[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertili...[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.展开更多
Pb, Cd and As are main heavy metal elements in tobacco leaves in China. Through the application of organic fertilizers in the tobacco area of Pu'er City, the effects on tobacco growth and heavy metal contents were...Pb, Cd and As are main heavy metal elements in tobacco leaves in China. Through the application of organic fertilizers in the tobacco area of Pu'er City, the effects on tobacco growth and heavy metal contents were investigated. The results showed that the tobacco plants in the treatments applied with organic fertilizers as the base fertilizer grew at a lower rate and had relatively smaller stem girth and leaf number than the treatment applied with the compound fertilizer special for tobacco in early growth period, and the differences between various treatments were not significant. After applying the organic fertilizers, they had a positive effect in reducing heavy metal contents of flue-cured tobacco, and the effect of applying oil cake was better, followed by the treatment of chicken manure plus oil cake. The sole application of chicken manure had a certain effect on the control of Hg, As and Pb, but the Cd content increased. For the areas with high heavy metal levels, the selection of appropriate organic fertilizers has a practical significance to the reduction of heavy metal contents in tobacco leaves.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve acidic soil and enhance the quality of tobacco leaves.[Methods]The effects of different microbial fertilizers on improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaf ...[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve acidic soil and enhance the quality of tobacco leaves.[Methods]The effects of different microbial fertilizers on improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaf quality were investigated through plot experiments.[Results]The application of microbial fertilizers could improve the pH value of acidic soil,and composite microbial agent A showed the best application effect.The application of bio-organic fertilizer was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent A was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in acidic soil,and could promote the growth of tobacco plants and improve the economic traits of flue-cured tobacco and the coordination of chemical components in tobacco leaves.The application of composite microbial agent B led to a downward trend in the content of available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent B could promote the absorption of nutrients by tobacco plants,and improve their disease resistance and the quality of tobacco leaves.Due to the differences in functional microorganisms contained,the application effects of different microbial fertilizers in improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and improving tobacco leaf quality varied.Overall,the application of microbial fertilizers could increase soil pH,activate soil nutrients,promote tobacco growth,enhance disease resistance,increase tobacco output value,and improve tobacco quality.Microbial fertilizers have good application prospects in improving acidic soil and improving tobacco quality.[Conclusions]The application of microbial fertilizers to improve acidic tobacco-planting soil can ensure the normal growth and development of tobacco plants and the improvement of tobacco leaf quality,achieving high-quality and sustainable development of Zhaotong tobacco.展开更多
Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity (BSP) is the production...Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity (BSP) is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr (1990-2011) long-term experimental data on black soil (Typic hapludoll) in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer (DSSAT)-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined: (1) no-fertilization control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); (3) NPK plus farmyard manure (NPKM); (4) 1.5 time of NPKM (1.5NPKM) and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value (in 1992), but not significant under NPK (26.9% increase) and the control (8.9% decrease). The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend (P〈0.05) under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers (I.5NPKM and NPKM) could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone (NPK) in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter (SOM) was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.展开更多
Under the CES production technology, an improved Cass Coopmans model with solvable endogenous fertility is given. We prove that there are multiple growth paths and multiple steady states when CES 0<σ<1 ...Under the CES production technology, an improved Cass Coopmans model with solvable endogenous fertility is given. We prove that there are multiple growth paths and multiple steady states when CES 0<σ<1 and the technology level is high enough; the growth path and the steady state is unique when σ>1 and the ratio of capital is smaller than a constant. So, the dynamic system which describes the model undergoes a bifurcation when σ=1 . We discuss the economic sense of the main results we give.展开更多
Based on the threshold panel data model,this paper analyzed the nonlinear relationship between chemical fertilizer input and grain output. At the provincial level,from the perspective of average and marginal net benef...Based on the threshold panel data model,this paper analyzed the nonlinear relationship between chemical fertilizer input and grain output. At the provincial level,from the perspective of average and marginal net benefits,it compared the effects of chemical fertilizer input on farmers' income. It reached the conclusion that the chemical fertilizer input efficiency has deviated from the optimal level. Thus,only by increasing the marginal productivity of chemical fertilizers,may it be able to increase farmers' income.展开更多
The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive ca...The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P〈0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha^(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha^(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.展开更多
The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were anal...The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.展开更多
In recent years, the understanding of human health has progressed considerably, through the study and understanding of the symbiotic role played by the myriad microorganisms that populate the gut and do the digesting,...In recent years, the understanding of human health has progressed considerably, through the study and understanding of the symbiotic role played by the myriad microorganisms that populate the gut and do the digesting, and populate the skin and keep it healthy, and even populate the lining of the lungs and do the same. In plant life, it is the microorganisms in the soil—which “are” the soil’s fertility—which fulfil a similar symbiotic role in a healthy plant’s life, but as yet this is a subject most visible by its absence from all scientific discussion of good farming practice. The science underlying this understanding is summarised in this paper. Understanding this and nurturing the fertility of impoverished soil by “seeding it” with the appropriate mix of microorganisms is transformational for plant health and productivity. Significant results are indicated from early trial examples of doing this in rice, oil palm and tobacco cultivation in Malaysia.展开更多
[Objectives]To optimize the fertilization technology of flue-cured tobacco Cuibi-1.[Methods]From 2015 to 2016,the experiment of spraying Saikun multi-trace element water-soluble fertilizer was carried out.[Results]7 d...[Objectives]To optimize the fertilization technology of flue-cured tobacco Cuibi-1.[Methods]From 2015 to 2016,the experiment of spraying Saikun multi-trace element water-soluble fertilizer was carried out.[Results]7 d and 14 d after transplanting tobacco seedlings,3750 mL/ha,300 times diluted Sakun multi-trace element aqueous solution was sprayed,the growth period of Cuibi-1 in the field was extended by 3-5 d.The incidence of mosaic disease at the rosette stage and granuville wilt at the foot leaf harvesting and curing stage decreased by 4.50-20.85 kg/ha,the yield increased by 67.8-68.7 kg/ha,the proportion of high-quality tobacco increased by 1.29-3.01 percentage points,and the output value increased by 2692.5-3441 yuan/ha,the sensory smoking quality has improved.[Conclusions]Increasing the application of multiple trace elements can increase the economic benefit and industrial use value of tobacco leaf production of Cuibi-1.展开更多
Based on the investigation of the amount of labor used in each production link of flue-cured tobacco planting in Liuyang since 1989,and through the analysis of the changes of labor-related factors,it is concluded that...Based on the investigation of the amount of labor used in each production link of flue-cured tobacco planting in Liuyang since 1989,and through the analysis of the changes of labor-related factors,it is concluded that the amount of labor used in tobacco planting in Liuyang experienced a significant increase and relatively stable stage in the early 1990s,and it has been declining continuously since the beginning of the 21st century;the change of flue-cured tobacco planting technology mode,as well as mechanized,large-scale and specialized production are the main factors that affect the change of the amount of labor used in flue-cured tobacco planting in Liuyang.Based on the method of changing the technical model to reduce amount of labor used,the types of labor used for planting of flue-cured tobacco can be divided into the following types:reducing the amount of labor by technical methods;reducing the amount of labor by making use of weather;reducing the amount of labor by using drugs;reducing the amount of labor used at the cost of reducing the technical implementation standards of a certain production link.The change of labor used in flue-cured tobacco planting is not only related to the cost and price factors,but also related to the profound social and economic background.In the future,reducing labor and cost is the trend of flue-cured tobacco production,and mechanization,large-scale and specialized production are the main development direction of flue-cured tobacco production,but under the condition that flue-cured tobacco production is still dominated by manual operation,maintaining a certain amount of labor is still the basis for maintaining high quality of flue-cured tobacco planting at present.展开更多
在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有...在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有重要的意义。施肥作为促进作物生长的一种方式,合理施肥也可以提高退化草地的NPP。基于此,本研究拟以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的4种草地类型:高山草甸(AM)、中山森林草甸(MMFM)、低山干草原(LMDG)和平原荒漠草原(PDG)为研究对象,基于反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)分析该区典型草地生态系统净初级生产力对施加不同氮肥的响应,并揭示施肥阈值及最优施肥方式。结果表明:1)适度氮肥添加促进了各个类型草地生态系统NPP的增长,但草地NPP对施肥量的响应存在阈值,且不存在适用于4种草地类型的统一最优施肥方式。LMDG草地生态系统对施氮肥的响应最敏感。2)PDG草地NPP达到最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加100 kg·hm^(-2)硝酸盐,NPP的最大值为68.72 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。LMDG草地NPP最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加尿素260 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为263.28 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。MMFM草地生态系统达到NPP最大的施肥方式为一年一次施尿素80 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为171.22 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。无水氨作为在AM草地中反应最好的氮肥,以最小的施肥量(60 kg·hm^(-2))达到了NPP的最大值(114.62 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。3)通过蒙特卡洛不确定分析的结果显示,施肥时间对PDG和LMDG的影响更为明显,施肥量波动对LMDG和MMFM的影响较其他两种草地更为明显。展开更多
The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient s...The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient supply and promote sustainable and healthy development of tobacco production,this paper comprehensively discussed conservation and improvement techniques of tobacco-growing soil based on existing problems in Zhaoyang District,aiming to provide reference for tobacco-growing soil conservation.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Company of China National Tobacco Corporation(2020530000241022).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.
基金Supported by Hongyun Honghe Tobacco(Group)Science and Technology Project(HYHH2013YL01)Tea Science Discipline Practical Training Base Construction Project of Institute of Agricultural and Garden Technology,Pu'er University
文摘Pb, Cd and As are main heavy metal elements in tobacco leaves in China. Through the application of organic fertilizers in the tobacco area of Pu'er City, the effects on tobacco growth and heavy metal contents were investigated. The results showed that the tobacco plants in the treatments applied with organic fertilizers as the base fertilizer grew at a lower rate and had relatively smaller stem girth and leaf number than the treatment applied with the compound fertilizer special for tobacco in early growth period, and the differences between various treatments were not significant. After applying the organic fertilizers, they had a positive effect in reducing heavy metal contents of flue-cured tobacco, and the effect of applying oil cake was better, followed by the treatment of chicken manure plus oil cake. The sole application of chicken manure had a certain effect on the control of Hg, As and Pb, but the Cd content increased. For the areas with high heavy metal levels, the selection of appropriate organic fertilizers has a practical significance to the reduction of heavy metal contents in tobacco leaves.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program Major Project of Yunnan Branch,China National Tobacco Corporation(2020530000241022)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve acidic soil and enhance the quality of tobacco leaves.[Methods]The effects of different microbial fertilizers on improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaf quality were investigated through plot experiments.[Results]The application of microbial fertilizers could improve the pH value of acidic soil,and composite microbial agent A showed the best application effect.The application of bio-organic fertilizer was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent A was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in acidic soil,and could promote the growth of tobacco plants and improve the economic traits of flue-cured tobacco and the coordination of chemical components in tobacco leaves.The application of composite microbial agent B led to a downward trend in the content of available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent B could promote the absorption of nutrients by tobacco plants,and improve their disease resistance and the quality of tobacco leaves.Due to the differences in functional microorganisms contained,the application effects of different microbial fertilizers in improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and improving tobacco leaf quality varied.Overall,the application of microbial fertilizers could increase soil pH,activate soil nutrients,promote tobacco growth,enhance disease resistance,increase tobacco output value,and improve tobacco quality.Microbial fertilizers have good application prospects in improving acidic soil and improving tobacco quality.[Conclusions]The application of microbial fertilizers to improve acidic tobacco-planting soil can ensure the normal growth and development of tobacco plants and the improvement of tobacco leaf quality,achieving high-quality and sustainable development of Zhaotong tobacco.
基金supported by the National 973 Program of China (2011CB100501)the National 863 Program of China(2013AA102901)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203077)the Science and Technology Project for Grain Production, China (2011BAD16B15)
文摘Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity (BSP) is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr (1990-2011) long-term experimental data on black soil (Typic hapludoll) in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer (DSSAT)-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined: (1) no-fertilization control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); (3) NPK plus farmyard manure (NPKM); (4) 1.5 time of NPKM (1.5NPKM) and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value (in 1992), but not significant under NPK (26.9% increase) and the control (8.9% decrease). The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend (P〈0.05) under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers (I.5NPKM and NPKM) could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone (NPK) in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter (SOM) was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.
文摘Under the CES production technology, an improved Cass Coopmans model with solvable endogenous fertility is given. We prove that there are multiple growth paths and multiple steady states when CES 0<σ<1 and the technology level is high enough; the growth path and the steady state is unique when σ>1 and the ratio of capital is smaller than a constant. So, the dynamic system which describes the model undergoes a bifurcation when σ=1 . We discuss the economic sense of the main results we give.
文摘Based on the threshold panel data model,this paper analyzed the nonlinear relationship between chemical fertilizer input and grain output. At the provincial level,from the perspective of average and marginal net benefits,it compared the effects of chemical fertilizer input on farmers' income. It reached the conclusion that the chemical fertilizer input efficiency has deviated from the optimal level. Thus,only by increasing the marginal productivity of chemical fertilizers,may it be able to increase farmers' income.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2011CB100501)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2015BAD22B03)+1 种基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(2013AA102901)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201203077)
文摘The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P〈0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha^(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha^(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.
基金Supported by Yunnan Tobacco Company Project(2015YN19,2014YN25)
文摘The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.
文摘In recent years, the understanding of human health has progressed considerably, through the study and understanding of the symbiotic role played by the myriad microorganisms that populate the gut and do the digesting, and populate the skin and keep it healthy, and even populate the lining of the lungs and do the same. In plant life, it is the microorganisms in the soil—which “are” the soil’s fertility—which fulfil a similar symbiotic role in a healthy plant’s life, but as yet this is a subject most visible by its absence from all scientific discussion of good farming practice. The science underlying this understanding is summarised in this paper. Understanding this and nurturing the fertility of impoverished soil by “seeding it” with the appropriate mix of microorganisms is transformational for plant health and productivity. Significant results are indicated from early trial examples of doing this in rice, oil palm and tobacco cultivation in Malaysia.
基金Science and Technology Project of China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co.,Ltd.(FJZYKJJH 2018014)Management Project of Project of China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co.,Ltd.(FJZY2019ZNJC016)。
文摘[Objectives]To optimize the fertilization technology of flue-cured tobacco Cuibi-1.[Methods]From 2015 to 2016,the experiment of spraying Saikun multi-trace element water-soluble fertilizer was carried out.[Results]7 d and 14 d after transplanting tobacco seedlings,3750 mL/ha,300 times diluted Sakun multi-trace element aqueous solution was sprayed,the growth period of Cuibi-1 in the field was extended by 3-5 d.The incidence of mosaic disease at the rosette stage and granuville wilt at the foot leaf harvesting and curing stage decreased by 4.50-20.85 kg/ha,the yield increased by 67.8-68.7 kg/ha,the proportion of high-quality tobacco increased by 1.29-3.01 percentage points,and the output value increased by 2692.5-3441 yuan/ha,the sensory smoking quality has improved.[Conclusions]Increasing the application of multiple trace elements can increase the economic benefit and industrial use value of tobacco leaf production of Cuibi-1.
文摘Based on the investigation of the amount of labor used in each production link of flue-cured tobacco planting in Liuyang since 1989,and through the analysis of the changes of labor-related factors,it is concluded that the amount of labor used in tobacco planting in Liuyang experienced a significant increase and relatively stable stage in the early 1990s,and it has been declining continuously since the beginning of the 21st century;the change of flue-cured tobacco planting technology mode,as well as mechanized,large-scale and specialized production are the main factors that affect the change of the amount of labor used in flue-cured tobacco planting in Liuyang.Based on the method of changing the technical model to reduce amount of labor used,the types of labor used for planting of flue-cured tobacco can be divided into the following types:reducing the amount of labor by technical methods;reducing the amount of labor by making use of weather;reducing the amount of labor by using drugs;reducing the amount of labor used at the cost of reducing the technical implementation standards of a certain production link.The change of labor used in flue-cured tobacco planting is not only related to the cost and price factors,but also related to the profound social and economic background.In the future,reducing labor and cost is the trend of flue-cured tobacco production,and mechanization,large-scale and specialized production are the main development direction of flue-cured tobacco production,but under the condition that flue-cured tobacco production is still dominated by manual operation,maintaining a certain amount of labor is still the basis for maintaining high quality of flue-cured tobacco planting at present.
文摘在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有重要的意义。施肥作为促进作物生长的一种方式,合理施肥也可以提高退化草地的NPP。基于此,本研究拟以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的4种草地类型:高山草甸(AM)、中山森林草甸(MMFM)、低山干草原(LMDG)和平原荒漠草原(PDG)为研究对象,基于反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)分析该区典型草地生态系统净初级生产力对施加不同氮肥的响应,并揭示施肥阈值及最优施肥方式。结果表明:1)适度氮肥添加促进了各个类型草地生态系统NPP的增长,但草地NPP对施肥量的响应存在阈值,且不存在适用于4种草地类型的统一最优施肥方式。LMDG草地生态系统对施氮肥的响应最敏感。2)PDG草地NPP达到最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加100 kg·hm^(-2)硝酸盐,NPP的最大值为68.72 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。LMDG草地NPP最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加尿素260 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为263.28 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。MMFM草地生态系统达到NPP最大的施肥方式为一年一次施尿素80 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为171.22 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。无水氨作为在AM草地中反应最好的氮肥,以最小的施肥量(60 kg·hm^(-2))达到了NPP的最大值(114.62 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。3)通过蒙特卡洛不确定分析的结果显示,施肥时间对PDG和LMDG的影响更为明显,施肥量波动对LMDG和MMFM的影响较其他两种草地更为明显。
基金Supported by Key Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Company of China National Tobacco Corporation (2020530000241022)General Science and Technology Program of Zhaotong Company of Yunnan Tobacco Company (ZT20235301001).
文摘The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient supply and promote sustainable and healthy development of tobacco production,this paper comprehensively discussed conservation and improvement techniques of tobacco-growing soil based on existing problems in Zhaoyang District,aiming to provide reference for tobacco-growing soil conservation.