Development of an atmospheric fluorocarbon plasma jet generated by pulse modulated microwave discharge

Atmospheric fluorocarbon plasma plays an important role in the surface modification of insulating materials like polymers.The existing fluorocarbon plasma is usually generated by dielectric barrier discharge,which has a low concentration of reactive species and may cause insufficient surface fluorination.This work attempts to develop an atmospheric fluorocarbon plasma jet using a coaxial transmission line resonator by microwave discharge with locally enhanced electric field and high density.The gas temperature is reduced by pulse modulation technology.Three kinds of working gases,pure CF_(4),Ar/CF_(4)and He/CF_(4),are utilized to generate the atmospheric microwave fluorocarbon plasma jet.The discharge images,optical emission spectra,electron densities and gas temperatures are studied experimentally.The results show that the Ar/CF_(4)plasma jet has the best comprehensive performance,such as strong discharge intensity and controllable gas temperature.The electron density of the Ar/CF_4plasma jet has a magnitude of 10~(20)m^(-3),indicating a higher density than that of the frequently used dielectric barrier discharge.With the other conditions unchanged,the gas temperature at the end of the Ar/CF_(4)plasma jet can be reduced from 410.2 to 347.3 K by decreasing the duty cycle of the modulated pulse from 0.5 to 0.1.Thence,the microwave Ar/CF_(4)plasma jet is considered to be a promising fluorocarbon plasma source for surface fluorination of polymers.

Coalescence separation of oil water emulsion on amphiphobic fluorocarbon polymer and silica nanoparticles coated fiber-bed coalescer

Discharging untreated oily wastewater into the environment disrupts the ecological balance,which is a global problem that requires urgent solutions.Superhydrophilic and superoleophilic fibrous medium(FM)effectively separated oil–water emulsion as it was hydrophobic underwater.But its separation efficiencies(SEs)first increased to 98.9%,then dropped to 97.6%in 10 min because of oil-fouling.To tackle this problem,FM deposited with 0%–10%silica nanoparticle(NPsFMs),then coated by fluorocarbon polymer(X-[CH_(2)CH_(2)O]nCH_(2)CH_(2)O-Y-NH-COOCH_(2)C4F9)(FCNPs FMs),was used to enhance its roughness and regulate its initial wettability to improve the anti-fouling property.FCFM and FCNPs FMs were hydrophobic and oleophobic in air and oleophobic underwater.Their water contact angles,oil contact angles and oil contact angles were 115.3°–121.1°,128.8°–136.5°,and 131.6°–136.7°,respectively,meeting the requirement of 90°–140°for coalescence separation.FCNPs FM-5 had the best separation performance with a constant value of 99.8%in 10 min,while that of FCNPs FM-10 slightly decreased to 99.5%.Theoretical released droplet(TRD)diameter,calculated by the square root of the product of pore radius and fiber diameter,was used for the evaluation of coalescence performance.Analyzed by two ideal models,TRD diameter and fiber diameter showed a parabola type relationship,proving that the separation efficiency was a collaborative work of wettability,pore size and fiber diameter.Also,it explained the SEs reduction from FCNPs FM-5 to FCNPs FM-10 was revelent to the three parameters.Moreover,FCNPsFMs effectively separated emulsions stabilized by cationic surfactant CTAB(SEs:97.3%–98.4%)and anionic surfactant SDBS(SEs:91.3%–93.4%).But they had an adverse effect on nonionic surfactant Tween-80 emulsion separation(SEs:94.0%–71.76%).Emulsions made by diverse oils can be effectively separated:octane(SEs:99.4%–100%),rapeseed oil(SEs:97.3%–98.8%),and diesel(SEs:95.2%–97.0%).These findings provide new insights for designing novel materials for oil–water separation by coalescence mechanism.

The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Corrosion-resisting Property of Fluorocarbon Coating

The effect of relative humidity on the corrosion-resisting property of fluorocarbon coating was investigated by water vapor transmission technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Measuremerits were carried out on samples, which were tested in an accelerated corrosion environment for the same time （300, 500, 800 and 1000 h ）. The experimental results were obtained as follows： （i） The water absorption, coating resistance and corrosion rate of metal under the coating changed with relative humidity and aging time, the results obtained by EIS are good consistent with those by water vapor transmission technique ; （ ii ） when the subject investigated presented two time constant, the goodness of fit by EEC R （ C （ R （ CR ） ） ） was inferior to that by EEC R（ C（ R（QR） ） ）, but the error of parameters acquired from the former was smaller, by which we could analyze the experiment result quantitatively. With the appearance of diffusion layer on the metal, the difference of metal capacitance was aggravated, the error of parameters acquired from EEC R（ C（ R（ C（RW） ） ） ）was bigger than that from EEC R（ C（ R（ Q（ RW） ） ） ） .

Preparation of Self-crosslinked Fluorocarbon Polymer Emulsion with Core-shell Structure by the Method of Soap-free Emulsion Polymerization

Using methyl methacrylate （MMA）, butyl acrylate（BA） and hexafluorobutyl acrylate（HFBA） as main raw materials, we prepared self-crosslinked fluorocarbon polymer emulsion with core-shell structure via soap-free emulsion polymerization when the conception of particle design and polymer morphology was adopted. Moreover, the influence of mole ratio of BA to MAA, pH value on the oligomer was studied. And the effects of the added amount of oligomer, self-crosslinked monomer and HFBA, mass ratio of BA to MMA, reaction temperature and the initiator on the polymerization technology and the performance of the product, were investigated and optimized. The structure and performance of the fluorocarbon polymer emulsion were characterized and tested with FTIR, TEM, MFT and contact angle and water absorption of the latex film. The experimental results show that the optimal conditions for preparing fluorocarbon polymer emulsion are as follows： for preparing the oligomer, tool ratio of BA to MAA is equal to 1.0 ： 1.60, and pH value is controlled within the range of 8.0 and 9.0; for preparing fluorocarbon polymer emulsion, the added amount of oligmer[P（BA/MANa）] is 6%; mass ratio of BA to MMA is 40 ＂ 60; the added amount of self-crosslinked monomer is 2%, the added amount of HFBA is 15 %; reaction temperature is 80 ℃; the mixture of potassium persulfate and sodium bisulfite is used as the initiator. The film-forming stability of the fluorocarbon polymer emul- sion and the performance of the latex film, which is prepared with the soap-free emulsion polymerization, are better than that prepared with the conventional emulsion polymerization.

Effect of Low-frequency Power on F, CF_2 Relative Density and F/CF_2 Ratio in Fluorocarbon Dual-Frequency Plasmas

Effect of low-frequency power on F, CF2 relative density and F/CF2 ratio, in C2F6, C4F8 and CHF3 dual-frequency capacitively couple discharge driven by the power of 13.56 MHz/2 MHz, was investigated by using optical emission spectroscopy. High F, CF2 relative density and high F/CF2 ratio were obtained in a CHF3 plasma. But for C2F6 and C4Fs plasmas, the F, CF2 relative density and F/CF2 ratio all decreased significantly due to the difference in both reactive paths and reactive energy. The increase of LF power caused simultaneous increase of F and CF2 radical relative densities in C4Fs and CHF3 plasmas, but led to increase of F with the decrease in CF2 relative densities in C2F6 plasma due to the increase of lower energy electrons and the decrease of higher energy electrons in electron energy distribution function （EEDF）.

Growth of Fluorocarbon Films by Low-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Plasma polymerized fluorocarbon （FC） films have been deposited on silicon substrates from dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma of C4Fs at room temperature under a pressure of 25～125 Pa. The effects of the discharge pressure and frequency of power supply on the films have been systematically investigated. FC films with a less cross linked structure may be formed at a relatively high pressure. Increase in the frequency of power supply leads to a significant increase in the deposition rate. Static contact angle measurements show that deposited FC films have a stable, hydrophobic surface property. All deposited films show smooth surfaces with an atomic surface roughness. The relationship between plasma parameters and the properties of the deposited FC films are discussed.

Research on Freeze Drying and High-temperature Molding in Medium-temperature Fluorocarbon Board

A research and test system for the carbon anode plate preparation technology was established to optimize the physical and chemical indicators of carbon anode plates,such as bulk density,resistivity,and compressive strength,and improve the operating cycle.In this study,a carbon plate was prepared via a combination of high-temperature molding and freeze drying using a formulation with asphalt content much lower than the industry standard.The experimental results show that the density of the carbon plate is increased by 0.02-0.04 g/cm^(3) by improving the drying method.The carbon plate prepared in the laboratory has a bulk density of 1.814 g/cm^(3),resistivity of 29.8μΩ·m,and compressive strength of 89.27 MPa.The bulk density,room-temperature resistivity,compressive strength,graphitization,and other key indices of the carbon plates made in the laboratory and those procured from a factory in Shanxi,Datong,were tested.Additionally,the specimens were analyzed using thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray fluorescence.The laboratory-made carbon plates were superior to the factory specimens in terms of all the indicators tested.The process in this study improves the performance of the carbon anode plate and is used to provide technical support for electrolytic fluorine production in enterprises.The carbon plates prepared in the laboratory fully meet the process requirements of a medium-temperature electrolytic fluorine production line,which indicates the possibility of its use in the stable production of fluorine gas.

STUDIES ON THE PERMEABILITY OF P VC/EBBA OVERLAPPED ULTRATHIN COMPOSITE MEMBRANES MODIFIED BY PLASMA-POLYMERIZATION WITH FLUOROCARBON MONOMERS

The PVC/EBBA ultrathin composite membranes with thickness of about 100 nm were prepared by spreading the solution on water surface. The overlapped composite membrane showed a characteristic aggregation structure in which the polymer matrix exists as a three-dimensional spongy network and the liquid crystal domains werc observed. Tne surface modification for the overlapped membranes was carried out by means of plasma-polymerization with the monomers of fluorocarbon compounds. Both Arrhenius plots of permeability coefficients for oxygen ((?)_O_2) in the membrane samples before and after modification showed significant increase in the vicinity of the T_(KN) of EBBA.

Oxygen Isotope Fractionation of Common RE Fluorocarbonate

Fluorocarbonate is one of the most important RE minerals in the earth With the increment model developed by Zheng, oxygen isotope fractionation of RE fluorocarbonates is discussed and the 18 O enrichment order is obtained as follows: bastnaesite>cordylite>Ca 0 5 BaCe 2(CO 3) 4F>baiyuneboite>huangheite>cebaite Combining with the calculated equation, the oxygen isotopic compositions in RE fluorocarbonate from Bayan Obo ore deposit is discussed, and a better accordance of 18 O enrichment order with actual data on ore forming temperature with the ore deposit geology are found Because Ba RE fluorocarbonate could be considered as a stacking of CeCO 3F and BaCO 3 layers in the direction c , oxygen isotope fractionation in this stacking is discussed, and I in zhonghuacerite and cordylite is predicted with this model

Domain Structure in Calcium Cerium Fluorocarbonate Minerals, Mianning County, Sichuan Province, China

The domain structures in calcium-cerium fluorocarbonate mineral series from a rare earth mineral deposit within an aegirine alkali granite massif in Mianning County, Sichuan Province, China, were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. Many categories of domain structures in this mineral series were observed and investigated, including the microtwin domains of parisite-6R(2) and B2S-6R, the antiphase domains of B2S-2H. The results show that the antiphase domains which are faults along crystal plane (0001) are formed by the displacement of crystal lattice in c * direction and the displacement is 0.471 nm. A new polytype (B4S2-3R) of regular mixed-layer structure with B4S2 type is found in the domain region of mixed-layer structure.

Syntactic Intergrowth Structure in the Calcium-Rare Earth Fluorocarbonate Minerals

The microstructural characteristics of syntactic polycrystal in the calcium rare earth fluorocarbonate minerals from Southwest China have been studied by means of selected area electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy(HREM). The complication of the heterogeneous fabric of the minerals have been revealed by HREM. The results show that the crystal structure of the minerals was formed by a disorder stacking of the unit layers of bast naesite and synchisite in the calcium rare earth fluorocarbonate minerals along c direction. The stacking fault and other crystal defects in the syntactic polycrystal have been discussed.

HRTEM Study of Three New Regularly Mixed-layer Structures of B_8S_6 Type in Ca-RE Fluorocarbonate Minerals

The microstructural features of clacium rare earth(Ca RE) fluorocarbonate minerals from Southwest China were studied by using selected area electron diffraction(SAED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). Three new regularly mixed layer structures of B 8S 6 type with long period and different stacking sequence, i.e. B 8S 6 Ⅰ, B 8S 6 Ⅱ, and B 8S 6 Ⅲ, were found in the derived polycrystal of parisite, in which their structural symmetry, cell parameters, chemical formulas of crystal and stacking models of structural unit layer, etc. were determined. The results of this study also show that these new regularly mixed layer structrues were formed by order stacking unit layer of bastnaesite(B) and synchisite(S) in varying proportion along c axis. The observation under HRTEM reveals that in the three new regularly mixed layer structures there are different distribution modes of Ce F ion layers, CO 2- 3 ion groups between the Ce F ion layers, and CO 2- 3 ion groups between Ce F and Ca 2+ ion layers, and there are some heterogeneous textures, such as disorder interlayer and stacking fault. It further proves the complexity of the crystal structure of the Ca RE fluorocarbonate minerals.

Photoluminescence of silicone oil treated by fluorocarbon plasma

We investigated photoluminescence characteristics of silicone oils treated by C2F6 and CHF3 plasma. The silicone oil treated by the C2F6 plasma emitted a white light mainly composed of 415 nm, 469 nm, and 554 nm emissions, while that treated by the CHF3 plasma emitted a pink light （415 nm）. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy studies showed that the photoluminescence was correlated with the Si-C bond, the carbon-related defects and the oxygen vacancies. It was suggested that the light emitting at 554 nm was related to the Si-C bond and the carbon-related defects, while the pink emission at 415 nm was related to the oxygen vacancies.

Interaction of Polyelectrolyte with Fluorocarbon Surfactant in Aqueous Solution

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The effects of perfluorocarbon dosing strategy on cerebral blood flow when starting partial liquid ventilation: A randomized, controlled, experimental study

Introduction: Partial liquid ventilation may benefit the lung disease in preterm neonates but intratracheal instillation of perfluorocarbon increases cerebral blood flow and may cause brain injury. We aimed to determine if the effects of perfluorocarbon administration on cerebral blood flow vary by dose-volume, rate of administration, endotracheal tube portal of entry, or closely targeting PaCO2. Methods: Forty-two dosing events (in eleven rabbits) were randomised to different dosing strategies, including a sham (i.e., placebo/control) dose of air over 20 min, 20 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon slowly over 20 min, 10 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon slowly over 20 min, 10 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon moderately fast over 10 min, 10 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon rapidly over 5 min, 10 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon slowly over 20 min via the endotracheal tube tip lumen (as opposed to the proximal end of the tube used in all other groups), or 10 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon slowly over 20 min whilst targeting a PaCO2 of 45 - 50 mmHg. Blood gases, haemodynamics, cortical cerebral blood flow and carotid flow were recorded continuously for 30 minutes from the start of each dose. Results: Carotid flow increased with 20 mL/kg perfluorocarbon and cortical cerebral blood flow was significantly more variable. Carotid and cortical cerebral blood flow increased using 10 mL/kg or 20 mL/kg with no difference between the two dose-volumes. There was no difference in cerebral blood flow by rate of administration, but carotid blood flow was more variable during slow administration. There were no differences in the increase in cerebral blood flow by portal of entry. If PaCO2 was maintained between 45 - 50 mmHg there was no increase in cerebral blood flow and there was less variable carotid flow. Conclusions: Cerebral blood flow increases with perfluorocarbon dosing. This occurs regardless of the dose-volume of perfluorocarbon. These effects were mitigated by closely targeting PaCO2.

EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUOROCARBON-MODIFIED POLYACRYLAMIDE/SURFACTANT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The interaction between surfactants and fluorocarbon-modified polyacrylamide (FC-PAM) in aqueous solutionswas evaluated by rheological means and fluorescence spectroscopy and was found to be strong regardless of the surfactant'snature. Two representative surfactants, anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic Triton X-100, were used. The origin of the interaction and its dependence on the surfactant concentration were discussed.

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Characteristics of REE-Fluorocarbonate Minerals and Their Genetic Implications, Bayan Obo Deposit,Inner Mongolia, China

REE-fluorocarbonates as major REE minerals in the Bayan Obo deposit, the largestREE deposit in the world, were analyzed for their stable isotopic compositions. The δ13C andδ18O values of huanghoite, cebaite and bastnaesite from late-stage veins vary in the ranges of -7. 8 - - 4. 0‰ and 6. 7 - 9. 4‰ respectively. These data are relatively similar tO those ofbastnaesites from banded ores: δ13C - 5. 6 - - 5. 2‰ and δ18O 3. 6 - 5. 5‰ The REEfluorocarbonates from both late-stage veins and banded ores are characterized by lower δ13C andδ18O values, especially the δ18O values of bastnaesites from banded ores. Compared with them,the disseminated bastnaesits the dolomite-type ores possess rather high δ13C and δ18O values, i.e., - 2. 1 - - O. 4‰ and 8. 6 - 12. 9‰ respectively. The high values are typical of thesedimentary host dolomite rocks as well as of the dolomite-type ores. The carbon and oxygenisotopic characteristics of REE fluorocarbonate minerals provide new evidence for the hypothesison the origin of Bayan Obo deposit-epigenetic hydrothermal metasomatism.

基于CNA35靶向液态氟碳纳米粒的超声分子成像检测糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏纤维化的实验研究

目的制备一种由胶原结合蛋白35(CNA35)介导的靶向液态氟碳纳米粒(PFP-NPs),探讨其在超声分子成像检测糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肾脏纤维化中的应用价值。方法制备经荧光标记的非靶向PFP-NPs和CNA35靶向PFP-NPs,经转化生长因子-β诱导人肾小管上皮HK-2细胞间质转化,发生胶原沉积,然后分别将非靶向PFP-NPs和CNA35靶向PFP-NPs与细胞共同孵育,于倒置荧光显微镜下观察细胞上PFP-NPs荧光信号。建立DN大鼠模型,分为非靶向组和靶向组,每组各10只,分别静脉注射非靶向PFP-NPs与CNA35靶向PFP-NPs,应用超声分子成像检测两组DN大鼠静脉注射PFP-NPs后10 min、30 min肾脏超声分子成像信号强度;然后处死DN大鼠并取肾脏组织,检测肾脏组织PFP-NPs荧光信号强度及Ⅰ型胶原荧光信号强度;免疫组织化学检测肾脏组织Ⅰ型胶原染色面积占比,分析肾脏超声分子成像信号强度与Ⅰ型胶原染色面积占比的相关性。结果CNA35靶向PFP-NPs孵育的人肾小管上皮HK-2细胞上的荧光信号强度高于非靶向PFP-NPs孵育的细胞(388.21±15.28 vs.25.79±3.62),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。靶向组DN大鼠肾脏组织PFP-NPs荧光信号强度高于非靶向组(946.02±83.55 vs.73.69±21.72),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);靶向组Ⅰ型胶原荧光信号强度与非靶向组比较差异无统计学意义(969.07±96.67 vs.943.39±106.18),且CNA35靶向PFP-NPs荧光信号与Ⅰ型胶原荧光信号区域重合。体内超声分子成像显示,靶向组DN大鼠静脉注射PFPNPs后10 min、30 min肾脏组织超声分子成像信号强度均高于非靶向组(8.37±1.27 vs.1.92±0.25、9.73±1.25 vs.2.08±1.32),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,DN大鼠肾脏超声分子成像信号强度与Ⅰ型胶原染色面积占比呈正相关(r=0.838,P<0.001)。结论成功制备了CNA35靶向PFP-NPs,其能够靶向结合大鼠肾脏胶原高表达部位,实现了对DN大鼠肾脏纤维化的靶向超声分子成像。

无光耐沾污蒙皮面漆的研制及其应用

介绍了蒙皮涂层耐沾污性的影响因素以及无光蒙皮面漆耐沾污的难点。对比了丙烯酸树脂体系无光、半光、高光漆膜的耐沾污性,并研究了氟碳树脂的添加量对无光漆膜耐沾污性的影响。结果表明:无光丙烯酸树脂体系的漆膜因消光粉添加量高,其表面粗糙度大,导致耐沾污性较差;在丙烯酸树脂体系中加入氟碳树脂,可提高无光漆膜的耐沾污性;且当丙烯酸树脂与氟碳树脂的比例接近1:1时,既能满所需的性能要求,又能降低成本。

低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层真空热循环及防爬移特性研究

低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层是一种抑制空间用油脂润滑剂爬移流失的关键材料,该材料的应用可为空间油脂润滑活动机构实现长寿命、高可靠运行提供技术保障。采用水接触角测试仪、X射线荧光能谱仪、光学显微镜等对自研的氟碳聚合物涂层进行了真空热循环前后的接触角、表面能变化以及对多烷基环戊烷(MACs)润滑油防爬移特性的研究。结果表明,9Cr18不锈钢、2A12铝合金和TC4钛合金三种不同金属基体表面涂覆聚合物涂层后的表面能分别为8.797 mN/m、9.083 mN/m和9.203 mN/m;在温度−45~+90℃下,经过30天、60次真空热循环后,涂层的表面能分别为8.915 mN/m、9.209 mN/m和9.266 mN/m,仍然较低。涂层与MACs润滑油之间存在明显界面,涂层上距离润滑油200μm界面处的XPS分析未发现MACs润滑油的特征峰,表明没有润滑油爬移扩散至涂层处,低表面能氟碳聚合物涂层对MACs润滑油能够起到有效的“防爬移”作用。