Segregation Correlation of SSR Markers and Flower Traits in Aneuploid Tobacco

Few reports have been seen on the segregation of polyploids and on the relationship between the segregation of SSR loci and that of the morphological traits in polyploid progeny. This paper attempted to gain an insight into the segregation of the hexaploid tobacco progeny and to understand the correlation of the segregation of SSR loci with that of the flower morphological traits. The segregation was evaluated with both SSR markers and morphological traits of the flowers. Twenty pairs of SSR primers were screened and a total of 42 SSR loci were identified. Chi-square analysis showed that the segregation ratio of the SSR loci in the aneuploid progeny was between 1:1 and 2:1. Six morphological traits of flowers, including the lengths of the flower and the calyx, the widths of the calyx, the corolla tube and the corolla, and the coloring of the flower, from 180 progeny and 2 progenitor plants, were determined and Chi-square analyzed. All traits were in consistent also with a segregation ratio of 1:1 to 2:1 except the width of the calyx.

Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants

Maintaining open flowers is critical for successful pollination and depends on long-term water and carbon balance.Yet the relationship between how flower hydraulic traits are coordinated in different habitats is poorly understood.Here,we hypothesize that the coordination and trade-offs between floral hydraulics and economics traits are independent of environmental conditions.To test this hypothesis,we investigated a total of 27 flower economics and hydraulic traits in six aquatic and six terrestrial herbaceous species grown in a tropical botanical garden.We found that although there were a few significant differences,most flower hydraulics and economics traits did not differ significantly between aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants.Both flower mass per area and floral longevity were significantly positively correlated with the time required for drying full-hydrated flowers to 70%relative water content.Flower dry matter content was strongly and positively related to drought tolerance of the flowers as indicated by flower water potential at the turgor loss point.In addition,there was a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and the construction cost of a flower across species.Our results show that flowers of aquatic and terrestrial plants follow the same economics spectrum pattern.These results suggest a convergent flower economics design across terrestrial and aquatic plants,providing new insights into the mechanisms by which floral organs adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Genome-wide Association Analysis of Maize Flowering Traits

Flowering regulation is important for maize to adapt to a variety of environments as well as associated with high yield.In this study,the genetic mechanism of three flowering traits of 310 maize inbred lines with rich genetic background was investigated in three years at three different environments such as days to tasseling(DTT),days to silking(DTS)and days to pollen shedding(DTP).Based on mean performance,the longest flowering time was observed in Zhanyi(2018),whereas the shortest in Shizong(2019).The coefficient of variance depicted the range from 3.62%to 9.06%for three flowering traits under all environments.Therefore,we have integrated these flowering traits corresponding to SNP molecular markers for genome-wide association study(GWAS).Results showed that 22 SNPs markers were significantly associated with DTT according to physical position and average linkage disequilibrium(LD)decay distance,and a total of 234 candidate genes were identified near these significantly associated SNP markers.Moreover,KEGG and GO analysis showed that these genes were enriched in the regulation of the physiological pathways for flowering.In more details,16 genes involved in development of floral organs are more worthy of our attention in future studies.

Mixing trait-based corn(Zea mays L.)cultivars increases yield through pollination synchronization and increased cross-fertilization

Abiotic stress such as high temperature at flowering is one of many conditions reducing yield of corn(Zea mays L.).Mixing corn cultivars with diverse functional traits increases within-crop diversity and provides a potential means of mitigating yield losses under stress conditions.We conducted a three-year field study to investigate the effects of cultivar mixtures on kernel setting rate,pollen sources,and yield.This study consisted of six treatments,including two high temperature-tolerant(HTT)monocrops of WK702 and DH701,two high temperature-sensitive(HTS)monocrops of DH605 and DH662,and two HTT–HTS mixtures of WK702-DH605 and DH701-DH662.The anthesis–silking interval(ASI)was 0.9–1.6 days shorter in mixtures than in monocrops.Kernel setting rate was increased in mixtures(86.4%–88.7%)compared with those in monocrops(74.7%–84.1%)as a result of synchrony and complementarity of pollination.Grain yields of the HTT–HTS mixtures increased by 13.3%–18.7%,equivalent to 1169 to1605 kg ha^(-1),in comparison with HTS corn monocrops.The results of SSR markers showed that crossfertilization percentage in corn cultivar mixtures ranged from 29.3%to 47.8%,partially explaining yield improvement.Land equivalent ratio(LER)was 1.12 for corn mixtures and the partial land equivalent ratio(e.g.,>0.5)showed the complementary benefits in corn mixtures.The results indicated that mixing corn cultivars with diverse flowering and drought-tolerance traits increased yields via pollination synchrony.

荷兰鸢尾自然变异株开花性状差异分析

【目的】探究荷兰鸢尾自然变异株系与野生株系的可区别性状的关键评判指标。【方法】根据球根鸢尾DUS测试指南,对野生型春之梦的4个变异株系MHS5-3、XCQ5-1、MZB7-2、CZL7-3的农艺性状进行测定,比较分析它们的观赏性状间的差异。【结果】自然变异株系与野生型在株型、花期以及生育期等性状没有明显差异;在供测的40个主要性状中,7个假质量性状,如花蕾、旗瓣、花丝、花柱、羽冠、垂瓣上下表面等部位的颜色的表达状态,在不同变异株系中与野生型相比均存在明显差异,具备可区别性;另外33个性状则无明显差异。【结论】花色是区别自然变异株系与野生型株系的一个重要性状,其中黄色、蓝色相对紫色、白色具有更强的变异潜力,可为荷兰鸢尾开展新品种选育以及种质创新利用提供思路和参考依据。

麦穗干插花加工型小麦种质资源的筛选

本研究以麦穗干插花(以下简称麦穗花)加工企业认可的云生1号、云麦53号品种为对照,采用芒长、穗长和茎秆强度3个加工企业认为影响麦穗花加工和销售的重要指标,对42份长芒小麦种质资源进行性状筛选与评价,并利用文献报道的与小麦茎秆强度相关的SSR分子标记对参试资源进行茎秆强度辅助选择,挑选出在农艺性状和分子遗传学上都适合加工麦穗花的优异种质资源,为云南干花产业发展提供新的原材料。结果表明,通过两年的田间种植观测与数据分析,未发现3个性状都较两个对照优异的资源。其中,C6(小黑麦)两年的芒长都较两对照显著优异且穗长和茎秆强度差异不明显或也显著优异,是比两个对照更适合加工麦穗花的优异资源;其次是C3和C9,两年的穗长和茎秆强度都显著优于或与两个对照差异不显著,也是加工麦穗花的较理想资源;C4、C5、C7和C8的穗长较云麦53号显著优异,芒长和茎秆强度则差异不显著或也显著优异。对茎秆强度的SSR分子标记辅助选择结果表明,C4、C6可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59位点,C3、C5、C8也可能携带与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、BARC358位点,C9可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、WMC48位点。但是,用这些引物获得的分子标记结果与表型评价结果之间的一致性都在50%及以下,可能这些分子标记都不适宜用作供试小麦材料茎秆强度的辅助筛选。今后还需进一步筛选适合评价麦穗花加工型小麦种质资源的指标及分子标记,为选育满足生产需求的优良小麦品种提供技术支持。

基于游离小孢子培养的菜心DH系评价

为筛选优良菜心DH系,采用田间试验方法,对游离小孢子培养获得的再生植株(DH系)的园艺学性状进行观察和鉴定。结果表明,获得了41份菜心DH系,经综合评价筛选出12个综合性状表现较好的DH系。这些材料的获得有助于丰富菜心种质资源,可为杂交亲本的选择和配组提供参考。

不同^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量对月季仙境、北京红、金凤凰生长和开花的影响

为研究物理辐射对3个月季品种扦插苗的影响,利用0、10、20、40、60、80 Gy剂量的^(60)Co-γ对仙境、北京红、金凤凰月季扦插苗进行辐射处理,测定和分析处理后月季苗的形态指标、突变率、死亡率和半致死率等。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,3个月季品种的扦插苗的株高、冠幅、侧枝数、侧枝长度、复叶长、复叶宽随之降低,其中仙境和北京红在10 Gy辐射剂量下生长势最好,而金凤凰在20 Gy生长势最好。供试植株的死亡率随着辐射剂量增加而增加,仙境在10和20 Gy处理下死亡率较低且花色变异较多。仙境、北京红、金凤凰的半致死剂量分别为53、132、19.87 Gy。仙境在10 Gy辐射剂量下突变率最高达31.67%,产生了白色、水粉色、嫩粉色、粉白相间等多种花色突变;金凤凰在10 Gy剂量下花瓣边缘有缺裂,在20 Gy辐射剂量下花瓣边缘深裂、反卷;北京红在10 Gy剂量下有花瓣数量明显增加,花型为千重瓣。综上所述,^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量10和20 Gy有利于促进供试植株的生长,同时产生新的变异花色和新花型。本研究结果为月季的良种选育和新品系培育提供了参考。

新疆部分本地梨品种花器官表型与花药内源物质差异分析

【目的】掌握不同品种间梨花的特性,探讨花药内源物质含量的差异,为授粉树的合理配置及花期外源激素的施用提供参考依据,以进一步提高梨的品质。【方法】以24个新疆本地梨品种为试验材料,观测、分析梨花器官的形态多样性,采用酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定花药中生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、脱落酸(ABA)、可溶性糖及可溶性淀粉的含量,并进行差异分析。【结果】供试的24个新疆本地梨品种以浅粉红花蕾、淡紫色花药、柱头高于花药、花瓣相对位置无序、圆形花瓣、花柱基部有茸毛类型居多,6个性状的Shannon-Weaver指数范围为0.529~2.476,花药颜色多样性指数较高,多样性丰富。每花序花朵数、雄蕊数、花冠直径和单花药花粉量的多样性指数范围为2.497~2.993,变异系数分别为26.65%、9.40%、17.10%、56.54%,雄蕊数的稳定性高于其余性状。成熟花药中内源物质含量均存在显著差异,GA3含量最低,可溶性糖含量最高。【结论】描述型性状中,花药颜色多样性最为丰富;数量型性状中,单花药花粉量变异程度最高。成熟花药中IAA含量存在显著差异,GA3、ABA、CTK、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉存在极显著差异。在成熟花药的内源物质中可溶性糖含量最高,可溶性淀粉次之;内源激素IAA含量最高,GA3含量最少。初步掌握了梨花器官丰富的多样性,了解了不同品种成熟花药内源物质差异。

系统发育和植物功能性状对新疆木本植物开花物候变化的影响

为揭示系统发育和植物功能性状对新疆木本植物开花物候的影响,以新疆乌鲁木齐、伊宁和喀什三地典型植物园或公园的木本植物为研究对象,利用系统发育信号值和系统发育广义最小二乘模型(Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares, PGLS),探究开花物候分布特征、谱系保守性以及功能性状的贡献率。结果表明:(1)新疆木本植物开花期集中在3月31日至4月20日,持续时间为(13.03±0.38)d。乔木、肉质果、彩色花和风媒植物分别比灌木、非肉质果、非彩色花和虫媒植物的开花早。(2)亲缘关系越近的物种开花物候特征越相似,系统发育信号值Pagel’sλ为0.67~0.74。(3)果实类型、花色和传粉方式与开花物候最相关,解释度为17.4%~31.6%。本研究证明系统发育和植物功能性状均能影响新疆木本植物开花物候,研究结果对阐明干旱区生物多样性维持机制和虫植关系具有重要意义。

油茶种间杂交子代花期与花器官性状的变异分析

为选育油茶春花优良品种,以油茶杂交子代(YZ2×DY2)及亲本[母本(YZ2)、父本(DY2)]为研究对象,调查测定其花期和花器官性状,对花期性状进行分级,并对9个性状(花横径、花纵径、花柱裂数、雌蕊长、雄蕊长、花瓣数、花药数、盛花期相对时间、开花持续时间)进行变异、相关性、主成分、聚类分析。将盛花期相对时间和开花持续时间进行等距分级,筛选出符合良种选育目标的花期类型(95株)和极长持续期类型(43株)。9个性状变异系数为9.75%~35.74%,其中,盛花期相对时间的变异系数最大,花柱裂数的变异系数最小。9个性状的中亲优势率范围为-23.17%~0.84%,除盛花期相对时间外均为负值,所有性状均出现超低亲和超高亲个体。杂交子代群体花药数与其他花器性状之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);盛花期相对时间与花横径、花纵径、雌蕊长、花瓣数、开花持续时间呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与花柱裂数呈显著相关(P<0.05)。根据聚类分析将杂交子代群体分为3个类群:Ⅰ类属于最早花期长花期型:Ⅱ类属于最晚花期短花期型:Ⅲ类属于中花期型。

枝条角度对中国沙棘水碳代谢和生长结实的影响

[目的]研究中国沙棘不同角度枝条的水碳代谢与生长结实的关系,深入了解枝条角度对生长结实的影响及其生理机制,为沙棘的高效栽培技术措施的制定提供理论依据。[方法]本研究选择中国沙棘0°、45°、90°、135°4种角度枝条作为研究对象,比较其水势和水分输导能力、光合作用、非结构性碳水化合物、营养生长和花芽分化情况、结实性状以及果实营养成分上的差异,并进一步分析不同角度枝条的水碳代谢和生长结实之间的相互关系。[结果]0°~90°枝条的7月水势无显著差异,135°枝条7月凌晨和正午水势显著低于其它角度。随着枝条角度的增加,7月和9月的枝条PLC均呈升高趋势,枝条叶面积比导水率和茎面积比导水率呈降低趋势。0°~90°枝条的净光合速率差异不显著,135°枝条净光合速率显著低于其它角度。7月枝条NSC含量无显著差异,9月枝条木质部NSC含量呈先升后降的趋势,韧皮部NSC含量随枝条角度的增大而降低。随着枝条角度的增大,叶面积和新梢生长情况均呈降低趋势,比叶重、新梢总数、花芽占比、花芽纵横径、果实纵横经和百果质量、10 cm结果数和总黄酮含量均呈先升后降的趋势,在45°和90°达到较高水平。[结论]随着枝条角度的增加,干旱时期的水分状况变差,枝条营养生长变弱,NSC储藏、花芽分化、结实性状在45°~90°达到较高水平,因此在生产上利用45°~90°枝条结实可以提高中国沙棘产量。

芳香型山茶花品种表型性状分析及香味感官评价

芳香型山茶花具有重要的经济价值和研究价值,开展芳香型山茶花品种资源的表型性状分析及香味感官评价,可为芳香型山茶花资源的开发利用提供基础。对引进保存的3个芳香型山茶花品种香太阳、香妃和克瑞墨大牡丹进行开花习性观测、表型性状测定和感官评价。结果表明:不同芳香型山茶花品种花型、花色、香气和开花习性有差异,香太阳为清香型山茶花,花型最独特,为托桂重瓣型;香妃为浓香型山茶花,具有花色渐变、开花量大和市场潜力大的特点;克瑞墨大牡丹为清香型茶花,花期最长,有近半年的观赏期。3个芳香型山茶花品种观赏性强、花期长、栽培管理较容易,可作为年宵花的优良品种进行扩繁、推广。

17种石斛属植物表型性状多样性分析

以17种石斛属(Dendrobium Sw.)植物为研究对象,通过观测6个叶表型性状和15个花表型性状,从形态学角度对石斛属植物表型性状进行变异和多样性分析,并揭示各表型性状间的相互关系。结果表明:叶表型性状变异系数为28.78%~63.63%,花表型性状变异系数为31.26%~117.65%,不同表型性状变异幅度差异明显,花表型性状的变异幅度大于叶表型性状。21个表型性状的Shannon s多样性指数差异较小,为4.372~4.393,Shannon s多样性指数最大的是萼囊长、最小的是花柄长和唇瓣宽。Shannon s多样性指数与变异系数整体存在显著(p<0.05)线性相关。主成分分析结果显示:前4个主成分的累计贡献率达84.2%,可以反映17种石斛属植物表型性状的基本特征,其中花纵径、叶面积、侧萼长、萼囊长和叶长宽比是造成石斛属植物表型差异的主要因子。聚类分析结果表明:17种石斛属植物可聚为4组,聚类结果与传统分类存在一定差异。相关性分析结果表明:叶各表型性状间和花各表型性状间整体上存在显著或极显著(p<0.01)相关性,叶厚与除侧萼长、侧萼宽和萼囊长外的12个花表型性状均存在显著或极显著相关性。综合研究结果表明:石斛属植物表型性状变异丰富,拥有丰富的表型多样性,各表型性状之间有着密切且复杂的关系。

The flowerpiercers interactions with a community of high Andean plants

Background:Flowerpiercers(Diglossa)are traditionally considered as“parasites”of the pollination processes,as they can access the nectar without entering in contact with the reproductive structures of the plants.Nevertheless,the effect of flowerpiercers seems to vary according to their behavior and the flower’s traits.So,in this work,we aimed to explore the floral characteristics that may determine the susceptibility to robbing and pollen transport by flowerpierc-ers.Also,we identified the potential types of interactions and studied interaction network properties.Methods:We collected the information of 16 ornithophilic plants regarding their floral traits and robbing frequency.Also,we captured 4 species of flowerpiercers and evaluated pollen transport(frequency and loads).We tested the correlation between floral traits,robbing frequency,and pollen transportation.Later,we used these variables in a cluster and principal component analyses to identify the potential types of interactions.Finally,we analyzed and com-pared the structure of the plants-flowerpiercers interaction network.Results:Nectar production significantly influenced both nectar robbing and pollen transportation.While the corolla length was only correlated to the robbing susceptibility.Also,we found that particular flowerpiercers species trans-ported higher loads of some plant pollen,which can be related to the differences in behavior and morphometric traits.We proposed the classification of five different types of plant-flowerpiercer interactions,that showed differ-ent potential mutualist or antagonist relations based on the affectation of nectar robbing and the service of pollen transportation.The interaction networks consisted of 49 links,with 2.4 links per species,and presented indicators of a medium to high resilience,stability,and resistance(nestedness,connectance,and robustness).Also,the network presented medium to low specialization and substantial niche overlap.Conclusions:The ecological role of the flowerpiercers goes beyond its classic assignation as“parasites”as they can actively transport pollen of several Andean plants,affecting its evolutionary history and the stability of the systems.

QTL effects and epistatic interaction for flowering time and branch number in a soybean mapping population of Japanese×Chinese cultivars

Flowering time and branching type are important agronomic traits related to the adaptability and yield of soybean. Molecular bases for major flowering time or maturity loci, E1 to E4, have been identified. However, more flowering time genes in cultivars with different genetic backgrounds are needed to be mapped and cloned for a better understanding of flowering time regulation in soybean. In this study, we developed a population of Japanese cultivar（Toyomusume）×Chinese cultivar（Suinong 10） to map novel quantitative trait locus（QTL） for flowering time and branch number. A genetic linkage map of a F_2 population was constructed using 1 306 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） markers using Illumina Soy SNP8 ki Select Bead Chip containing 7 189（SNPs）. Two major QTLs at E1 and E9, and two minor QTLs at a novel locus, qFT2_1 and at E3 region were mapped. Using other sets of F_2 populations and their derived progenies, the existence of a novel QTL of qFT2_1 was verified. qBR6_1, the major QTL for branch number was mapped to the proximate to the E1 gene, inferring that E1 gene or neighboring genetic factor is significantly contributing to the branch number.

Cytological Correlation Between Flower and Vegetative Shoot Development from Immature Embryo-Derived Calli in Wheat

In this paper, the traits of immature embryo culture from 45 genotypes of bread wheat were investigated in detail, and trait correlation analysis in combination with histomorphological examination was used to study the cytological origin of flower as well as the correlation between it and vegetative shoot development from the calli. The rate of floral development in the subculture was highly significantly and positively related to that of the differentiation culture, which reveals that the genetic system of floral development from immature embryo-derived calli in wheat was highly correspondent and stable. The rate of floral development was related neither to the traits in the dedifferentiation culture, nor to the vegetative shoot formation from the total induced calli, but significantly and positively related to that of the calli without leaf-like green spots in the differentiation culture. These findings indicate the partial correlation as well as differentiation between flower and vegetative shoot development. The floral development might only be associated with the genetic system controlling organ regeneration, while vegetative shoots formed from the two ways, including somatic embryogenesis and organ regeneration.

甘蓝型油菜开花期的QTL定位及候选基因鉴定

为了解析油菜开花期性状的遗传机制,利用KN DH群体在冬性、半冬性和春性环境的开花期表型和KN高密度遗传连锁图谱,通过Wincart 2.5软件的符合区间作图法对油菜开花期性状进行QTL定位及候选基因鉴定。结果显示,共鉴定到119个开花期QTL,单个QTL解释表型变异最大是qFT-13DL16-4(25.96%),最小的是qFT-13ZY2-1(2.48%)。利用元分析的方法将初步鉴定的QTL整合为consensus QTL,共获得26个环境稳定表达QTL,包括7个开花期主效QTL。如cqFT-A2-3、cqFT-A2-4在春性环境稳定表达,cqFT-C6-4、cqFT-C6-7、cqFT-C6-12、cqFT-C6-13在冬性和半冬性环境稳定表达,cqFT-C6-14在冬性环境稳定表达QTL。主效QTL置信区间共鉴定到15个与成花诱导相关的候选基因,如 BnaA02g12260D(RGA1)、 BnaA02g15390D(AGL12)、 BnaA02g16710D(LKP2)和 BnaC06g19930D(NUA)等,这些候选基因主要涉及赤霉素、光周期、生物钟、春化作用响应和花发育等功能。可见,油菜开花期主效QTL及其候选基因的鉴定为开花期基因的精细定位和图位克隆奠定基础,也为培育早熟、高产油菜品种提供指导。

雄性不育枣‘JMS2’ב交城5号’杂交F_(1)代花性状遗传变异分析

以雄性不育枣‘JMS2’和‘交城5号’及其140株F_(1)代杂交群体为材料,对F1代花面积、花直径、蜜盘直径、花粉量以及花粉活力5个花性状进行调查分析,旨在探索杂交F_(1)代花性状的分离特点和遗传变异规律。结果显示,F_(1)代枣花直径、花面积、蜜盘直径以及花粉量、花粉活性均呈连续变异,符合正态分布,是由多基因控制的数量性状。两年间的F_(1)代花大小性状分布趋势相似,表现出一定的性状分离,变异系数为8.66%~17.84%,其花面积变异系数最高,且花直径、花面积两性状表现趋中遗传。F_(1)代植株的花均有花粉,两年间花粉量和花粉活性性状均高于亲本,表现出明显的超亲遗传;花粉性状能广泛分离,变异系数为19.39%~50.13%,其花粉量变异系数较高。通过相关性研究发现花直径、花面积、蜜盘直径3个性状间存在着极显著的正相关关系,花粉量与花粉活力间并未存在显著关系。

基于GWAS和WGCNA分析挖掘玉米花期相关候选基因

花期是玉米重要性状之一,解析玉米花期的遗传基础,挖掘玉米花期关键基因,对于选育广适玉米品种具有重要意义。在580份玉米自交系构成的自然群体中,3年种植测定散粉期、吐丝期和散粉吐丝间隔期等3个花期性状,利用分布全基因组的31,826个SNPs(single nucleotide polymorphisms)标记进行全基因组关联分析(genome wide association study,GWAS),结合自交系B73的14个不同发育阶段的转录组数据进行权重基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA),挑选与玉米开花相关的组织特异性模块和关键基因。GWAS在多环境(2个环境以上)下共定位标记14个,挖掘到潜在候选基因10个,WGCNA挖掘到花期潜在候选基因17个,2种方法共同挖掘到候选基因3个。Zm00001d052180编码一个MADS-box转录因子19,Zm00001d016814编码NAC转录因子133,Zm00001d048082编码MADS-box转录因子8,这些基因主要参与调节花序生长发育。研究结果为解析玉米花期遗传基础及分子机制提供参考。