Magma Mixing Genesis of the Mafic Enclaves and Related Granitoids in the Kan Granite-Gneiss Complex of Central Côte d’Ivoire: Evidence from Geology, Petrology and Geochemistry

The mafic enclaves from Paleoproterozoic domain are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing. In this paper, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry were jointly used to determine the origin of the mafic enclaves and their relationship with the host granitoids of the Kan granite-gneiss complex. This study also provides new information on crust-mantle interactions. The mafic enclaves of the Kan vary in shape and size and have intermediate chemical compositions. The diagrams used show a number of similarities in the major elements (and often in the trace elements) between the mafic enclaves and the host granitoids. Geochemical show that the Kan rock are metaluminous, enriched in silica, medium to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. The similarities reflect a mixing of basic and acid magma. Mafic enclaves have a typical magmatic structure, which is characterized by magma mixing. The genesis of these rocks is associated with the context of subduction. They result from the mixing of a mafic magma originating from the mantle and linked to subduction, and a granitic magma (type I granite) that arises from the partial melting of the crust.

Magma source and tectonic setting of the Dunde granite in the Western Tianshan:constraints from geochronology,geochemistry,and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes

The Dunde iron-zinc polymetallic deposit is one of large iron deposits occurred in the Awulale Metallogenetic Belt,Western Tianshan(NW-China).This study reports new geochronology and geochemistry for granite in the Dunde mining area in order to constrain the tectonicmagmatic activities and metallogenesis of this region.Granites in the southwest of Dunde mining area are mainly syenogranites intruded into volcanics of the Dahalajunshan Formation in the Early Carboniferous,and they are far from the area where ore bodies and mineralized altered rocks are widely developed.LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon dating indicates that Dunde syenogranite was at 306.8±1.0 Ma,which could constrain the upper limit of metallogenic age for this deposit.The Dunde granites are high SiO_(2)(73.41–80.07 wt%),high differentiation index(D.I.=89.7–95.0),weakly peraluminous to metaluminous(A/CNK=0.94–1.08),and they are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in Eu,Ba,Sr and P_(2)O_(5),indicating that they belong to highly fractionated Ⅰ-type granite.Based on εHf values(+9.2 to+10.5)for zircon and high εNd(-t)values(+4.7 to+5.8)for whole-rock,and the two-stage model ages for 601–735 Ma,suggest that the magma source could be the juvenile lower crust.Combined with regional geological setting,the 306.8 Ma Dunde granites are formed in post-collision extensional tectonic setting.

Peraluminous A-type granites formed through synchronous fractionation,magma mixing,mingling,and undercooling:evidence from microgranular enclaves and host Mesoproterozoic Kanigiri granite pluton,Nellore Schist Belt,southeast India

The field and microstructural features coupled with mineral chemical data from microgranular enclave(ME)and host Mesoproterozoic Kanigiri granite(KG)pluton of Nellore Schist Belt(NSB),Southeastern India,have been documented in order to infer the likely processes responsible for the origin and evolution of ME and host KG magma.The ME and host KG bear the same mineral assemblages barring the KG which does not contain amphibole;however,they are modally disequilibrated.The ME in KG is originated due to multiple intrusions of ME magmas into the crystallizing host KG magma chamber.Field and textural features indicate the dynamic magma flow,mingling,and undercooling of the ME against a relatively cooler surface of host KG magma.The presence of NSB country rock xenoliths and its diffuse boundaries suggest the intrusive relation and marginal assimilation by the intruding KG magma.The occasional cumulate texture in the ME appears to have formed by the accumulation of early-formed minerals that crystallized rapidly in the ME magma globules.The ME shows the magmatically deform features developed due to the flowage and erosion by the subsequent intrusions of ME magma pulses into the crystallizing host KG magma chamber.The ME amphiboles show unusual composition as ferro-edenitic hornblende to potassian-hastingsitic hornblende,that crystallized in the subalkaline-alkaline transition,low fO_(2)(reducing to mildly oxidizing)magma.The unusual extremely low Mg/Mg+Fe^(t)=0.015(avg.)of ME amphiboles may be related to the changing physico-chemical(P,T,fO_(2),and H_(2)O)condition of the ME magma or they might have crystallized in equilibrium with more evolved KG magma.The KG(FeOt/MgO=37.04,avg.)and ME(FeO~t/MgO=77.72,avg.)biotites are siderophyllite,and buffered between QFM and NNO syn-crystallizing in the water undersaturated(H_(2O)≈3.58 wt.%in KG;≈3.53wt.%in ME),alkaline anorogenic(A-type)host magmas that were emplaced at mid-crustal(4–5 kbar;17 km)depth.Field,microtextural and mineral chemical evidences suggest that the alkaline KG magma originated from crustal source and evolved through synchronous fractionation,mixing,and mingling with coeval ME magmas in the KG magma chamber.

Source Enrichment Control on the Scale of Magmatic-Hydrothermal W-Sn Mineralization:Insights from Triassic and Jurassic Magma Reservoirs in the Continental Crust,Xitian,South China

There are two factors,source composition and magmatic differentiation,potentially controlling W-Sn mineralization.Which one is more important is widely debated and may need to be determined for each individual deposit.The Xitian granite batholith located in South China is a natural laboratory for investigating the above problem.It consists essentially of two separate components,formed in the Triassic at ca.226 Ma and Jurassic at ca.152 Ma,respectively.The Triassic and Jurassic rocks are both composed of porphyritic and fine-grained phases.The latter resulted from highlydifferentiated porphyritic ones but they have similar textural characteristics and mineral assemblages,indicating that they reached a similar degree of crystal fractionation.Although both fine-grained phases are highly differentiated with elevated rare metal contents,economic W–Sn mineralization is rare in the Triassic granitoids and this can be attributed to less fertile source materials than their Jurassic counterparts,with a slightly more enriched isotopic signature and whole-rockεNd(226 Ma)of−10.4 to−9.2(2σ=0.2)compared withεNd(152 Ma)of−9.2 to−8.2(2σ=0.2)for the Jurassic rocks.The initial W-Sn enrichment was derived from the metasedimentary rocks and strongly enhanced by reworking of the continental crust,culminating in the Jurassic.

Textures and melt-crystal-gas interactions in granites

Felsic intrusions present ubiquitous structures.They result from the differential interactions between the magma components(crystal,melt,gas phase) while it flows or when the flow is perturbed by a new magma injection.The most obvious structure consists in fabrics caused by the interactions of rotating grains in a flowing viscous melt.New magma inputs through dikes affect the buk massif flow,considered as global within each mineral facies.A review of the deformation and flow types developing in a magma chamber identifis the patterns that could be expected.It determines their controlling parameters and summarizes the tools for their quantification.Similarly,a brief review of the theology of a complex multiphase magma identifies and suggests interactions between the different components.The specific responses each component presents lead to instability development.In particular,the change in vorticity orientation,associated with the switch between monoclinic to triclinic flow is a cause of many instabilities.Those are preferentially local.Illustrations include fabric development,shear zones and flow banding.They depend of the underlying rheology of interacting magmas.Dikes,enclaves,schlieren and ladder dikes result from the interactions between the magma components and changing boundary conditions.Orbicules,pegmatites,unidirectional solidification textures and miarolitic cavities result from the interaction of the melt with a gaseous phase.The illustrations examine what is relevant to the bulk flow,local structures or boundary conditions.In each case a field observation illustrates the instability.The discussion reformulates instability observations,suggesting new trails for ther description and interpretation in terms of local departure to a bulk flow.A brief look at larger structures and at their evolution tries to relate these instabilities on a broader scale.The helical structures of the Ricany pluton,Czech Republic and by the multiple granitic intrusions of Dolbel,Niger illustrate such events.

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB)in northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important part of the Central Orogenic System(COS).During the long-time geological evolution,complicated tectono

Petrological Significance of Zoned Plagioclase in Eldjurti Granite and Mafic Microgranular Enclaves, North Caucasus, Russia

Plagioclase phenocrysts from mafic enclaves and plagioclase from its host granite possess a pat-tem of complex zonation. A plagioclase phenocryst can generally be divided into three parts : an oscillatory, locally patchy zoned core (An47-19), a ring with dusty, more calcic plagioclase (An64-20) and a normally zoned rim composed of sodic plagioclase (An22-3. 3). Majordiscontinuities in zoning coincide with resorption suffeces that are overgrown by the more calcic plagioclase. The cores of large plagioclase phenocrysts from mafic enclaves and host granite show similar zoning patterns and similar compositions, indicating their crystallization under the same conditions . Steep normal zoning of the rims of plagioclases both from host granite and mafic enclaves illustrates a drastic decrease in An content which is considered to have resulted from the continuous differentiation of hybrid magma and efficient heat loss because of the upward emplacement of the residual magma. Wide rims of plagioclases from the host granite against thc discrete rims of plagioclases from mafic enclaves indicate that differentiation and cooling lasted much longer in the host granite than in the mafic enclaves.

The Three End Members of Li-F Granites and Their Origin of Liquid Segregation

Li-F granites all over the world can be represented by three end members, i. e., theNa-rich ongonite (O), the K-rich xianghualingite (X) and the Si-rich topazite (T). Charac-ters and criteria are presented for these end-member rocks. Vertical zoning in Li-F granites, asreflected by increasing normative Q and C (corundum) and decreasing ALK (K2O + Na2O)with increasing content of fluorine, can be explained using the three-end-member scheme interms of petrochemistry and norms. Considering the difference in melt structure, viscosity anddensity between the end members, in couple with the reguarities that govern the Na-K and Si-ALK segregation known from field evidence and experiments, it is suggested that the three endmembers may have resulted from liquid segregation (immiscibility) rather than from crystalfractionation as commonly believed.

Petrogenetic Peculiarities of Rare-Metal Granite of Limu,Guangxi

Limu granite massif is a rather typical Mesozoic rare-metal granite in South China . Studying Limu granite massif has important petrological significance for understanding the genesis of rare-metal granites .This paper deals with the typical petrographic characteristics and peculiarity of REE in massif , and discusses the genesis of Limu granite massif in terms of analysis of these characteristics . It is suggested that Limu granite massif is derivative product of a high ordered superimposed -remelting granitic magma .

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The Changning Menglian belt is an important area of research on the evolution of the Paleo Tethys ocean structure,the belt can be solved such as the Changning Menglianbeltposition;sequencestratigraphy;sedimentary environment;nature and its tectonic evolution history and tectonic domain and Gut Tis relationship;therefore,the research on Chang Ning Menglian zone have a great significance to solve many problems of the Sanjiang fold belt in Tethys and Himalaya tectonic area.'Hot spring'is located in the west margin of the southern Changning Menglian belt,studying Yunnan Fengqing hot spring group'geological and petrology characteristics roundly and in depth,concluding the metamorphism and deformation characteristics,clarifying the metamorphism effect and its stages,understanding the association its combination with the Changning Menglian belt between,therefore it has the great significance to solve the geological evolution history in the Sanjiang area,especially the paleo Tethyan tectonic belt,as well as Gondwana and Eurasia boundaries and other major problem.Through collect and read the literature data,measurement of field section,geological investigation,research and Study on rock sheet indoor,rock composition test,electron probe testing system,summarize the geological characteristics and petrological characteristics of'hot springs group',and through the discussion of the geochemical characteristics of rocks,explore its rock assemblages,characteristics of original rock and analysis of metamorphism and deformation stages,to provide basic data for regional geological evolution.The study shows that the main lithology is biotite quartz schist,mica schist and epimetamorphic sandstone interspersed with a small amount of phyllonite,granulite,silicalite,carbonaceous slate and phyllitic cataclasite that contains some pressure breccia.The metamorphic mineral paragenetic assemblage of the representative rock is:M1 biotite(Bi)+plagioclase(Pl)+quartz(Q),and M2 muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q).The protolith is felsic rock and sedimentary rock that belongs to argiloid.On the basis of comparison,the stratigraphic sequence of the protolith is consistent with the type section of Wenquan formation.Along with the subduction(Hercynian)-subduction(Indosinian)-orogenic(Yanshan Himalayan period)process of Changning Menglian belt,hot springs group experienced two stages of metamorphism and three stages of deformation,metamorphic temperature at400-500℃,the pressure is foucs on 0.3-0.62Gpa,and shown the retrograde metamorphism of the low greenschist facies.Geological age of hot springs formation is early Devonian(survey team of Yunnan District three units,1980),sedimentary environment is mainly shallow and semi deep sea,observed Bouma sequence in rock slice,therefore,the depositional environment may be fan or basin of sea,the sedimentary formations are mainly clastic rocksiliceous rock formation,the upper coal—contained formation.With the Changning Meng Lian ocean expansion,ocean island begin to develop,material deposition continuing,appearing volcano material,the protolith may contain volcano matter through studying the thin section.To the Late Permian,Crust of Changning Menglian ocean begin to subduct to the east of the Yangtze block,ocean basin began to close,but it still has formation here at this time,mainly shallow carbonate formation,with proceeding of subduction,in the low temperature groove(7Km deep),due to changes in temperature and pressurer,appearing metamorphism(M1)and deformation(D1)for the first time,the shear effect produced by deformation lead to some cleavage,occurring regional foliation S1,major metamorphic minerals formed in metamorphism is long flake biotite.The main metamorphic mineral assemblages are biotite(Bi)+feldspar(Pl)+quartz(Q).Subsequently,crustal uplift,depositional break,because the Changning Meng Lianyang has closed during the Indosinian period,Baoshan-Zhenkang block in the west and the Yangtze block in the east knocked each other.In the Indosinian,under the action of faults,the hot spring formation clipping and retracing,back to a position about1-2Km depth,the position is still belongs to the low temperature groove,and occurring axial cleavage in the core of the fold,namely S2.That is,the emergence of the second metamorphism(M2)and deformation(D2).The deformation is affected by the strong pressure,so the rock have dewatered,so the second metamorphic deformation process is affected by temperature(T),pressure(Ps)and fluid(C).The main metamorphic minerals in the second generation of metamorphism is Muscovite,while there have some of biotite formed in same period,find that the first phase of biotite parallel growth of rock slice,namely S1 parallel S2,and we can see incomplete metamorphism biotite,so the the Muscovite is formed by the first stage of metamorphism and metamorphic biotite.The main mineral of the second stage metamorphism is Muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q) Then,the crust continues to rise,the sedimentary break continues.In the Jurassic Cretaceous start orogeny,namely Yanshan period intracontinental orogeny,occurred third deformation(D3),under extrusion shearing,S3 emergencing,after Yanshan intracontinental orogenic period,in Himalayan period there have large-scale nappe structure and differential uplift and faulting.So the third deformation(D3)strengthened,with weak metamorphism,sericite emergencing.

Songjianghe biotite monzonitic granite zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemical significance

The authors studied geochronology and geochemical data of the Songjianghe biotite monzogranite in the southern Zhangguangcai Range in order to determine its formation age,magma source,and tectonic environment. The results indicate that the Songjianghe biotite monzogranite was formed in the Middle Jurassic with an age of 168. 2 ± 2. 0 Ma( MSWD = 0. 93). The monzogranite was characterized by high alkali and low Ca O and Mg O,belonging to high-potassium calc-alkaline,metaluminous I-type granite. The rock is enriched in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Ba,and K and strongly depleted high field strength elements such as P,Ti,Nb,and Ta. It is concluded that the Songjianghe biotite monzogranite was derived from partial melting of amphibolite facies metamorphism mafic lower-crust and its formation was controlled by the Pacific Plate subduction.

中国花岗岩型锂矿床:重要特征、成矿条件及形成机制

随着新能源汽车产业的快速发展和可控核聚变技术的不断革新,锂产业已成为各国竞相发展的新兴朝阳产业,全球锂资源争夺态势愈发激烈。中国是全球拥有花岗岩型锂矿床数量最多的国家,目前该类型锂矿占全国锂总供应量的1/4,进一步加强对该类型锂矿的研究和勘查对提升我国锂资源的自给能力至关重要。通过对全国40个主要花岗岩型锂矿床的时空分布、岩石序列、矿物演变、地球化学和锂独立矿物等特征的梳理,发现该类矿床主要形成于中生代晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间,主要集中在华南地区尤以华南腹地的南岭地区最为密集;近1/3的成矿岩体隐伏于地下,出露的岩体面积普遍较小,为0.07~5.7km^(2);花岗岩体垂直方向从下至上逐渐从黑云母二长花岗岩演变为锂云母钠长石花岗岩,其上通常发育云英岩和伟晶岩;锂及其他稀有元素(铷铯铍铌钽钨锡)一般在强钠长石花岗岩和云英岩中高度富集;黑云母二长花岗岩→含锂云母钠长花岗岩→云英岩,岩浆分异程度逐步增加且逐渐从熔体过渡到熔体-流体共存体系,全岩SiO_(2)含量、Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值、A/CNK和δEu值发生规律性变化;多数情况下岩体伴生煌斑岩脉、辉长岩脉、辉绿岩脉、花岗斑岩脉、细晶岩脉、霏细岩脉等各类脉体。总结规律提出:(1)伟晶岩壳是较早进入岩浆房内的岩浆与上覆围岩接触而冷却固结的产物,其构成岩浆房与外界的隔绝屏障,使Li、F、P、H_(2)O等易挥发组分无法逃逸;(2)较晚进入岩浆房的岩浆经历了长时间晶粥体与残留熔体的分凝过程,锂等稀有金属元素愈来愈富集于残余熔体中,最终形成富锂花岗岩和云英岩;(3)各类岩脉是岩浆房底部有持续热补给从而使残留含矿熔体能够逐步抽离上升的证据:基性岩脉来源于下伏高温地幔岩浆,不含矿中酸性斑岩脉是岩浆房底部堆晶体重熔的产物,含矿酸性斑岩脉和细粒岩脉来自岩浆房顶部富矿熔体-流体,三者沿地壳裂隙快速上升至地壳浅部就位。正是由于上覆伟晶岩壳形成的封闭体系和下伏幔源岩浆提供的充足热量,才使得岩浆房在热驱动机制下长期保持原地分异状态,最终形成花岗岩型锂矿床。

花岗伟晶岩分异演化与含矿性评价——从造岩矿物组构视角

高演化稀有金属伟晶岩的成矿过程是复杂和苛刻的,涉及到岩浆-热液过程热历史、岩浆迁移路径与成矿空间、侵位环境的过冷程度以及岩浆组分中稀有金属元素的初始富集等条件。而伟晶岩的分带特征是其形成过程的一种综合体现,不论是伟晶岩区域分带还是伟晶岩内部结构分带,都反映了伟晶岩岩浆结晶分异过程中岩浆的性质与形成环境,而这同时也赋予了造岩矿物在组构上的特殊性,形成遗传代码,对其进行解密,从而能够用于示踪与评估花岗伟晶岩的演化程度与成矿潜力。对于区域伟晶岩群的成矿潜力评估,由于含矿熔体在组分上的跨度较大,随着远离母体花岗岩体距离的增大,伟晶岩群演化程度增加,熔体中铁镁质组分以及Ca、Ba、Sr等碱土金属含量迅速降低,而挥发分、助熔剂组分、碱金属含量在残余熔体中逐渐增加,长石、云母与石英在类别和组构上产生显著变化;其中长石向钾-钠端元演化,且钠长石相对钾长石占据主导地位,云母由黑云母向白云母以及锂白云母转变,石英阴极发光特征与晶体结构及微量元素成分也表现出规律性的变化。受矿物晶格的限制,长石的K/Rb、K/Cs以及云母的K/Rb、K/Cs、Nb/Ta等比值特征能有效区分不同矿化潜力的伟晶岩群。石英的阴极发光特征能够揭示其生长环境与历史,石英的Li、Al、Ti、Ge等微量元素组成可以用来区分不同类型的伟晶岩矿床,并提供关于岩浆演化和成矿过程的重要线索。伟晶岩内部分带的形成主要受成矿熔体规模、过冷度以及成矿空间的封闭性等因素的控制,但在初始熔体成分上可以具有较大的变化。其中强分带型稀有金属伟晶岩记录了完整的岩浆-热液演化过程,不同阶段石英、长石和云母在晶体形态、微观结构以及微量元素组成上都具有显著变化。弱分带型稀有金属伟晶岩(钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩)的造岩矿物组分在伟晶岩内部变化不大,其受构造控制明显,在空间上与贫矿伟晶岩之间可具有较大的矿物组成差异,表明二者之间存在流动分异过程。而长距离(以更厚的地壳或大型拆离断层为标志)的熔体迁移正是形成超大型伟晶岩稀有金属矿床的有利要素。

内蒙古边家大院锡多金属矿床成矿岩体岩石地球化学特征及成矿潜力评价

内蒙古边家大院锡多金属矿床是大兴安岭南段多金属成矿带的代表性矿床之一,其西矿区主要发育斑岩型Sn-Cu-Mo矿体,矿体发育于石英斑岩体内。文章通过对石英斑岩开展全岩地球化学、锆石Hf同位素以及锆石微量元素地球化学分析研究,确定了该含矿岩体岩浆性质、来源及演化历史,探讨了成岩成矿关系,并进一步评估了该岩体成锡、铜矿潜力。研究表明,边家大院石英斑岩为准铝质-弱过铝质,高钾钙碱性花岗岩。稀土元素具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损,Eu负异常明显的特征。微量元素具有富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素的特征。结合其较低的Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta比值以及较高的Rb/Sr比值判断其经历了高分异结晶演化。根据锆石微量元素地球化学特征,确定边家大院石英斑岩源于还原性(ΔFMQ-0.15)、高温贫水(>750℃)岩浆。边家大院石英斑岩ε_(Hf)(t)为-0.86~5.99,TDM2=809~1240 Ma,为中元古代—新元古代年轻地壳部分熔融形成。根据锆石微量元素Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+),Ce_(N)/Ce_(N)^(*),Ce/Nd和Eu_(N)/Eu_(N)^(*)指针性比值及岩浆特性判断,该石英斑岩有利于锡金属富集成矿,而成铜钼矿潜力小。

安哥拉地块北部Dondo地区古元古代花岗岩岩石成因:Columbia超大陆聚合的响应

安哥拉西部地区广泛发育古元古代Eburnean造山期花岗岩,是研究安哥拉地块构造岩浆作用特征的理想场所。本文对安哥拉地块北部Dondo地区大面积出露的花岗岩开展系统的岩相学、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果显示:Dondo地区斑状黑云母二长花岗岩与黑云母二长花岗岩的侵位年龄分别为(1983.3±7.7)Ma和(1956.6±7.5)Ma,均为古元古代中期岩浆活动的产物。全岩样品具有高SiO_(2)含量、富碱、高10~4Ga/Al值、高FeO^(T)/(FeO^(T)+MgO)值和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量,低MgO、TiO_(2)、CaO和P_(2)O_(5)含量的特征;微量元素富集Rb、K、Th、U、Zr和Hf,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P和Ti;稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,整体不具有显著的负Eu异常;锆饱和温度计算所有花岗岩的结晶温度为757~889℃;以上这些岩石地球化学特征与A2型花岗岩一致。岩相学及地球化学的数据表明,两种花岗岩可能由来源于下地壳物质与地幔来源基性岩浆混合所形成。两种花岗岩具有相似的形成时代、矿物组成和连续的主微量元素变化趋势,这些特征表明它们的原始岩浆来自同一岩浆房,而二者之间特征的差别是由岩浆房内的晶体-熔体分异所主导。据此,本文认为:产生钾长石斑晶的岩浆曾经在地壳深部作过长时间滞留,导致钾长石稳定结晶,增加了岩浆的黏度和密度,使岩浆处于冻结状态;随后在幔源岩浆注入带来的热扰动和富集挥发分的作用下,冻结岩浆房迅速活化,从而发生晶体-熔体的分离,抽离的熔体形成了黑云母二长花岗岩,而混有先存晶体的岩浆则形成了斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。综合区域和全球构造演化历史,本次研究认为Dondo地区花岗岩形成于巴西Sao Francisco克拉通和Congo克拉通后碰撞的构造环境,该期岩浆活动可能是Columbia超大陆的碰撞造山事件在安哥拉地块的响应。

Timing of Magma Mixing in the Gangdisê Magmatic Belt during the India-Asia Collision: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating

Abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) extensively distribute in granitoids in the Gangdise giant magmatic belt, within which the Qüxü batholith is the most typical MME-bearing pluton. Systematic sampling for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro nearby at two locations in the Qüxü batholith, and subsequent zircon SHRIMP II U-Pb dating have been conducted. Two sets of isotopic ages for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro are 50.4±1.3 Ma, 51.2±1.1 Ma, 47.0±l Ma and 49.3±1.7 Ma, 48.9±1.1 Ma, 49.9±1.7 Ma, respectively. It thus rules out the possibilities of mafic microgranular enclaves being refractory residues after partial melting of magma source region, or being xenoliths of country rocks or later intrusions.Therefore, it is believed that the three types of rocks mentioned above likely formed in the same magmatic event, i.e., they formed by magma mixing in the Eocene (c. 50 Ma). Compositionally, granitoid host rocks incline towards acidic end member involved in magma mixing, gabbros are akin to basic end member and mafic microgranular enclaves are the incompletely mixed basic magma clots trapped in acidic magma. The isotopic dating also suggested that huge-scale magma mixing in the Gangdise belt took place 15-20 million years after the initiation of the India-Asia continental collision, genetically related to the underplating of subduction-collision-induced basic magma at the base of the continental crust. Underplating and magma mixing were likely the main process of mass-energy exchange between the mantle and the crust during the continental collision, and greatly contributed to the accretion of the continental crust, the evolution of the lithosphere and related mineralization beneath the portion of the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the collision zone.

Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Cenozoic Zhalaga Granitoids of the Yulong Alkali-rich Porphyry Belt in Eastern Tibet(Xizang), SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

Large-scale Cenozoic magmatic rocks from the interplay between the Indian and Eurasian plate are exposed in the Yulong porphyry copper belt in the northern Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan domain.Alkali-rich magmas along the Yulong porphyry copper belt can reveal the tectono-magmatic processes in the Sanjiang region.In this study,we present new zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and whole rock geochemistry of Cenozoic granitoids from the Zhalaga area in the northern Yulong porphyry copper belt.The Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the Zhalaga granitic porphyry crystallized at ca.42-38 Ma.These porphyry deposits are depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,and Ti enriched in alkaline and rare earth elements(REEs),and exhibit high zircon saturation temperatures,that strongly indicate A-type affinity.These data and the generally positiveεHf(t)values(2.0-4.5)suggest the magmas originated from a hybrid of partial melting of subduction-modified lithospheric mantle,possibly triggered by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle.Geochronological and geochemical data of the current and previous studies distinguish three magmatic phases during the Cenozoic in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan region:(1)ca.62-48 Ma;(2)ca.44-30 Ma;and(3)ca.28-16 Ma.The strong collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates produced relatively fast convergence rates during the first episode(ca.62-48 Ma),whereas the subsequent right-lateral strike-slip faulting in the Jinshajiang fault zone initiated at ca.43 Ma is associated with the relatively low India-Eurasia convergence rates during ca.44-30 Ma.These significantly impacted the nature and spatial distribution of the magmatism and the large-scale metallogeny during the Cenozoic in the Sanjiang region.We suggest that the Zhalaga alkali-rich magmas occurred in a transition period from involving soft to hard collisional settings.This remarkable example demonstrates that alkali-rich magmas with A-type affinity are also generated in an orogenic tectonic setting.

新时代花岗岩的新理论:花岗岩四阶段理论探讨

花岗岩的成因既是古老的问题,也是当前急迫的科学前沿。100年前花岗岩的火成论与变成论之争,以火成论压倒变成论而收兵。近百年的研究证明,火成论并非完美,关键是玄武岩浆分离结晶成花岗岩的机理受到严峻的挑战。而今,花岗岩源自下地壳变质出熔已经成为不争的事实,说明花岗岩的源头是变质岩。关于花岗岩成因的理论很多,经过多年的筛选,可能花岗岩形成的四阶段理论(从产生、分凝、上升到侵位)是比较合适的。在对该理论详细研究的基础上,本文提出了一个新的花岗岩四阶段理论:从产生、形成、上升到侵位。这是对花岗岩形成过程的描述。如果强调花岗岩形成的机理,则可表述为从出熔、聚集、上升到侵位。四个阶段分为两段:产生和形成(出熔和聚集)是升温过程;上升和侵位是降温过程。该理论的核心是本文提出的“下地壳岩浆房”的猜想,这指的是由部分熔融产生的熔体经聚集形成的巨大空间。首先,这个猜想解决了下地壳岩浆的空间占位问题。由于下地壳原地部分熔融熔出的产物(熔体+残留体)仅仅是物质组成形式发生了变化,不存在空间占位问题,下地壳总体积基本不变。只要存在持续的地幔加热过程,岩浆房体积可以逐渐增大一直到变得非常大。其次,关于花岗岩上升的驱动力问题,我们认为,可能正是下地壳岩浆房上覆的几十公里厚的地层静压力,在岩浆房沿着破裂带溢出时转换为巨大的压力驱使岩浆向上运移,而非岩浆自身的浮力。因此,从理论上,花岗岩上升的速度是非常快的,地质上几乎是瞬间实现的。再次,本理论还合理地解释了花岗岩侵位空间这个古老的难题:下地壳岩浆房上升移出,原先的空间即刻被上覆地层压实填充,造成上覆地层的塌陷,并传递到脆性的上地壳;同时引起上地壳支撑薄弱部位出现构造真空,为上升的岩浆提供驻足空间而完成岩浆侵位过程。很明显,从下地壳岩浆房的消失、转移到上地壳岩浆侵位,实现了空间的置换。看来,“下地壳岩浆房”概念的提出,较好地解决了花岗岩许多传统争议问题。猜想需要论证和证伪,为了深入研究上述问题,本文建议建立两门边缘学科:变质岩浆岩石学和物理地质学。

暗色微粒包体是壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据吗?

暗色微粒包体常见于钙碱性花岗岩中,已普遍被认为是幔源基性岩浆与壳源酸性岩浆在地壳深部发生混合作用的产物。本文通过大量资料的分析研究,发现暗色微粒包体可以具有很大负值的全岩εNd(t)值和锆石εHf(t)值,及大于0.710的全岩[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)]i值,不存在幔源岩浆混合的痕迹;而且,大多数暗色微粒包体与寄主花岗岩在晶体化学、形成年龄、全岩和锆石同位素成分等方面显示出完全相似的特征,反映出两者在时空与物质上都具有紧密的成因联系。笔者认为,暗色微粒包体不应该是壳幔岩浆混合作用的产物。基于包体岩浆极小的体量和稍晚的侵位(相对于寄主花岗岩),笔者提出一种新的暗色微粒包体的形成方式:同造山花岗岩浆的主动上侵造成岩浆房内的“负压力”而导致岩浆房下部呈晶粥状态的闪长质层发生等温减压熔融作用,从而形成体量极小的包体岩浆;并即时“注入”地壳上部尚未固结的寄主花岗岩中,快速冷凝形成暗色微粒包体。因此,暗色微粒包体不能被视作为“壳幔岩浆混合作用”的证据。

赣西北狮子岭花岗岩型锂-钽矿床的矿物学特征及成矿机制

赣西北狮子岭岩体是九岭地区新发现的一个花岗岩型锂、钽矿化岩体,前人对其矿物学特征以及锂、钽成矿机制的认识较为薄弱。本文在详细野外工作的基础上,利用光学显微镜、电子探针(EPMA)和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对狮子岭岩体中云母族矿物和稀有金属矿物(铌钽锰矿、钽铌锰矿、细晶石、含铌钽锡石和磷锂铝石)的产状、结构、化学成分以及类型进行研究。结果表明:从二云母花岗岩、锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩、黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩到似伟晶岩,云母的种类发生变化,云母中K/Rb、K/Cs比值逐渐降低,Li、Rb、Cs、F含量逐渐升高,部分云母发育成分环带;铌钽矿物具有较高的Ta/(Ta+Nb)、Mn/(Fe+Mn)值,发育岩浆成因的成分环带;含铌钽锡石具有较高的Nb_(2)O_(5)+Ta_(2)O_(5)含量;在锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩、黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩和似伟晶岩中,细晶石和磷锂铝石常与钠长石及锂云母等矿物共生。据此认为,狮子岭岩体中的云母族矿物存在两种演化序列,即铁叶云母→黑鳞云母→铁锂云母→锂云母和白云母→锂白云母(铁锂云母)→锂云母,二者均向着富Li的方向演化,且均为岩浆结晶分异的结果;云母族矿物与稀有金属矿物的类型、成分以及结构特征均表明狮子岭岩体具有高度演化特征;岩浆体系中Li、F、P等组分的富集有利于狮子岭岩体中稀有金属矿物的结晶;狮子岭岩体Li、Ta矿化主要由岩浆的结晶分异作用所控制。