Differences in hydrocarbon composition of shale oils in different phase states from the Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin, as determined from fluorescence experiments

The phase state of shale oil has a significant impact on its mobility.The mineral and organic matter in shale reservoirs play an important role in oil phase.This study attempts to evaluate the properties of shale oils in different phase states and to investigate how these differences are related to initial shale composition.Samples from the first member of the Qingshankou(Q1)Formation were analyzed using X-ray diffraction,total organic carbon content,rock pyrolysis solvent extraction and group component separation.Subsequently,fluorescence techniques were used to quantitatively determine the content and properties of the free oil(FO),the adsorbed oil associated with carbonate(ACO),and the adsorbed oil associated with silicate and clay-organic complexes(AKO).The results showed that non-hydrocarbons and asphaltenes are the primary fluorescing compounds on shale grain.FO is the dominant phase in the Q1 Formation.The quantitative grain fluorescence on extraction(QGF-E)and total scanning fluorescence(TSF)spectra of ACO and AKO show a significant redshift compared to the FO.The TSF spectra of FO have a characteristic skew to the left and a single peak distribution,suggesting a relatively light hydrocarbon component.The TSF spectra of ACO show a skew to the right and an even,double-peaked distribution.The TSF spectra of AKO show a single peak with a skew to the right,indicating that ACO and AKO hydrocarbons are heavier than FO hydrocarbons.In summary,enrichment of carbonate minerals in shale may result in mis-identification of“sweet spots”when using QGF.The normalized fluorescence intensity of QGF-E and TSF are effective indexes allowing oil content evaluation.As an additional complicating factor,hydrocarbon fractionation occurs during generation and expulsion,leading to a differentiation of oil composition.And FO has high relatively light hydrocarbon content and the strongest fluidity.

Synthesis and application of Vis/NIR dialkylaminophenylbuta-1,3-dienyl borondipyrromethene dyes

Mono- and bis-dialkylaminophenylbuta-l,3-dienyl boron-dipyrromethenes （BODIPYs） 1-12 were synthesized in 36%-42% yields by a Knoevenagel-type condensation. The absorption and emission maxima （λabs = 614-739 rim; ,λem = 655-776 nm in CHCI3） of 1-12 covered from the visible to the near- infrared region. Probe I was ratiometric Vis pH probes. Such probe was almost non-fluorescent. Upon the protonation of the tertiary amine function of 1, the strong fluorescence （φf =0.97） was released and the florescence intensity was dramatically increased by one thousand folds. The sharp isosbestic points were discovered at 590 nm, which was a ratiometric pH probe.