不同压比与转速下分流通道对篦齿封严泄漏特性和传热特性的影响规律,并与光滑篦齿进行对比。结果表明:在衬套上增设一个分流通道后,处于通道出口处的气流在离心力作用下被卷吸进通道,增强了篦齿的封严效果;分流通道的周向间隙率β越大,封严效果越佳,当周向间隙率β为3时,绝热壁面流量系数为13.47%,绝热壁面风阻温升为48.7 K;分流通道数量增加,篦齿的泄漏加剧;随着压比增加,密封泄漏量增大,分流通道可以引导核心射流回流,故泄漏量增速逐渐变缓而绝热壁面风阻温升增速加剧;当转速从3×10^(3)r/min增加到2.1×10^(4)r/min,气流摩擦耗散加剧,篦齿绝热壁面流量系数逐渐降低,绝热壁面风阻温升逐渐升高,分流通道对高转速下篦齿的封严效果提升显著。

流量控制阀K形金属密封圈结构参数优化

流量控制阀K形金属密封圈结构参数较多,且不同结构参数对密封性能影响程度存在较大差异。以密封面接触压力、密封面有效接触长度及最大Mises应力为约束条件,采用正交试验设计研究影响K形金属密封圈密封性能结构参数之间的主次关系,确定了唇部长度、悬臂内张角与悬臂厚度3个因素作为响应曲面法的设计变量;通过正交试验和回归分析得到接触压力、最大等效应力及有效接触长度与设计参数关系的二次回归方程,并基于响应面法对密封结构进行优化分析。优化后K形金属密封圈的接触压力增加了8.09%,有效接触长度增加了14.73%,最大等效应力减少了13.44%,表明优化后K形金属密封圈密封面接触压力分布更加均匀,有效提高了金属密封圈的密封性能。

基于两相流的水封油库油气泄漏运移规律及控制措施

地下水封油库运行的关键是保持一定的水封厚度,为确定合适的水封厚度,基于气液两相流理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以我国某石油储备地下水封洞库为依托,模拟了地下水封石油洞库储油运行期油气的泄漏运移演变过程。结果表明:施工期不设置水幕系统情况下,洞室顶部出现了大面积的疏干区,造成后期无法储油;设置水幕系统情况下,洞库上方能够维持一定水封厚度,洞库周围岩层油气泄漏范围和泄漏量均与储油运行时间呈正幂函数关系;水封厚度越大油气泄漏范围和泄漏量越小,但过大的水封厚度会大大增加工程成本,所对应的案例在水封厚度为30 m时对油气泄漏控制最为经济合理,《地下水封石洞油库设计标准》推荐的水封厚度合理且有一定安全裕度。研究成果可为水封油库工程的设计及油气泄漏控制提供一定理论参考。

Bulk Flow方法分析孔型密封转子动力特性的有效性

基于Kleynhans和Childs的两控制容积等温BF(Bulk Flow)模型,通过增加能量方程和理想气体状态方程,建立了理想气体BF方法的数学模型,来预测和分析孔型密封转子在偏心状态下的静力学和动力学特性.由于转子在密封中心附近做微小涡动,故可通过采用摄动方法使得NS方程的求解过程得到较大的简化,再通过迭代求解简化后的零阶和一阶摄动方程组,就可以求出孔型密封的流场和动力特性系数.以此为依据发展了相关程序,计算出了不同工况条件下孔型密封的转子动力特性系数与激振频率的关系,通过与已有的实验数据和等温BF模型的计算结果进行对比,验证了理想气体BF模型及相关求解方法的有效性.结果表明:理想气体BF模型的预测结果与实验数据吻合良好,且优于等温BF模型的计算结果,证明了该理想气体BF模型的正确性和计算方法的可靠性.该方法可用于孔型密封动力特性的预测.

油田分注智能控制软件的设计与实现

油田分注智能控制软件能够自动对每个注水层信息进行实时监测与控制,实现精细分注。软件通过协议整合实现远程实时读取井下各层注水量、温度等数据,具有实时调整各层配水器水嘴开度大小,验封测调、压力恢复测试,等功能。在内容上,兼容各厂家的数据信息,满足各个厂家的数据涵盖需求,减少数据冗余和工作人员工作量。界面风格上,满足各个厂家的审美需求以及操作规范,实现了规范化、统一化,降低维护成本和人员工作量。为油藏分析提供大量的数据支撑,具有较高的推广应用价值。

透平双重径向轮缘密封非定常燃气入侵特性研究

针对燃气入侵导致部件热疲劳和涡轮气热性能降低问题,提出了一种双重径向轮缘密封结构。采用数值求解三维非定常雷诺平均湍流模型(URANS)和SST k-ω湍流模型的方法,研究了4种封严冷气量下双重径向轮缘密封的时均封严效率和非定常流动特性,对燃气入侵和冷气出流特性进行了分析。研究表明:所提结构的内腔可以达到封严状态,外腔时均封严效率随封严冷气量的增加而增加;密封间隙内的非定常流动特性受较大Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定旋涡影响,高温燃气直接冲击转盘壁面的过渡圆弧结构,并在该位置与冷气掺混形成顺时针旋涡阻止冷气出流,呈现左侧封严效率的高封严效率区和右侧的低封严效率区;受高动量封严冷气作用,入侵燃气向静盘侧偏移形成大尺度逆时针旋涡,进一步阻止燃气入侵。封严冷气流出后沿动叶端壁向下游流动,同时受叶栅通道旋涡卷吸作用逐渐脱离壁面,使得对端壁的冷却效果降低,在动叶尾缘处冷却效率降低至0.03以下。该研究为燃气透平双重径向轮缘密封的非定常燃气入侵和封严机理,以及封严冷气对下游端壁影响的研究提供了一定的参考。

基于试验设计方法的液相孔型-迷宫密封几何参数敏感性分析

为了评估新型液相孔型-迷宫密封在转子偏心下的泄漏特性,提高其运行稳定性,提出了中心组合设计的试验设计方法。对新型液相密封中影响泄漏特性和静态转子动力特性的关键几何参数(迷宫腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径)进行敏感性分析;采用基于动网格技术和稳态RANS方程的数值计算方法求解25种几何参数组合的新型液相密封在2种偏心率(0.1、0.2)下的泄漏量、静态气流激振力和静态刚度系数;分别以泄漏量、静态气流激振力和静态刚度系数为响应,以4个几何参数为变量获得主效应图。结果表明:偏心率对泄漏量的大小以及其几何参数敏感性影响很小,当腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径分别在40%、24%、56%、44%水平时,泄漏量最小;在转子偏心下,切向力随着迷宫腔室深度与宽度的增加而单调递减,随着孔深与孔径的增加先增加后减小;径向力随着腔室深度的增加而增加,随着腔室宽度的增加先减小后增加;当偏心率增加到0.2时能找到使静态直接刚度最大的几何参数组合,此时腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径分别在24%、48%、40%和64%水平。在转子偏心与不偏心工况下,腔室深度与宽度的增加均会造成静态交叉刚度的单调递减;转子偏心时静态交叉刚度随着孔深与孔径的增加先增加后减小。该研究结果可为液相孔型-迷宫密封的性能分析和结构设计提供参考。

掺氢天然气干气密封启动特性研究

为评估天然气掺氢对管线压缩机轴端干气密封性能的影响,提出一种考虑阻塞效应的干气密封性能数值预测模型,分析了不同掺氢比下干气密封的静态特性和启动特性。首先,采用空气介质螺旋槽干气密封的气膜压力分布和开启力实验数据,验证了数值模型的可靠性;然后,针对GE PCL800机型天然气管线压缩机螺旋槽干气密封,分析了4种掺氢比(H 2体积分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%)和5种进口压力(4、6、8、10、12 MPa)对干气密封开启力、泄漏量和气膜刚度等静态特性的影响规律;最后,分析了4种掺氢比和5种进口压力下,转速、进口压力、平衡比和弹簧比压对干气密封启动特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:所提出的干气密封性能数值预测模型能够可靠预测高压差下干气密封出口阻塞效应及其对密封性能的影响;掺氢比对干气密封开启力、泄漏量和气膜刚度等密封静态特性影响较小;干气密封开启临界转速随掺氢比的增加而增大(掺氢比增加30%时,开启临界转速增大8.51%~16.90%),因此天然气掺氢增大了干气密封的开启难度,需设计合适的平衡比和弹簧比压以保证干气密封顺利开启。该研究结果可为掺氢条件下天然气管线压缩机轴端干气密封的高效设计和可靠运行提供理论参考。