Physical simulation of fluid flow and production performance in extra-low permeability porous media

For extra-low permeability reservoirs, with a permeability of about 0.3×10?3 μm2, fluid flow and production performance in cores were studied. A long core holder with a multi-location piezometric measurement was specially designed. An artificial long core, about 700 mm long and with a cross section of 45mm×45mm, was used. In the experiment, pressure distribution along the core can be measured in real time. Single phase flow in the core was investigated. Different modes of production in long cores were also simulated including natural depletion, water flooding, and advanced water flooding. Through physical simulation, flow parameters were collected and production characteristics in extra-low permeability cores were studied. From experimental results, it can be seen that fluid flow in extra-low permeability cores is different from that in high permeability cores. Transmission of pressure in extra-low permeability cores is very slow, and it needs a long time for the pressure to become stable. The distribution curve of pressure along the core is nonlinear and the production rate in extra-low permeability reservoirs decreases sharply. The development effects of different production modes in extra-low permeability cores were compared with one another. Among the production modes, advanced water flooding has much potential for effective development of extra-low permeability reservoirs. Natural depletion and conventional water flooding can also be used in early production periods. In addition, the countermeasures and some ideas especially for the potential development of extra-low permeability reservoirs are suggested.

Assortment of Deep Mantle Fluids and Their Products in Kimberlites from China

Based on studies of petrography, mineralogy and mineral chemistry, deep mantle fluids and their products in kimberlites and diamonds can be assorted into the ultradeep fluid-transmitted minerals with an oxygen-free feature, the deep fluid metasomatized-minerals characterized by enrichment in TiO2, K2O, BaO, REE and Fe3+, and the deep fluid-reformed minerals. The three types show a successive descent in fluid origin depth and metasomatism strength, and they have brought forth a series of corresponding metasomatic products.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a novel bioreactor forsophorolipid production

This paper describes three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations of gas–liquid flow in a novel laboratory-scale bioreactor contained dual ventilation-pipe and double sieve-plate bioreactor(DVDSB)used for sophorolipid(SL) production. To evaluate the role of hydrodynamics in reactor design, the comparisons between conventional fed-batch fermenter and DVDSB on the hydrodynamic behavior are predicted by the CFD methods. Important hydrodynamic parameters of the gas–liquid two-phase system such as the liquid phase velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy and volume-averaged overall and time-averaged local gas holdups were simulated and analyzed in detail. The numerical results were also validated by experimental measurements of overall gas holdups. The yield of sophorolipids was significantly improved to 484 g·L^(-1)with a 320 h fermentation period in the new reactor.

The VEGF production by dedifferentiated chondrocytes under synovial fluid stimulation from coxarthrosis and femoral neck fracture patients

Objective To investigate the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)expression level by chondrocytes isolated from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in hip or femoral neck fracture (FNF) and explore the effect of synovial fluid from OA

稠油开采中多元热复合流体相态的研究进展

稠油的储量远超常规石油的储量,但因稠油黏度大和密度大的特点而难以开采,高效经济开发稠油已成为石油领域的研究重点。热复合开采技术是目前高效开发稠油油藏的关键技术,其中多元热复合流体的相态特征是稠油油藏开采流程设计与评价的关键。为此,从热复合开采技术中的混合气体系和稠油-气体系2个方面,系统地阐述了多元热复合流体相态的实验和理论研究现状。对于混合气体系相态,多采用静态法进行实验测试,使用状态方程结合混合规则进行理论预测,CO_(2),N_(2),H_(2)O和CH_(4)等常见气体分子组成的二元体系的相态测试趋于成熟,但缺少多元体系的测试数据与预测模型;对于稠油-气体系相态,总结了一般性实验流程与近年实验结果,提出一种加速油气相平衡的新型实验装置构想,指出目前理论预测在气体种类、注气量、气体扩散模型、二元相互作用系数等方面的不足。进而对多元热复合流体相态研究提出展望,以期促进热复合开采技术进一步的机理研究与参数优化。

低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井技术应用

产液剖面测试找水是了解生产层段产液状况,为油藏动态调整提供依据的重要手段,是油田开发的一项主要工作。针对低渗透油藏水平井单井产液低,常规产液剖面测试技术准确性差及分段生产测试效率低的问题,提出采用2 in^(*)预置式穿芯连续油管带测井仪器入井测试,通过氮气气举井筒排液,连续油管拖动井下测井仪器连续监测为核心的快速找水新方法。设计了制氮车+油管悬挂器+3½in普通油管+喇叭口的负压生产管柱,以及2 in穿芯连续油管+卡瓦连接器+测井连接工具串+测井仪器串的测试管柱,研制了连续油管测井连接工具、电滑环滚筒电缆密封固定器和FIT测井仪器等关键配套装置,形成了低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井快速找水技术。开展了6口井现场先导试验,试验过程中,井下测试信号无交流电干扰,保证了实时数据传输优势,真正做到了井下监测与地面实时可读同步。该技术可实现1天测试1口井,为定量快速解释低液量水平井产液分布状况提供了新的技术手段。

Application of Fluid Phase Recovery Method in the Early Development of BZ26-6 Volatile Oil Field in Bohai Sea

BZ26-6 Oilfield is a kind of deep metamorphic rock buried-hill volatile oilfield in Bohai Sea, China. Its early development plan is restricted due to the simultaneous production of oil and gas in large sections of reservoirs, unclear understanding of formation fluid properties and uncertainty of gas-oil interface. Through theoretical research on phase recovery and experimental analysis of crude oil phase characteristics in the original formation, characteristic parameters of the equilibrium condensate gas fluid are restored and calculated. Through the superimposed phase diagram of volatile oil and condensate gas, BZ26-6 Oilfield is determined to be a volatile oil reservoir with a condensate gas cap, with formation pressure and saturation pressure of 36.1 MPa, respectively. Based on the research results of oil-gas phase behavior characteristics, the thermodynamic equations and equation of state are jointly used to solve the problem, and the content change curves of each component at different depths are drawn. Combined with the sensitivity analysis of numerical simulation, the gas-oil interface is determined to be -3726 m above sea level. The fluid phase analysis software, Fluidmodeler, is used to simulate volatile oil degassing and condensate gas separation experiments. In combination with oil and gas production data obtained through the production test, the specific oil recovery index and the specific gas recovery index are determined to be 0.408 m3/(MPa·d·m) and 1195 m3/(MPa·d·m), respectively. And the reasonable production capacity prediction is conducted on the early development of BZ26-6 Oilfield. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of similar complex oil and gas reservoirs.

旅大特稠油储层新型完井液体系的构建与评价

旅大A油田是一个埋藏浅、油质稠、储量大的典型重质特超稠油油藏,热采开发是其有效的开发方式。稠油油藏在储层物性、流体性质及开采工艺方面与常规油藏存在较大差异,现有常规水基完井液体系无法满足需求。针对该油田稠油热采工艺,充分考虑稠油油藏储层特性、稠油预防乳化增稠和降黏促排的新需求,开展新型完井液体系的构建。通过抑制性、降黏助排性、配伍性及热采高温环境下储层保护效果的评价,建立起适用于稠油的新型有机胺完井液体系。该体系在提升稠油热采井开发储层保护效果的同时,降低完井液综合成本,为渤海油田稠油开发提质增效提供有力保障。

水合物模拟装置优化及热力学抑制剂性能研究

为了解决钻井过程中抑制生成的水合物对井筒造成堵塞问题,对天然气水合物生成及评价模拟装置釜内搅拌杆结构及其内部封头进行了重新设计和改进,在此基础上研究了淡水及模拟海水中水合物生成规律,并对比分析了NaCl、MgCl_(2)和Al_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)三种热力学抑制剂对水合物生成的抑制效果。研究结果表明,相比于其他类型的实验装置,具有可视化功能的双反应釜体系,可以同时模拟温度相同时不同液体和压力下水合物生成实验。当热力学抑制剂质量分数为12%时,NaCl产生的离子可以优先与水分子结合,并产生强大的破坏作用,有利于水合物分解,对水合物生成的抑制效果最佳。在温度、初始压力和搅拌速度相同时,改变三种热力学抑制剂的质量分数,分析水合物生成过程中的压降与水合物生成量,1%的MgCl_(2)、10%的Al_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)和20%NaCl对水合物生成的抑制效果最好。研究成果对认识不同基液中水合物生成、热力学抑制剂的抑制规律具有一定借鉴意义,同时为配制更安全的钻井液体系提供思路。

人类辅助生殖技术用液中铵离子含量影响因素分析

目的为人类辅助生殖技术(ART)用液产品中铵离子含量的控制及储存条件提供参考。方法选择市场上6个厂家17批不同作用的ART用液,使用离子色谱法测定铵离子含量,并分析储存温度和储存时间对铵离子含量的影响。结果货架有效期内,冷冻液套装、解冻液套装、培养液、处理液中铵离子含量分别为0.89~3.34µg/mL,0.88~4.68µg/mL,0.75~1.45µg/mL,0.38~3.89µg/mL。胚胎培养液中铵离子含量,37℃储存时30 d内从0.9µg/mL升至3.1µg/mL,4℃储存时240 d内从0.6µg/mL升至1.7µg/mL。结论不同作用ART用液中铵离子含量存在差异,且与产品的储存温度、储存时间呈正相关。在进行货架有效期制订时,应考虑产品中铵离子含量。

基于数据挖掘探讨中药治疗妊娠恶阻的用药规律

目的:借助于中医传承辅助平台系统(V2.5)与数据挖掘技术,探讨现代临床研究文献中,中药治疗妊娠恶阻的用药规律,为临床实践诊疗提供理论依据。方法:检索中文数据库中临床研究文献,提取文献数据,建立数据库,通过中医传承辅助平台系统(V2.5)对用药进行频次统计、关联规则分析、聚类分析等。结果:本研究共纳入文献121篇,纳入处方139首,涉及中药99味;平均使用频次为12.22次,使用频次≥13次的中药有22味,前5味中药分别是半夏、陈皮、甘草、竹茹、白术;使用中药四气顺序为:温性、寒性、平性、凉性、热性;五味顺序为:甘、辛、苦、酸、涩、咸;归经顺序为:脾经、胃经、肺经、心经、肾经、肝经、大肠经、胆经、小肠经和三焦经。通过关联规则对组方规律进行分析,得出常见药对及药物组合,其中核心药物组合为“半夏,陈皮,甘草”;通过复杂系统熵层次聚类分析得出潜在核心药物组合16个(8组),在此基础上进行无监督的熵层次聚类分析得出潜在新方组合8个。结论:治疗妊娠恶阻的高频中药多以补虚、化痰、理气、化湿药为主,且多具有止呕、保护胃黏膜、调节肠道菌群、调节胃肠道功能等作用;核心药物组合及潜在新方多以健脾益气、清热泻火、化痰行滞、养阴生津安胎为主。

用于^(211)At生产的高功率金属Bi靶热效应模拟

为提高用于医用同位素^(211)At生产的金属Bi靶在高束流功率作用下的可靠性与使役寿命,对多种束流均匀化方法进行了模拟与对比,利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法模拟分析了在wobbler磁铁作用下强度为500 eμA的α束流轰击Bi靶产生的热效应,为靶系统的设计和寿命的延长提供了关键技术支撑。结果表明,通过扫描实现束流均匀化可大幅降低靶上的最大热功率密度;在靶前采用wobbler磁铁对束流进行周期性圆扫描可有效降低Bi靶的表面温度。当扫描频率为50 Hz时,Bi靶最高温度为189.8℃,低于其熔点(271.3℃),能够满足Bi靶在此高功率束流照射下安全运行的温度要求。

蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱流场优化设计及仿真

农产品的烫漂与干燥是农产品加工的关键技术。农产品蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱是集烫漂与干燥一体的新型农产品绿色保质低碳智能干燥技术装备。农产品蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱内部流场均匀性直接影响着农产品烫漂与干燥效果。为提高其内部速度均匀性与温湿度均匀性,同时减少冷凝现象发生,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法建立蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱模型,对其送风方式和送风口数量进行研究。结果表明:侧送侧回的送风方式在速度场以及温湿度场的均匀性总体优于上送下回,能量利用系数提高约18%,箱内壁面冷凝面积小于上送下回。仿真研究表明,当送风口数量为4个时,箱内的温度场和相对湿度场均匀性更好,能量利用系数最高。试验表明,蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱的试验值和仿真值最大温度偏差为2.3℃,相对湿度误差不超过1.3%,误差在合理范围内,仿真结果可靠,研究结果可为农产品低碳智能干燥新技术的研究提供参考。

高活性方形氧化铅与可视化电解槽协同促进电催化臭氧生产

臭氧是一种环境友好型氧化剂,可直接用于消毒、杀菌和废水处理,对于维护和促进公共卫生安全至关重要.由于臭氧容易分解,不利于储存,因此需要现制即用.目前臭氧生成技术主要包括:电晕放电法和电催化臭氧生产(EOP)技术.相较于电晕放电法,EOP是一种本质安全的臭氧生产技术.然而,该工艺相较于电晕放电技术电能消耗量大,为了使其更具商业可行性,有必要开发高活性且低成本的电催化剂.此外,合理的电解槽设计对于实现高效EOP过程也至关重要.然而,目前研究主要集中在提高EOP催化剂活性方面,对电解槽的结构设计优化的关注较少.本文通过开发高效电催化剂进而将其应用于结构优化后的电解槽中,实现了更加高效的EOP过程.本文采用水热方法成功制备了一种具有较高EOP活性的方形氧化铅(PbO_(x)-CTAB-120)电催化剂.在标准三电极测试系统中,电流密度为50 mA cm^(-2)的测试条件下,法拉第效率(FE)可达20.7%,与商用β-PbO_(2)(17.1%)相比提高了21.1%.此外,设计了具有平行流场的可视化EOP电解槽,该可视化电解槽在传质和传热方面具有明显优势,有利于实现更加高效的EOP过程.将催化剂PbO_(x)-CTAB-120组装至可视化电解槽中,在1.0 A cm^(-2)的测试电流密度下,电解液为超纯水,该体系气态臭氧产量可以达到588 mg h^(-1)g^(-1)catalyst,比能量消耗(PEOP)为56 Wh g^(-1)gaseous ozone.体系臭氧产量约为商用β-PbO_(2)在传统电解槽中产量的2倍,并且PEOP降低率超过62%.原位18O同位素标记差分电化学质谱和密度泛函理论计算结果表明,PbO_(x)-CTAB-120电催化剂在EOP过程中遵循晶格氧机理路径,晶格氧迁移产生的氧空位能有效稳定OOH^(*)和O_(2)^(*)反应中间体,因此有利于催化剂在EOP过程中保持较好的反应活性和稳定性.同时,还利用先进的高速摄像可视化工具和计算流体力学(CFD)仿真模拟研究了平行流场EOP电解槽的运行过程和高效传质传热的原理.CFD模拟结果表明,与传统流场模型相比,平行流场对应的出口气泡停留时间更长,说明平行流场更有利于产物气泡从出口逸出,即气泡容易快速扩散,与实验结果一致.因此,PbO_(x)-CTAB-120电催化剂与新型可视化电解槽相结合,有助于在超纯水中实现较好的气态臭氧产率和较低比能耗.此外,二者的结合充分发挥了电催化剂的EOP活性和电解槽的传质特性所带来的优势,实现了反应性和传输性的协同增强,从而极大促进了原位有机污染物降解效率.综上所述,本文在制备高效阳极催化剂的基础上,同时利用优化电解槽结构实现了提升臭氧产率和降低过程能耗,为高活性电催化剂与优化的电解槽耦合以实现高效EOP过程及其有效应用提供参考.

超临界流体萃取-液相色谱/质谱法测定成人服装中的偶氮染料及其分解产物

偶氮染料作为一种广泛使用的合成染料,在环境中的稳定性和生物降解性较差,会在服装使用和废弃过程中释放出有毒的分解产物,对环境和人体健康造成潜在风险。使用超临界流体萃取-液相色谱/质谱法测定成人服装中的偶氮染料及其分解产物,有利于评估其生态和健康风险,可以提出针对性的环境保护策略,为纺织行业的可持续发展和环境保护提供参考。

基于测井曲线考虑纵向级差的海上重质油油藏产能预测新方法

针对重质油油藏定向井多层合采的设计产能与实际误差较大的问题,以南海东部PY10-2油田为例,开展了重质油油藏渗流特征合理表征研究,为更精细表征该类油藏纵向强非均质性,基于测井曲线考虑纵向级差,建立了综合考虑重质油幂律流体、纵向非均质性、启动压力和应力敏感多因素影响的产能模型及评价方法,在实际油田产能评价方面取得较好的效果。研究结果表明:该预测模型与传统方法相比预测精度得到较大提高,预测的产能平均误差小于10.0%;随幂律指数减小,定向井产能将会降低;井底流压降低,幂律指数对产能的影响程度增大;定向井生产压差增大,采油指数增幅减小。该研究对于海上同类油藏合理产能评价具有重要意义。

流体产出特征评价方法预测高阶煤储层产能

郑庄区块开发效果整体较差,主因是开发技术不适应煤储层特征,煤储层综合评价是开发技术政策确立的基础。研究了煤储层地质开发特征,解剖了煤层气产出机理,提出了可驱动性、流动性和储层可改造性是决定单井产量的主要因素。采用层次分析法对储层进行了综合评价,建立了三类储层模型。结果表明:流体产出的驱动能力主要取决于含气饱和度,含气饱和度越高,可驱动性越强;可流动性取决于煤岩孔裂隙发育特征;可改造性取决于煤体结构发育程度和地应力大小。在内生裂隙不发育区,合理缩短压裂段间距,多簇多段大规模改造,实现缝网改造;在外生裂隙不发育区,采用水平井大排量体积改造,构建人工复杂缝网,可实现最大控储。该研究为煤储层评价及实现高效开发提供了一种新方法。

深层页岩气井压窜特征与产能维护对策——以四川盆地泸203井区北部为例

中国页岩气勘探开发已经进入产业化、规模化的新阶段,随着页岩气钻井平台井部署数量的逐步增多,页岩气水平井压裂施工规模的逐步增大,压裂施工过程中普遍存在新井压裂时压裂液窜入老井的问题。四川盆地泸州地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层天然裂缝发育程度高,压窜频率显著高于一般页岩气区块,严重制约了该地区深层页岩气规模效益开发。为实现该地区页岩气压窜井的有效治理,总结了泸203井区页岩气井压窜特征,建立了考虑压窜的页岩气藏物质平衡方程及压裂液侵入量计算方法,并在此基础上开展了一系列压窜井排液复产与产能维护现场试验。研究结果表明:①泸203井区具有压窜距离复杂、压窜路径复杂、压力变化复杂三大特征;②压裂液侵入量可反映压窜严重程度,侵入量越大,页岩气井复产越困难;③提出了“包围歼灭,近排远采”的区域整体排液复产对策,现场应用效果显著,复产后区域产气量总体恢复至压窜前水平。结论认为,建立的压裂液侵入量计算方法和整体排液复产对策可为深层页岩气压窜井有效治理提供指导,并为同类型页岩气藏的产能维护提供参考和借鉴。

An Energy Production System Powered by Solar Heat with Biogas Dry Reforming Reactor and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

In this paper, an energy system consisting of solar collector, biogas dry reforming reactor and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been proposed. The heat produced from the concentrating solar collector is used to drive a biogas dry reforming reactor in order to produce H2 as a fuel for SOFC, in such as system. The aim of this study is to clarify the impact of climate data on the performance of solar collector with various sizes/designs. The temperature of heat transfer fluid produced by the solar collector is calculated by adopting the climate data for Nagoya city in Japan in 2021. The amount of H2 produced from the biogas dry reforming reactor and the power generated by SOFC were simulated. The results show the temperature of heat transfer fluid (Tfb) and Tfb ratio (a) based on the length of absorber (dx) = 1 m have a peak near the noon following the trend of solar intensity (I). Results also revealed that a increases with increase in dx. It is found that the differences of Tfb and a between dx = 2 m and dx = 3 m are larger than those between dx = 1 m and dx = 2 m. It is revealed that Tfb and a are higher in spring and summer. dx = 4 m is the optimum length of solar absorber. The amount of H2 produced from the biogas dry reforming reactor as well as the power generated by SOFC is the highest in August, resulting that it is prefer to produce H2 and to generate SOFC in summer.

无水改性乙二醇基速溶压裂液研制及应用

吉兰泰油田JH2断块具有黏土含量高、储层胶结疏松等特点,属于强水敏储层,传统水基压裂液易造成储层水敏,不满足该类储层压裂改造需求。基于无水醇基压裂液的增产优势,对传统水基压裂进行改性,研制出一套无水改性乙二醇基速溶压裂液。室内对该压裂液的剪切稳定性、静态悬砂性、静态滤失性能、破胶性能及残渣含量进行评价,各项性能指标优异。现场对JH2X井应用无水改性乙二醇基速溶压裂液进行两段压裂,共计入井总液量463.1 m^(3),总砂量50 m^(3),压后关井1 d,开井返排2 h见油花,测试产量33.5 t/d,首月累产油突破1000 t,增产效果明显。该压裂液有效解决了强水敏储层增产改造难题,对同类储层压裂增产具有很好的借鉴意义。