A two-phase type-curve method with multiscale fluid transport mechanisms in hydraulically fractured shale reservoirs

The quantitative understanding of hydraulic fracture(HF)properties guides accurate production forecasts and reserve estimation.Type curve is a powerful technique to characterize HF and reservoir properties from flowback and long-term production data.However,two-phase flow of water and hydrocarbon after an HF stimulation together with the complex transport mechanisms in shale nanopores exacerbate the nonlinearity of the transport equation,causing errors in type-curve analysis.Accordingly,we propose a new two-phase type-curve method to estimate HF properties,such as HF volume and permeability of fracture,through the analysis of flowback data of multi-fractured shale wells.The proposed type curve is based on a semianalytical solution that couples the two-phase flow from the matrix with the flow in HF by incorporating matrix influx,slippage effect,stress dependence,and the spatial variation of fluid properties in inorganic and organic pores.For the first time,multiple fluid transport mechanisms are considered into two-phase type-curve analysis for shale reservoirs.We analyze the flowback data from a multi-fractured horizontal well in a shale gas reservoir to verify the field application of the proposed method.The results show that the fracture properties calculated by the type-curve method are in good agreement with the long-time production data.

Dynamic fluid transport property of hydraulic fractures and its evaluation using acoustic logging

The existing acoustic logging methods for evaluating the hydraulic fracturing effectiveness usually use the fracture density to evaluate the fracture volume, and the results often cannot accurately reflect the actual productivity. This paper studies the dynamic fluid flow through hydraulic fractures and its effect on borehole acoustic waves. Firstly, based on the fractal characteristics of fractures observed in hydraulic fracturing experiments, a permeability model of complex fracture network is established. Combining the dynamic fluid flow response of the model with the Biot-Rosenbaum theory that describes the acoustic wave propagation in permeable formations, the influence of hydraulic fractures on the velocity dispersion of borehole Stoneley-wave is then calculated and analyzed, whereby a novel hydraulic fracture fluid transport property evaluation method is proposed. The results show that the Stoneley-wave velocity dispersion characteristics caused by complex fractures can be equivalent to those of the plane fracture model, provided that the average permeability of the complex fracture model is equal to the permeability of the plane fracture. In addition, for fractures under high-permeability(fracture width 10~100 μm, permeability ~100 μm^(2)) and reduced permeability(1~10 μm, ~10 μm^(2), as in fracture closure) conditions, the Stoneley-wave velocity dispersion characteristics are significantly different. The field application shows that this fluid transport property evaluation method is practical to assess the permeability and the connectivity of hydraulic fractures.

Imaging the Architecture of Mineral Systems and the Pathways of Ore-forming Fluids across Mongolia with Magnetotellurics

In the framework of a mineral system approach,a combination of components is required to develop a mineral system.This includes the whole-lithosphere architecture,which controls the transport of ore-forming fluids,and favorable tectonic and geodynamic processes,occurring at various spatial and temporal scales,that influence the genesis and evolution of ore-forming fluids(Huston et al.,2016;Groves et al.,2018;Davies et al.,2020).Knowledge of the deep structural framework can advance the understanding of the development of a mineral system and the emplacement of mineral deposits.Deep geophysical exploration carried out with this aim is increasingly important for targeting new ore deposits in unexplored and underexplored regions(Dentith et al.,2018;Dentith,2019).

An Optimised Surface Structure for Passive, Unidirectional Fluid Transport Bioinspired by True Bugs

Some true bug species use droplet-shaped,open-capillary structures for passive,unidirectional fluid transport on their body surface in order to spread a defensive fluid to protect themselves against enemies.In this paper we investigated if the shape of the structures found on bugs(bug-structure)could be optimised with regard to better performance in unidirectional fluid transportation.Furthermore,to use this kind of surface structure in technical applications where fluid surface interaction occurs,it is necessary to adapt the structure geometry to the contact angle between fluid and surface.Based on the principal of operation of the droplet-shaped structures,we optimised the structure shape for better performance in targeted fluid flow and increase in flexibility in design of the structure geometry.To adapt the structure geometry and the structure spacing to the contact angle,we implemented an equilibrium simulation of the,the structure surrounding,fluid.In order to verify the functionality of the optimised structure,we designed and manufactured a prototype.By testing this prototype with pure water used as fluid,the functionality of the optimised structure and the simulation could be proved.This kind of structure may be used on technical surfaces where targeted fluid transport is needed,e.g.evacuation of condensate in order to prevent the surface from mold growth,microfluidics,lab-on-a-chip applications and on microneedles for efficient drug/vaccine coating.

Photothermally induced liquid gate with navigation control of the fluid transport

The ability to control multiphase flows is essential for applications such as microvalves,chemical analyses,mi-croreactors,and multiphase separators.Furthermore,more specific controls,including the positional naviga-tion control of fluids under steady-state pressures,will improve the development of these applications.Here,we present a fundamentally new photothermally induced liquid gating system that allows light-controlled con-tactless fluid transport and gas/liquid separations at designated locations,with seconds response times,under constant pressures.Experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate the stability of our system and its novel regulation mechanism,which is based on a photothermally induced liquid-reconfigurable gate with a change in the surface/interfacial tension and Marangoni flow redistribution of the gating liquid at the illuminated location.This regulation mechanism with positional navigation properties requires neither mechanical parts nor complex accessories and can further enable the miniaturization and integration of various engineering processes.Our ap-plication demonstrations confirm the potential of this system in fields of smart valves,multiphase separations,multiphase microreactors,and beyond.

Lagrangian analysis of the fluid transport induced by the interaction of two co-axial co-rotating vortex rings

In this paper,the fluid transport in the interaction of two co-axial co-rotating vortex rings are investigated.Vortex rings are generated using the piston-cylinder apparatus,and the resulting velocity fields are measured using digital particle image velocimetry.The interaction process is analysed by means of vorticity contour,as well by investigation of the Lagrangian coherent structures(LCSs)defined by the ridges of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE).Experimental results demonstrate that two types of vortex interaction are identified,namely strong and weak interactions,respectively.For the strong interaction,the Lagrangian boundaries of the two vortex rings are merged together and form a flux window for fluid transport.For weak interaction,only the Lagrangian drift induced by the motion of the front vortex ring is observed and affects the Lagrangian boundary of the rear vortex ring.Moreover,the fluids transported in the strong interaction carry considerable momentum but no circulation.By contrast,there are nearly no fluxes occurring in the weak interaction.By tracking the variations of circulation and impulse occupied by the separated regions distinguished by the LCSs,it is found that the circulation nearly has no change,but the impulse occupied by vortex core region has significant change.In the strong interaction,the impulse of rear vortex ring decreases but the impulse of the front vortex ring increases.Based on the impulse law,it is speculated that the fluid force generated by the formation of the rear vortex rings can be enhanced.Therefore,the strong interaction between wake vortices can actually improve the propulsive efficiency of the biological systems by operating the formation of large-scale vortices.

A Bingham-Plastic Model for Fluid Mud Transport Under Waves and Currents

Simplified equations of fluid mud motion, which is described as Bingham-Plastic model under waves and currents, are presented by order analysis. The simplified equations are non-linear ordinary differential equations which are solved by hybrid numerical-analytical technique. As the computational cost is very low, the effects of wave current parameters and fluid mud properties on the transportation velocity of the fluid mud are studied systematically. It is found that the fluid mud can move toward one direction even if the shear stress acting on the fluid mud bed is much smaller than the fluid mud yield stress under the condition of wave and current coexistence. Experiments of the fluid mud motion under current with fluctuation water surface are carried out. The fluid mud transportation velocity predicted by the presented mathematical model can roughly match that measured in experiments.

A multiscale 3D finite element analysis of fluid/solute transport in mechanically loaded bone

The transport of fluid, nutrients, and signaling molecules in the bone lacunar-canalicular system （LCS） is critical for osteocyte survival and function. We have applied the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching （FRAP） approach to quantify load-induced fluid and solute transport in the LCS in situ, but the measurements were limited to cortical regions 30-50 μm underneath the periosteum due to the constrains of laser penetration. With this work, we aimed to expand our understanding of load-induced fluid and solute transport in both trabecular and cortical bone using a multiscaled image-based finite element analysis （FEA） approach. An intact murine tibia was first re-constructed from microCT images into a three-dimensional （3D） linear elastic FEA model, and the matrix deformations at various locations were calculated under axial loading. A segment of the above 3D model was then imported to the biphasic poroelasticity analysis platform （FEBio） to predict load-induced fluid pressure fields, and interstitial solute/fluid flows through LCS in both cortical and trabecular regions. Further, secondary flow effects such as the shear stress and/or drag force acting on osteocytes, the presumed mechano-sensors in bone, were derived using the previously developed ultrastructural model of Brinkman flow in the canaliculi. The material properties assumed in the FEA models were validated against previously obtained strain and FRAP transport data measured on the cortical cortex. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of this computational approach in estimating the fluid flux in the LCS and the cellular stimulation forces （shear and drag forces） for osteocytes in any cortical and trabecular bone locations, allowing further studies of how the activation of osteocytes correlates with in vivo functional bone formation. The study provides a promising platform to reveal potential cellular mechanisms underlying the anabolic power of exercises and physical activities in treating patients with skeletal deficiencies.

Unsteady peristaltic transport of Maxwell fluid through finite length tube:application to oesophageal swallowing

This paper analytically investigates the unsteady peristaltic transport of the Maxwell fluid in a finite tube. The walls of the tube are subjected to the contraction waves that do not cross the stationary boundaries. The analysis is carried out by a long wavelength approximation in the non-dimensional form. The expressions for the axial and radial velocities are derived. The pressures across the wavelength and the tubelength are also estimated. The reflux phenomenon is discussed, which culminates into the determination of the reflux limit. Mathematical formulations are physically interpreted for the flow of masticated food materials such as bread and white eggs in the oesophagus. It is revealed that the Maxwell fluids are favorable to flow in the oesophagus as compared with the Newtonian fluids. This endorses the experimental finding of Takahashi et al. （Takahashi, T., Ogoshi, H., Miyamoto, K., and Yao, M. L. Viscoelastic properties of commercial plain yoghurts and trial foods for swallowing disorders. Rheology, 27, 169- 172 （1999））. It is further revealed that the relaxation time does not affect the shear stress and the reflux limit. It is found that the pressure peaks are identical in the integral case while different in the non-integral case.

Peristaltic transport of rheological fluid:model for movement of food bolus through esophagus

Fluid mechanical peristaltic transport through esophagus is studied in the paper. A mathematical model has been developed to study the peristaltic transport of a rheological fluid for arbitrary wave shapes and tube lengths. The Ostwald-de Waele power law of a viscous fluid is considered here to depict the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fluid. The model is formulated and analyzed specifically to explore some important information concerning the movement of food bolus through esophagus. The analysis is carried out by using the lubrication theory. The study is particularly suitable for the cases where the Reynolds number is small. The esophagus is treated as a circular tube through which the transport of food bolus takes place by periodic contraction of the esophageal wall. Variation of different variables concerned with the transport phenomena such as pressure, flow velocities, particle trajectory, and reflux is investigated for a single wave as well as a train of periodic peristaltic waves. The locally variable pressure is seen to be highly sensitive to the flow index ＂n＂. The study clearly shows that continuous fluid transport for Newtonian/rheological fluids by wave train propagation is more effective than widely spaced single wave propagation in the case of peristaltic movement of food bolus in the esophagus.

FLUID-SOLID COUPLING MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN UNSATURATED ZONE AND ITS ASYMPTOTICAL SOLUTION

The process of contaminant transport is a problem of multicomponent and multiphase flow in unsaturated zone. Under the presupposition that gas existence affects water transport, a coupled mathematical model of contaminant transport in unsaturated zone has been established based on fluid_solid interaction mechanics theory. The asymptotical solutions to the nonlinear coupling mathematical model were accomplished by the perturbation and integral transformation method. The distribution law of pore pressure, pore water velocity and contaminant concentration in unsaturated zone has been presented under the conditions of with coupling and without coupling gas phase. An example problem was used to provide a quantitative verification and validation of the model. The asymptotical solution was compared with Faust model solution. The comparison results show reasonable agreement between asymptotical solution and Faust solution, and the gas effect and media deformation has a large impact on the contaminant transport. The theoretical basis is provided for forecasting contaminant transport and the determination of the relationship among pressure_saturation_permeability in laboratory.

Numerical analysis for peristaltic transport of Carreau-Yasuda fluid with variable thermal conductivity and convective conditions

Peristalsis of Carreau-Yasuda fluid is investigated. Analysis is carried out in the presence of velocity slip and convective boundary conditions. Thermal conductivity of the fluid is taken to be temperature dependent. Lubrication analysis is used in the formulation of the problem. Resulting nonlinear system of equations is solved numerically. Impact of embedded parameters on the quantities of interest is examined through graphs and tables. Comparison of the behavior of the Carreau-Yasuda, Carreau and Newtonian fluid models is presented. Results show that the heat transfer rate at the wall for the Carreau fluid model is large when compared with the Newtonian or the Carreau-Yasuda fluid model. Also the heat transfer rate at the wall decreases with increase in the velocity slip and variable thermal conductivity parameters. Further, an increase in the Biot number reduces the fluid temperature by a considerable amount.

“禹城式”矽卡岩型富铁矿的形成机制

山东省西北部齐河—禹城地区矽卡岩型富铁矿找矿工作取得了重大突破,有望成为继莱芜、金岭和济南之后又一个重要的富铁矿基地。与传统的矽卡岩型铁矿产于岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带不同的是,齐河—禹城地区李屯铁矿的矿体产于石炭系—二叠系含煤地层内,富铁矿体与围岩呈截然的接触关系,并且矿体附近的围岩发生了强烈的角岩化。针对这一现象,本文提出上覆的煤系极低的热导率使得含矿热液能够保持高温状态,发生长距离迁移而就位于远接触带的石炭系—二叠系中。李屯铁矿的形成可能是高温的岩浆流体与低温的大气降水混合,导致温度和盐度下降发生快速沉淀的结果。另外,近矿岩体普遍发生强烈的钠长石化,导致了闪长质岩石“铁的丢失”,为出溶高浓度富铁流体以及富铁矿的形成奠定了重要的物质基础。幔源“高分异”的闪长岩以及浅侵位时岩浆流体的出溶,也是邯邢式铁矿形成的先决条件。

MASS TRANSPORT IN SOLID TUMORS (Ⅰ)──FLUID DYNAMICS

A three-porous-medium model for transvascular exchange and extravascular transport of fluid and macromolecules in a spherical solid tumor is developed. The microvasculature , lymphatics, and tissue space are each treated as a porous medium with the flow of blood. lymph, and interstitial fluid obeying Darcy's law and Starling 's assumption. In this part, the role of interstitial pressure and fluid convection are studited. The analytical soiutions are obtained for foe isolated tumor and the normal-tissue-surrounded tumor respectively. The calculated interstitial pressure profue are consistent with the experimental observation that the elevated interstitial pressure is a major barrier in the penetration of macromolecular drug into tumors. The factors which may reduce the interstitial pressure are analyzed in details.

Investigation of intense sheet electron beam transport using the macroscopic cold-fluid model and the single-particle orbit theory

The focusing and the stable transport of an intense elliptic sheet electron beam in a uniform magnetic field are investigated thoroughly by using the macroscopic cold-fluid model and the single-particle orbit theory.The results indicate that the envelopes and the tilted angles of the sheet electron beam obtained by the two theories are consistent.The single-particle orbit theory is more accurate due to its treatment of the space-charge fields in a rectangular drift tube.The macroscopic cold-fluid model describes the collective transport process in order to provide detailed information about the beam dynamics,such as beam shape,density,and velocity profile.The tilt of the elliptic sheet beam in a uniform magnetic field is carefully studied and demonstrated.The results presented in this paper provide two complete theories for systemically discussing the transport of the sheet beam and are useful for understanding and guiding the practical engineering design of electron optics systems in high power vacuum electronic devices.

深海多金属结核集矿装置水力输送流场分析与试验

对深海多金属结核集矿装置水力输送流场进行了理论计算,得到了多金属结核粒径与输送通道最小输送速度的关系;仿真分析了喷嘴射流速度分别为15、20、25 m/s时输送通道内水流流态分布,给出了流道下表面30 mm处的流速。在实验室进行了输送喷嘴不同射流速度的采集试验,实验结果与理论计算及仿真分析结果相符。

基于CFD-DEM算法的复杂裂缝支撑剂运移模拟分析

为了研究裂缝内支撑剂的运移特性,应用计算流体力学-离散元(CFD-DEM)耦合模拟技术来模拟复杂裂缝中的支撑剂运移情况。通过控制单一变量法,研究了流速、支撑剂体积分数及压裂液黏度3个参数对于支撑剂运移的影响。结果表明:适当提高支撑剂体积分数有助于提高其携液能力进而提高压裂效果;较高的注入速度会使支撑剂在入口较远处沉降,因此适当提高注入速度会促进裂缝的扩展和延伸;较高的黏度会使支撑剂在出口流出,选取适当的黏度有利于提高油气的渗透性和采收率。

微通道电解技术在化工领域应用的研究进展

对近年来微通道电解技术在化工领域的应用进行了系统性综述,着重评述了微通道电解技术在微流体输送、电化学反应、电化学检测领域的应用及研究现状,最后从反应器性能、流动特性、化学动力学等角度提出了当前面临的问题以及未来的发展方向。

激光维持等离子体多物理场耦合模型与仿真

激光维持等离子体作为一种光照强度高、光谱范围宽、发光稳定的新型辐射光源,在光学检测(半导体晶圆检测)等领域具有重要的应用价值.本文回顾了激光维持等离子体研究的发展历程,介绍了其基本物理过程及数学描述方程,建立了基于多物理场耦合的二维流体模型.利用该模型研究了激光在等离子体中的传播过程,探讨了激光维持等离子体的初始演化过程、能量注入机制、稳态特性及不稳定性等关键问题.通过与高气压氙气等离子体实验结果对比,确定了仿真模型的有效性.相关仿真结果有助于深入理解激光维持等离子体的底层物理机制,为实现光源系统设计、多参数优化提供理论依据.

高等级流体输送用不锈钢焊接钢管质量控制研究

随着近年来我国石油、核电、新能源、汽车、化工等行业的高质量发展,对不锈钢焊接钢管产品性能和质量要求越来越高。为满足用户对高等级流体输送用不锈钢焊管的要求,企业通过推进质量信息化、智能化、集中化管理,以企业大数据处理系统为中心,建立了涵盖生产线和管理部门的质量信息网络,实现了质量信息从数据采集、传输、分析到改进和评价的闭环管理,优化从不锈钢冶炼、板材轧制到焊接制管的全流程生产工艺,应用“精密策划”“自主创新”“过程控制”“检验细化”等科学管理方法,形成了系列化、标准化的“全员、全流程、全要素、全过程”质量控制方法,实现了高等级不锈钢焊管的质量提升和稳定供货。