NONPARALLEL BOUNDARY LAYER STABILITY IN HIGH SPEED FLOWS

The parabolized stability equations （PSEs） for high speed flows, especially supersonic and hypersonic flows, are derived and used to analyze the nonparallel boundary layer stability. The proposed numerical techniques for solving PSE include the following contents： introducing the efficiently normal transformation of the boundary layer, improving the computational accuracy by using a high-order differential scheme near the wall, employing the predictor-corrector and iterative approach to satisfy the important normalization condition, and implementing the stable spatial marching. Since the second mode dominates the growth of the disturbance in high Mach number flows, it is used in the computation. The evolution and characteristics of the boundary layer stability in the high speed flow are demonstrated in the examples. The effects of the nonparallelizm, the compressibility and the cooling wall on the stability are analyzed. And computational results are in good agreement with the relevant data.

Development of a Novel Parallel-spool Pilot Operated High-pressure Solenoid Valve with High Flow Rate and High Speed

High-pressure solenoid valve with high flow rate and high speed is a key component in an underwater driving system.However,traditional single spool pilot operated valve cannot meet the demands of both high flow rate and high speed simultaneously.A new structure for a high pressure solenoid valve is needed to meet the demand of the underwater driving system.A novel parallel-spool pilot operated high-pressure solenoid valve is proposed to overcome the drawback of the current single spool design.Mathematical models of the opening process and flow rate of the valve are established.Opening response time of the valve is subdivided into 4 parts to analyze the properties of the opening response.Corresponding formulas to solve 4 parts of the response time are derived.Key factors that influence the opening response time are analyzed.According to the mathematical model of the valve,a simulation of the opening process is carried out by MATLAB.Parameters are chosen based on theoretical analysis to design the test prototype of the new type of valve.Opening response time of the designed valve is tested by verifying response of the current in the coil and displacement of the main valve spool.The experimental results are in agreement with the simulated results,therefore the validity of the theoretical analysis is verified.Experimental opening response time of the valve is 48.3 ms at working pressure of 10 MPa.The flow capacity test shows that the largest effective area is 126 mm2 and the largest air flow rate is 2320 L/s.According to the result of the load driving test,the valve can meet the demands of the driving system.The proposed valve with parallel spools provides a new method for the design of a high-pressure valve with fast response and large flow rate.

Effect of continuous casting speed on mold surface flow and the related near-surface distribution of non-metallic inclusions

For the control of surface defects in interstitial-free(IF) steel, quantitative metallographic analyses of near-surface inclusions and surface liquid flow detection via the nail-board tipping method were conducted. The results show that, at casting speeds of 0.8 and 1.0 m/min, a thin liquid mold flux layer forms and non-uniform floating of argon bubbles occurs, inducing the entrainment and subsequent entrapment of the liquid flux; fine inclusion particles of Al_2O_3 can also aggregate at the solidification front. At higher casting speeds of 1.4 and 1.6 m/min, the liquid mold flux can be entrained and carried deeper into the liquid steel pool because of strong level fluctuations of the liquid steel and the flux. The optimal casting speed is approximately 1.2 m/min, with the most favorable surface flow status and, correspondingly, the lowest number of inclusions near the slab surface.

Mathematical Modeling,Field Calibration and Numerical Simulation of Low-Speed Mixed Traffic Flow in Cities

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Influence of Rotating Speed Ratio on the Annular Turbulent Flow between Two Rotating Cylinders

Rotating flows represent a very interesting area for researchers and industry for their extensive use in industrial and domestic machinery and especially for their great energy potential, annular flows are an example that draws the attention of researchers in recent years. The best design and optimization of these devices require knowledge of thermal, mechanical and hydrodynamic characteristics of flows circulating in these devices. An example of hydrodynamic parameters is the speed of rotation of the moving walls. This work is to study numerically the influence of the rotating speed ratio Γ of the two moving cylinders on the mean and especially on the turbulent quantities of the turbulent flow in the annular space. The numerical simulation is based on one-point statistical modeling using a low Reynolds number second-order full stress transport closure (RSM model), simulation code is not a black box but a completely transparent code where we can intervene at any step of the calculation. We have varied Γ from -1.0 to 1.0 while maintaining always the external cylinder with same speed Ω. The results show that the turbulence structure, profiles of mean velocities and the nature of the boundary layers of the mobile walls depend enormously on the ratio of speeds. The level of turbulence measured by the kinetic energy of turbulence and the Reynolds stresses shows well that the ratio Γ is an interesting parameter to exploit turbulence in this kind of annular flows.

A Genetic Based Fuzzy Q-Learning Flow Controller for High-Speed Networks

For the congestion problems in high-speed networks, a genetic based fuzzy Q-learning flow controller is proposed. Because of the uncertainties and highly time-varying, it is not easy to accurately obtain the complete information for high-speed networks. In this case, the Q-learning, which is independent of mathematic model, and prior-knowledge, has good performance. The fuzzy inference is introduced in order to facilitate generalization in large state space, and the genetic operators are used to obtain the consequent parts of fuzzy rules. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can learn to take the best action to regulate source flow with the features of high throughput and low packet loss ratio, and can avoid the occurrence of congestion effectively.

ADAPTIVE DELAUNAY TRIANGULATION WITH MULTIDIMENSIONAL DISSIPATION SCHEME FOR HIGH-SPEED COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ANALYSIS

Adaptive Delaunay triangulation is combined with the cell-centered upwinding algorithm to analyze inviscid high-speed compressible flow problems. The multidimensional dissipation scheme was developed and included in the upwinding algorithm for unstructured triangular meshes to improve the computed shock wave resolution. The solution accuracy is further improved by coupling an error estimation procedure to a remeshing algorithm that generates small elements in regions with large change of solution gradients, and at the same time, larger elements in other regions. The proposed scheme is further extended to achieve higher-order spatial and temporal solution accuracy. Efficiency of the combined procedure is evaluated by analyzing supersonic shocks and shock propagation behaviors for both the steady and unsteady high-speed compressible flows.

PREDICTION OF FLOW STRESS OF HIGH-SPEED STEEL DURING HOT DEFORMATION BY USING BP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The hot deformation behavior of TI (18W-4Cr-1V) high-speed steel was investigated by means of continuous compression tests performed on Gleeble 1500 thermomechan- ical simulator in a wide range of tempemtures (950℃-1150℃) with strain rotes of 0.001s-1-10s-1 and true strains of 0-0. 7. The flow stress at the above hot defor- mation conditions is predicted by using BP artificial neural network. The architecture of network includes there are three input parameters:strain rate,temperature T and true strain , and just one output parameter, the flow stress ,2 hidden layers are adopted, the first hidden layer includes 9 neurons and second 10 negroes. It has been verified that BP artificial neural network with 3-9-10-1 architecture can predict flow stress of high-speed steel during hot deformation very well. Compared with the prediction method of flow stress by using Zaped-Holloman parumeter and hyperbolic sine stress function, the prediction method by using BP artificial neurul network has higher efficiency and accuracy.

RESEARCH ON ABRASION OF DEBRIS FLOW TO HIGH-SPEED DRAINAGE STRUCTURE

As one weak topic in research of debris flow,abrasion of debris flow shortens obviously application life of control structure composed of concrete.High_speed drainage structure,one of the most effective techniques to control giant debris flow disaster,has shortened one_third application life due to abrasion by debris flow.Based on velocity calculation method founded by two_phase theory,research of abrasion mechanism of debris flow to high_speed drainage structure was made.The mechanism includes both abrasion mechanism of homogeneous sizing and shearing mechanism of particle of debris flow to high_speed drainage trough structure.Further abrasion equations of both sizing and particle were established by Newton movement theory of debris flow.And abrasion amount formula of the high_speed drainage trough structure is set up by dimensional analysis.Amount to calculating in the formula is consistent with testing data in_situ,which is valuable in design of high_speed drainage structure.

Pressure Distribution Characters of Flow Field around High-Speed Train

Based on incompressible viscous fluid Navier-stokes equation and k-ε 2-equations turbulent model, an investigation on 3D turbulent flow field around four kinds of train models has been made by finite element method. From the calculation, the pressure distribution characters of now field around high-speed trains have been obtained. It is significant for strength design of the high-speed train body, for resisting wind design of the facilities beside the high-speed railways and for determining the aerodynamic force of induced air to the human body near the railways.

Detached-eddy simulation of flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds

In order to describe an investigation of the flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds using detached-eddy simulation(DES), a 1/8th scale model of a three-car high-speed train and a typical bridge model are employed, Numerical wind tunnel technology based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is used, and the CFD models are set as stationary models. The Reynolds number of the flow, based on the inflow velocity and the height of the vehicle, is 1.9×10~6. The computations are conducted under three cases, train on the windward track on the bridge(WWC), train on the leeward track on the bridge(LWC) and train on the flat ground(FGC). Commercial software FLUENT is used and the mesh sensitivity research is carried out by three different grids: coarse, medium and fine. Results show that compared with FGC case, the side force coefficients of the head cars for the WWC and LWC cases increases by 14% and 29%, respectively; the coefficients of middle cars for the WWC and LWC increase by 32% and 10%, respectively; and that of the tail car increases by 45% for the WWC whereas decreases by 2% for the LWC case. The most notable thing is that the side force and the rolling moment of the head car are greater for the LWC, while the side force and the rolling moment of the middle car and the tail car are greater for the WWC. Comparing the velocity profiles at different locations, the flow is significantly influenced by the bridge-train system when the air is close to it. For the three cases(WWC, LWC and FGC), the pressure on the windward side of train is mostly positive while that of the leeward side is negative. The discrepancy of train's aerodynamic force is due to the different surface area of positive pressure and negative pressure zone. Many vortices are born on the leeward edge of the roofs. Theses vortices develop downstream, detach and dissipate into the wake region. The eddies develop irregularly, leading to a noticeably turbulent flow at leeward side of train.

Influence of High-Speed Milling Process on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Ultrafine Grained Profiles Produced by Linear Flow Splitting

The effects of milling parameters on the surface quality,microstructures and mechanical properties of machined parts with ultrafine grained(UFG)gradient microstructures are investigated.The effects of the cutting speed,feed per tooth,cutting tool geometry and cooling strategy are demonstrated.It has been found that the surface quality of machined grooves can be improved by increasing the cutting speed.However,cryogenic cooling with CO_2 exhibits no significant improvement of surface quality.Microstructure and hardness investigations revealed similar microstructure and hardness variations near the machined groove walls for both utilized tool geometries.Therefore,cryogenic cooling can decrease more far-ranging hardness reductions due to high process temperatures,especially in the UFG regions of the machined parts,whilst it cannot prevent the drop in hardness directly at the groove walls.

Model of Traffic Speed-Flow Relationship at Signal Intersections

Speed-flow relationship is the fundamental for the traffic simulation and traffic volume forecast. Traditional quadratic polynomial model can’t reflect the saturate flow at signal intersections. In order to determine the speed-flow relationship at signal intersections, the speed and time-headway of vehicles at two signal intersections were investigated and the accuracy of software used to get the speed was tested. After vehicle starting-up from queuing, the time-headway reduces gradually with the increase of speed. The relationship of power exponential function between speed and time-headway is formulated. Traffic volume can be calculated by the vehicle time-headway. Then the speed-flow relationship was developed and an S-shaped curve model was built in this paper. In the S-shaped curve model, traffic flow approaches to the saturate when the speed doesn’t increase. Thus, S-shaped curve model is better to describe the speed-flow relationship at signal intersection. The results can provide a reference to determine the parameters in traffic simulation and for the study of level of service of intersections.

Research on the Critical Speed of a Mixed-Flow Turbocharger with Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing

The critical speeds for a vehicle turbocharger with hybrid ceramic ball bearing are researched. The ball bearing-rotor system produces resonance when it working in critical speed and that makes the turbocharger injury working for a long time. The calculation and analysis methods of the critical speed for the vehicle turbocharger are described. The critical speed is computed by two methods including Riccati transfer matrix and DyRoBeS finite element method for a vehicle turbocharger with hybrid ceramic ball bearing. The vibration experiment had been taken to validate the calculating result, Comparison between the results by two calculation methods and the test results show that the first critical speed differences are 6.47 % and 5.66 %, the second critical speed differences are 2.87 % and 2.94 % respectively. And then, the primary factors which influence the critical speed are analyzed, the conclusions will be helpful for the vehicle turbocharger bearing-rotor system design.

Analysis of flow response to fluctuation of rotational speed in a radial impeller

By discretizing the convection terms with AUSM+-up scheme in the rotating coordinate system,a finite volume analysis code based on multi-block structured grids was developed independently so as to realize the numerical solving of internal flow fields of turbomachineries.Taking an unshrouded radial impeller with the working fluid of water vapour as the research object,the flow response to the fluctuation of rotational speed was calculated.By comparing the surface pressure profiles and velocity contours calculated by the code and commercial software respectively,the accuracy of flow solver was verified.The analysis of flow response data indicates that,as the working condition shifts closer towards the surge boundary,the response of flow parameters such as mass flow and aerodynamic torque will be more nonsynchronous with the fluctuation of rotational speed,and also the influence of density variation on mass flow variation will be smaller.Moreover,the transient variation region of working condition performance will deviate farther away from the steady performance curve as the working condition approaches the surge boundary.Compared to the working conditions with small mass flows,the distribution characteristics of pressure difference load on the blade surface vary little under large mass flow conditions.The reduction of fluctuation amplitude of rotational speed exerts no influence on abating the hysteresis of flow response.

基于GO-FLOW法的某高速列车齿轮箱可靠性分析方法研究

针对传统FTA无法对有反馈、多状态、有时序系统进行可靠性计算的问题,提出了一种基于GO-FLOW法的某型高速列车变速箱的可靠性分析方法。首先,根据齿轮箱的工作原理和结构逻辑,确定了操作符的类型并建立了齿轮箱系统的GO-FLOW图模型。其次,修正共因故障后计算齿轮箱成功概率并绘制齿轮箱的健康变化规律曲线。最后,对比GO-FLOW与FTA的分析结果可知,GO-FLOW法在齿轮箱健康评估应用中高效可行,且具有时序性。同时,该方法减少了计算量,为维修维护高速列车齿轮箱系统和提升其健康管理水平提供了一定的理论指导作用。

基于GO-FLOW法的高速铁路接触网系统可靠性分析

针对高速铁路接触网系统的结构和运行特点,本文提出将一种新型可靠性评估方法——GO-FLOW法应用到高速铁路接触网系统可靠性分析中,根据高速铁路接触网系统的结构框图,建立高速铁路接触网系统的GO图与GO-FLOW图,并计算接触网系统的可靠度,对比分析考虑部件失效率与不考虑部件失效率两种情况的计算结果。研究结果表明:在对该类运行环境下的系统进行可靠性定量分析时,与GO法相比,GO-FLOW算法模型考虑了接触网部件随时间的失效率,其计算结果更接近于接触网系统实际运行情况,并且计算更为简捷、有效,是分析多时序、多状态动态系统可靠性的一种有效方法。

Producing ultra-high-speed nitrogen jets by arc heating in a low-pressure chamber

Pure nitrogen gas was heated with direct current arc, at input powers from several hundred Watt to over 5 kW, and then injected through a nozzle into a chamber at 1 or 10 Pa pressure, with the purpose of accelerating the gas to very high speed around 7 km/s. Various structures of the arc generator and gas expansion nozzle were examined. Results show that bypass exhausting of the boundary layer before it enters the nozzle divergent section can greatly increase flow speed of the jet, thus it might be possible to use nitrogen as a working gas in high speed gas dynamic test facilities.

基于康达效应的高速气流推力矢量喷管

基于康达效应设计了一种高速气流推力矢量喷管,利用其对流体的偏转作用实现主流方向控制。喷管由主通道以及外侧八个独立气室和出口处的康达壁面组成,可通过气室外部的开合情况来实现八个偏转方向的控制。本文对所设计的高速气流推力矢量喷管进行了仿真计算,研究了主流速度、气室开合情况及康达壁面曲率三个参数对主流偏转效果的影响。数值模拟结果表明:(1)主流速度在50~160 m/s时,不同的开合组合的偏转效果有较为显著的差异。(2)气室打开数量为奇数时,偏转效果优于偶数。只有一个气室开口时,偏转效果最优。(3)计算得到三维喷管最优康达壁面的曲率是55.26。本文设计的高速气流推力矢量喷管能够达到较好的偏转控制效果,最大偏转角度可达到85.91°。

基于Flow Simulation的物料悬浮速度测试装置的流体分析

为了优化物料悬浮速度测试套筒的结构,应用Flow simulation软件对测试套筒内的气流速度分布情况和不同风量开度对气流速度的影响进行了分析。结果表明,套筒内的气流速度随着锥筒高度的增加而呈线性下降;锥筒高度相同时,越靠近锥筒轴线,气流速度越高;在锥筒中下部半径为0.2 m范围内,气流速度变化一致性好,有利于悬浮速度的测量;风量开度与锥筒下断口处的气流速度近似为线性关系,通过调节风量开度能够有效调节锥筒内的气流速度。