Based on detailed investigation of the modern sedimentation of the distributive fluvial system of Shule River and the data of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)aerial photography and satellite remote sensing,the sedimentary...Based on detailed investigation of the modern sedimentation of the distributive fluvial system of Shule River and the data of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)aerial photography and satellite remote sensing,the sedimentary characteristics and differences of distributive fluvial system in arid areas are analyzed.By comparing the changes in slope,river morphology and sedimentary characteristics in different sections from the apex to the toe,the distributive fluvial system of Shule River can be divided into three facies belts:"proximal","middle"and"distal".The proximal belt has the largest slope and strongest hydrodynamic condition,mainly appears as large-scale braided river deposits;the fluvial bars in this belt are mainly composed of gravels,the gravels have good roundness and certain directionality,and are medium-large boulders,with low sand content;the main microfacies in this belt are braided channel and flood plain.The middle belt with slope smaller than the proximal belt,is mainly composed of braided bifurcating river deposits.Due to branching and infiltration,this belt has weaker hydrodynamic conditions,so some of the distributive rivers dry up,appearing as ephemeral rivers.This belt has small lenticular sandbodies,fine to medium gravels,higher sand content,and mainly braided channel,flood plain and aeolian dune microfacies.The distal belt has the smallest slope and flat terrain,where the river begins to transform from braided river to meandering river,the sediment is mainly sand.Due to the influence of slope,this belt has weaker erosion toward source and stronger lateral erosion,and point bars developing around the edge of the active lobes.In this belt,the river is completely meandering,and the main microfacies are braided channel,meandering channel,flood plain,aeolian dune,lake and swamp.展开更多
Mid-Cretaceous strata within the Tintina Trench, 3 km west of the community of Ross River, contain evidence of deposition in two distinct, alternating, fluvial settings. Coal-bearing, mud-dominated strata are commonly...Mid-Cretaceous strata within the Tintina Trench, 3 km west of the community of Ross River, contain evidence of deposition in two distinct, alternating, fluvial settings. Coal-bearing, mud-dominated strata are commonly associated with high-constructive sandy channel systems, with extensive overbank, levee and splay deposits. Channels are between 3 and 30 m wide and 0.4-7 m thick. They show repetitive development of side and in-channel bar-forms, as well as up-channel widening of the rivers by selective erosion of associated overbank and levee deposits. Levees extended for several hundred metres away from the channels. In this setting low-angle inclined stratification and epsilon cross stratification may reflect lateral migration of crevasse channels or small streams. The paucity of exposure prevents recognition of the channels as products of multiple channel anastomosed systems or single channel high-constructive systems. Gravel-dominated strata, inter-bedded with, and overlying coal-bearing units, are interpreted as deposits of wandering gravel-bed rivers, with sinuosity approaching 1.4. In most exposures they appear to be dominated by massive and thin planar-bedded granule to small pebble conglomerates, which would traditionally be interpreted as sheet-flood or longitudinal bar deposits of a high-gradient braided stream or alluvial fan. Architectural analysis of exposures in an open-pit shows that the predominance of flat bedding is an artefact of the geometry of the roadside exposures. In the pit the conglomerates are dominated by large scale cross stratification on a scale of 1-5.5 m. These appear to have developed as downstream and lateral accretion elements on side-bars and on in-channel bars in water depths of 2-12 m. Stacking of strata on domed 3rd order surfaces suggests development of longitudinal in-channel bar complexes similar to those observed in parts of the modern Rhone River system. Mudstone preserved in some of the channels reflects intervals of channel abandonment or avulsion. Minimum channel width is from 70 to 450 m.展开更多
Understanding controls on river planform changes can help to build predictive models for distributive fluvial systems,and then guide the oil and gas exploration.To do this we have undertaken a detailed investigation o...Understanding controls on river planform changes can help to build predictive models for distributive fluvial systems,and then guide the oil and gas exploration.To do this we have undertaken a detailed investigation of the modern Great Halten River distributive fluvial system from the Sugan Lake Basin,Qinghai,China.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) photography,satellite remote sensing data and elemental analysis were used to determine differences in the sedimentary characteristics of the distributive fluvial system.From the apex to the toe,the changes in the slope,river morphology,sedimentary characteristics and element content in different regions were determined and three facies belts:“proximal”,“medial” and “distal” were identified.We found that the sedimentary structure and elemental content characteristics of each facies differ greatly.We compare the large-scale evolution of rivers from braided to meandering rivers,and the fine description of sedimentary characteristics in combination with each observation,we strengthen our overall understanding of the modern DFS from macro to micro scale.At the same time,we summarize the sedimentation model of the Great Halten River DFS,and our study provides a reference for establishing the sedimentary model in continental petroliferous basins.展开更多
Distributive fluvial systems(DFS)are widespread in drylands in the northwestern China.Analyzing differences in fluvial morphology in drylands is beneficial for studying ancient rock records and the extraterrestrial su...Distributive fluvial systems(DFS)are widespread in drylands in the northwestern China.Analyzing differences in fluvial morphology in drylands is beneficial for studying ancient rock records and the extraterrestrial surface environment.The remote sensing image,characterized by real-time and possibility of repeated observations,is a vital tool for recording and comparing fluvial systems in drylands.Satellite remote sensing technology is a method of investigating fluvial morphologies.Due to the limited accuracy of satellite imagery,there are few reports on the detailed description of the fluvial system in drylands of NW China.We analyze the pattern of fluvial morphology changes in the Golmud distributive fluvial system(DFS)in the Qaidam Basin,northwestern China,using satellite remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV).Firstly,we use Google Earth real-time image data,historical image data,and radar digital elevation data to extract geomorphological information;then the UAV remote sensing image data were used to interpret fluvial network information;finally,we use the gray-scale differential vector method to describe the fluvial morphologies.Three zones have been identified in the Golmud DFS:the proximal,the medial,and the distal,by comparing the differences in topographic and geomorphic characteristics,fluvial morphologies,and sedimentary characteristics of the Golmud DFS.The proximal slope is higher than the other two zones,and the geomorphic features are mainly gravel gobi.The proximal fluvial morphologies are mainly large braided rivers,and sediments are more gravelly and less sandy.The medial slope is relatively small,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis plains.The medial fluvial morphologies are mainly meandering rivers associating with braided rivers,and sediments are more sandy and less gravelly.The distal slope is the lowest,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis plains,lakes,and marsh plains.The distal fluvial morphologies are mainly meandering rivers,and sediments are sandy and muddy.Comparison of the DFS from proximal to medial to distal in Golmud confirmed the potential of remote sensing image technology in identifying the fluvial morphologies and sedimentary facies distribution in dryland.展开更多
Coupling within fluvial systems relates to the connectivity between the various components of the system. It can be viewed at several scales from local scales of hillslopetochannel and reachtoreach coupling, to larger...Coupling within fluvial systems relates to the connectivity between the various components of the system. It can be viewed at several scales from local scales of hillslopetochannel and reachtoreach coupling, to larger scales of zonal coupling between the major functional zones of the fluvial system, and to the scale of regional coupling. Coupling influences how the system responds to environmental change and how the effects of environmental change are propagated through the system. This paper provides a review, based largely on previously published work, of the coupling concept, and how the effective temporal scales vary with the spatial scale of coupling. Local scale coupling is considered through the hillslope to channel coupling in the Howgill Fells, northwest England, observed over a 30year monitoring period, together with examples from badlands in Spain, and reachtoreach coupling on the River Dane, northwest England. At the zonal scale the relative influence of climatic and baselevel change on coupling through dryregion alluvial fans is considered on fan systems in Spain, Nevada, and UAE/Oman. For large scale regional coupling, the response of the Tabernas basin, southeast Spain to tectonic uplift, is examined. The factors influencing coupling mechanisms vary with temporal and spatial scales. At the hillslopetochannel scale the significant factors are the magnitude and frequency characteristics of sediment generation and removal mechanisms within the context of progressive morphological change. Effective timescales range from the individual event to decadal timescales. At the zonal scale, that of alluvial fans, the significant factors are climatic change, and particularly in the appropriate morphological setting, baselevel change. Effective timescales are of the order of hundreds to thousands of years. At the regional scale, the response to tectonic uplift may take >100 ka to be transmitted through the drainage basin.展开更多
The anastomosing fluvial system was considered as the same term of the braided fluvial system. Smith and others have recognized the difference between them. They described the anastomosing fluvial system as 'a low...The anastomosing fluvial system was considered as the same term of the braided fluvial system. Smith and others have recognized the difference between them. They described the anastomosing fluvial system as 'a low energy complex of several interconnected channels of variable sinuosity crossing a wetland and forming many elongate vegetated islands', and established a depositional model of anastomosing fluvial system based on their展开更多
The Yellow River is usually assumed to record tectonic activities and climatic changes;however,a systematic study was lack in the sedimentology,stratigraphy,geomorphology and geochronology for the entire Yellow River ...The Yellow River is usually assumed to record tectonic activities and climatic changes;however,a systematic study was lack in the sedimentology,stratigraphy,geomorphology and geochronology for the entire Yellow River though various geologic scholars have conducted numerous works in individual basins.This review focused on well-preserved fluvial terrace sequences that formed along this river on northeastern(NE)Tibetan Plateau and Ordos Block over the past 2.6 Ma.After comparing numerous initial incision ages at different segments along the Yellow River,we found out that the youngest initial incision may occur at ca.150 ka at the Longyang Gorge.The Yellow River may transit from multiple separated endorheic drainages to an entire external drainage after 150 ka,which may cause differentiations in the apparent incision rates before and after 150 ka;thus apparent net incision rates were calculated respectively for the Yellow River before 150 ka and the drainage network post 150 ka.Apparent net incision rates prior to 0.15 Ma were calculated as 0.15,0.29,0.10,0.12 and 0.03 mm/a respectively in Tongde-Xunhua,Lanzhou-Linxia basins,Heishan,Jinshan and Fenwei-Sanmen Gorges in this review,which mainly reflected Kunhuang-Gonghe Tectonic Event,generated by the Indo-Asian collision and diminishing as the NE Tibetan Plateau eastward extruding at ca.1.8-0.15 Ma.Apparent net incision rates post 0.15 Ma were calculated respectively for NE Tibetan Plateau and Ordos Block,considering their different base level.On NE Tibetan Plateau,four fluvial degradational phases were identified between ca.105~70,53~40,25~16 and 12~6 ka associated with terrace levels respectively,at average elevations of 96,40,20 and 10.5 meters above the current river level(m arl)within a range of 5~96 m arl;and four broad periods in the last 150 ka on Ordos Block:possibly marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS)5,ca.118 to 72 ka,most of MIS 3,ca.44~28 ka,transition from LGM to last deglacial ca.20 to 16 ka,and 4~3 ka at average elevations of 67.5,26,19 and 11.5 m arl.These degradational phases post 0.15 Ma were associated with multiple processes including enhanced fluvial discharge with an increase in monsoonal precipitation and/or melt water in deglaciation.展开更多
-On the basis of the data obtained from the investigations on some rivers in China and Australia, the author discusses the spatial and temporal changes of various portions of fluvial-estuarine system during postglacia...-On the basis of the data obtained from the investigations on some rivers in China and Australia, the author discusses the spatial and temporal changes of various portions of fluvial-estuarine system during postglacial sea-level rising in present coastal and deltaic areas. The evolution of a fluvial-estuarine system can be divided into four development stages: early transgression, late transgression, stationary and regression. Early transgression brought about filling-in of the paleo-valley formed in low stand of sea level. In response to late transgression the estuaries were created, during the stationary stage the big swamp was developed. The regression led to estuaries to be filled with sediments and then became deltas. At the same locality the fluvial-estuarine system changed with time. In the transgressive period the lower reach of a river changed into an estuary, and then became nearshore area. In the regressive period the nearshore area changed into an estuary , and then became delta.展开更多
The dimensions and connectivity of fluvial reservoirs vary greatly, making it challenging to characterize them using conventional approaches. In this study integrated channel belt dimension analysis from seismic geomo...The dimensions and connectivity of fluvial reservoirs vary greatly, making it challenging to characterize them using conventional approaches. In this study integrated channel belt dimension analysis from seismic geomorphology and empirical equations, well log facies, and petrophysical analysis were performed to characterize the fluvial reservoirs. The study interval consists of fluvial deposits and is divided into three reservoir zones, which are defined by four key regional markers (B, D, K, O). In these intervals, six (6) fluvial facies have been identified. Based on the log facies proportions and their stacking relationships, it is interpreted that the reservoirs in zone 1 (B to D) were deposited in a proximal reach of a meandering system, zone 2 (D to K) in a marginal marine setting, and zone 3 (K) in a distal reach of a meandering system. The dimensions of fluvial channels and channel belts were determined using empirical equations. The results were compared with the observed dimensions of fluvial channels and channel belts from the seismic horizon and stratal slices of the same intervals. Zones 1 and 3 are characterized by broad meander belts (1000–4000 m) compared to zone 2 (600–1300 m). Petrophysical analysis showed zones 1 and 3 have the better petrophysical properties compared to zone 2. Though zone 3 has the most well-developed sand bodies, the best reservoir interval is zone 1 because of its higher porosity. Although channel belt dimensions have a significant influence on reservoir connectivity, they do not seem to have control on reservoir properties. The channel belt dimensions obtained from the empirical equations and interpreted from the seismic geomorphology analysis were found to be strikingly similar. Since three-dimensional seismic data is not available everywhere and seismic imaging quality decreases with depth, empirical equations can be used to analyze fluvial reservoir parameters and their connectivity at greater depths.展开更多
Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt (Katawaz Basin) has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision o...Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt (Katawaz Basin) has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces (point bars) and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.展开更多
The concept and characteristics of fluvial fan are elucidated through literature review and case analysis.Firstly,the concept and terminology of fluvial fan are introduced.Secondly,the progress and controversy on the ...The concept and characteristics of fluvial fan are elucidated through literature review and case analysis.Firstly,the concept and terminology of fluvial fan are introduced.Secondly,the progress and controversy on the formation mechanism,analysis methods and sedimentary models of fluvial fan are elaborated,and fluvial fan is compared with alluvial fan,river and lacustrine delta.Finally,ten identification signs of the fluvial fan are proposed.It is found through the study that development and scale of fluvial fan are affected by external factors such as climate,tectonic,provenance and wind field.The facies and lithofacies association inside the fan are controlled by the activity of the internal channel.It is pointed that fluvial fans are widely distributed in the world not only today but also in the geological history.The occurrence of fluvial fan will change the traditional continental deposition system dominated by alluvial fan-river-lacustrine.Meanwhile,the research of fluvial fan will be of great significance in the fields of sedimentology and oil and gas exploration.展开更多
The Huang Shui River, a main tributary of the Yellow River, crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation. The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Hu...The Huang Shui River, a main tributary of the Yellow River, crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation. The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping. Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin, four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin, 19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin (the four high terraces may belong to another river), nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized. Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River, which is located at the margin of Tibet, are different from that of the rivers at other regions. The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment: both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins, indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins. A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper. First, the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement, and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state. Then, the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again, and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again. Finally, the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins. The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment. These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin. Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a so...The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits(loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt(goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm(hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics(χ(magnetic susceptibility), χARM(anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRM_(AF100 mT)(SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.展开更多
In many cases, river discharge is indirectly estimated from water level or streamflow velocity near the water surface. However, these methods have limited applicability. In this study, an innovative system, the fluvia...In many cases, river discharge is indirectly estimated from water level or streamflow velocity near the water surface. However, these methods have limited applicability. In this study, an innovative system, the fluvial acoustic tomography system (FATS), was used for continuous discharge measurement. Transducers with a central frequency of 30 kHz were installed diagonally across the river. The system's significant functions include accurate measurement of the travel time of the transmission signal using a GPS clock and the attainment of a high signal-to-noise ratio as a result of modulation of the signal by the 10th order M-sequence. In addition, FATS is small and lightweight, and its power consumption is low. Operating in unsteady streamflow, FATS successfully measured the cross-sectional average velocity. The agreement between FATS and acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) on water discharge was satisfactory. Moreover, the temporal variation of the cross-sectional average temperature deduced from the sound speed of FATS was similar to that measured by a temperature sensor near the bank.展开更多
The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are currently one of the main regions of ecological restoration in the arid areas of western China.Using the principles and method of landscape ecology,this study has ch...The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are currently one of the main regions of ecological restoration in the arid areas of western China.Using the principles and method of landscape ecology,this study has chosen the fluvial corridor landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River,and discusses the region’s ecologically functional regionalization system and issues related to its practical classification.On this basis the corresponding regionalizing principles and standards were developed which were used to qualitatively divide the three main landscapes as the ecologically functional areas in the drainage basin.The paper has also analyzed the characteristic of the study areas,and has put forward the measures for its ecological restoration.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772094)National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05027-002-007)。
文摘Based on detailed investigation of the modern sedimentation of the distributive fluvial system of Shule River and the data of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)aerial photography and satellite remote sensing,the sedimentary characteristics and differences of distributive fluvial system in arid areas are analyzed.By comparing the changes in slope,river morphology and sedimentary characteristics in different sections from the apex to the toe,the distributive fluvial system of Shule River can be divided into three facies belts:"proximal","middle"and"distal".The proximal belt has the largest slope and strongest hydrodynamic condition,mainly appears as large-scale braided river deposits;the fluvial bars in this belt are mainly composed of gravels,the gravels have good roundness and certain directionality,and are medium-large boulders,with low sand content;the main microfacies in this belt are braided channel and flood plain.The middle belt with slope smaller than the proximal belt,is mainly composed of braided bifurcating river deposits.Due to branching and infiltration,this belt has weaker hydrodynamic conditions,so some of the distributive rivers dry up,appearing as ephemeral rivers.This belt has small lenticular sandbodies,fine to medium gravels,higher sand content,and mainly braided channel,flood plain and aeolian dune microfacies.The distal belt has the smallest slope and flat terrain,where the river begins to transform from braided river to meandering river,the sediment is mainly sand.Due to the influence of slope,this belt has weaker erosion toward source and stronger lateral erosion,and point bars developing around the edge of the active lobes.In this belt,the river is completely meandering,and the main microfacies are braided channel,meandering channel,flood plain,aeolian dune,lake and swamp.
基金NSERC,Lithoprobe(Snorcle) and the Government of the Yukon for providing support for this research
文摘Mid-Cretaceous strata within the Tintina Trench, 3 km west of the community of Ross River, contain evidence of deposition in two distinct, alternating, fluvial settings. Coal-bearing, mud-dominated strata are commonly associated with high-constructive sandy channel systems, with extensive overbank, levee and splay deposits. Channels are between 3 and 30 m wide and 0.4-7 m thick. They show repetitive development of side and in-channel bar-forms, as well as up-channel widening of the rivers by selective erosion of associated overbank and levee deposits. Levees extended for several hundred metres away from the channels. In this setting low-angle inclined stratification and epsilon cross stratification may reflect lateral migration of crevasse channels or small streams. The paucity of exposure prevents recognition of the channels as products of multiple channel anastomosed systems or single channel high-constructive systems. Gravel-dominated strata, inter-bedded with, and overlying coal-bearing units, are interpreted as deposits of wandering gravel-bed rivers, with sinuosity approaching 1.4. In most exposures they appear to be dominated by massive and thin planar-bedded granule to small pebble conglomerates, which would traditionally be interpreted as sheet-flood or longitudinal bar deposits of a high-gradient braided stream or alluvial fan. Architectural analysis of exposures in an open-pit shows that the predominance of flat bedding is an artefact of the geometry of the roadside exposures. In the pit the conglomerates are dominated by large scale cross stratification on a scale of 1-5.5 m. These appear to have developed as downstream and lateral accretion elements on side-bars and on in-channel bars in water depths of 2-12 m. Stacking of strata on domed 3rd order surfaces suggests development of longitudinal in-channel bar complexes similar to those observed in parts of the modern Rhone River system. Mudstone preserved in some of the channels reflects intervals of channel abandonment or avulsion. Minimum channel width is from 70 to 450 m.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41772094 and 42130813)。
文摘Understanding controls on river planform changes can help to build predictive models for distributive fluvial systems,and then guide the oil and gas exploration.To do this we have undertaken a detailed investigation of the modern Great Halten River distributive fluvial system from the Sugan Lake Basin,Qinghai,China.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) photography,satellite remote sensing data and elemental analysis were used to determine differences in the sedimentary characteristics of the distributive fluvial system.From the apex to the toe,the changes in the slope,river morphology,sedimentary characteristics and element content in different regions were determined and three facies belts:“proximal”,“medial” and “distal” were identified.We found that the sedimentary structure and elemental content characteristics of each facies differ greatly.We compare the large-scale evolution of rivers from braided to meandering rivers,and the fine description of sedimentary characteristics in combination with each observation,we strengthen our overall understanding of the modern DFS from macro to micro scale.At the same time,we summarize the sedimentation model of the Great Halten River DFS,and our study provides a reference for establishing the sedimentary model in continental petroliferous basins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.41772094,42130813)。
文摘Distributive fluvial systems(DFS)are widespread in drylands in the northwestern China.Analyzing differences in fluvial morphology in drylands is beneficial for studying ancient rock records and the extraterrestrial surface environment.The remote sensing image,characterized by real-time and possibility of repeated observations,is a vital tool for recording and comparing fluvial systems in drylands.Satellite remote sensing technology is a method of investigating fluvial morphologies.Due to the limited accuracy of satellite imagery,there are few reports on the detailed description of the fluvial system in drylands of NW China.We analyze the pattern of fluvial morphology changes in the Golmud distributive fluvial system(DFS)in the Qaidam Basin,northwestern China,using satellite remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV).Firstly,we use Google Earth real-time image data,historical image data,and radar digital elevation data to extract geomorphological information;then the UAV remote sensing image data were used to interpret fluvial network information;finally,we use the gray-scale differential vector method to describe the fluvial morphologies.Three zones have been identified in the Golmud DFS:the proximal,the medial,and the distal,by comparing the differences in topographic and geomorphic characteristics,fluvial morphologies,and sedimentary characteristics of the Golmud DFS.The proximal slope is higher than the other two zones,and the geomorphic features are mainly gravel gobi.The proximal fluvial morphologies are mainly large braided rivers,and sediments are more gravelly and less sandy.The medial slope is relatively small,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis plains.The medial fluvial morphologies are mainly meandering rivers associating with braided rivers,and sediments are more sandy and less gravelly.The distal slope is the lowest,and the geomorphic features are mostly oasis plains,lakes,and marsh plains.The distal fluvial morphologies are mainly meandering rivers,and sediments are sandy and muddy.Comparison of the DFS from proximal to medial to distal in Golmud confirmed the potential of remote sensing image technology in identifying the fluvial morphologies and sedimentary facies distribution in dryland.
文摘Coupling within fluvial systems relates to the connectivity between the various components of the system. It can be viewed at several scales from local scales of hillslopetochannel and reachtoreach coupling, to larger scales of zonal coupling between the major functional zones of the fluvial system, and to the scale of regional coupling. Coupling influences how the system responds to environmental change and how the effects of environmental change are propagated through the system. This paper provides a review, based largely on previously published work, of the coupling concept, and how the effective temporal scales vary with the spatial scale of coupling. Local scale coupling is considered through the hillslope to channel coupling in the Howgill Fells, northwest England, observed over a 30year monitoring period, together with examples from badlands in Spain, and reachtoreach coupling on the River Dane, northwest England. At the zonal scale the relative influence of climatic and baselevel change on coupling through dryregion alluvial fans is considered on fan systems in Spain, Nevada, and UAE/Oman. For large scale regional coupling, the response of the Tabernas basin, southeast Spain to tectonic uplift, is examined. The factors influencing coupling mechanisms vary with temporal and spatial scales. At the hillslopetochannel scale the significant factors are the magnitude and frequency characteristics of sediment generation and removal mechanisms within the context of progressive morphological change. Effective timescales range from the individual event to decadal timescales. At the zonal scale, that of alluvial fans, the significant factors are climatic change, and particularly in the appropriate morphological setting, baselevel change. Effective timescales are of the order of hundreds to thousands of years. At the regional scale, the response to tectonic uplift may take >100 ka to be transmitted through the drainage basin.
文摘The anastomosing fluvial system was considered as the same term of the braided fluvial system. Smith and others have recognized the difference between them. They described the anastomosing fluvial system as 'a low energy complex of several interconnected channels of variable sinuosity crossing a wetland and forming many elongate vegetated islands', and established a depositional model of anastomosing fluvial system based on their
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41472155),Grant No.ZR2022QD083,LYHZW202248 and NSFC 417644073Cultivating Young Talents in the Universities of Shandong Province(LUJIAOKEHAN2021-51,granted to L.Yu)。
文摘The Yellow River is usually assumed to record tectonic activities and climatic changes;however,a systematic study was lack in the sedimentology,stratigraphy,geomorphology and geochronology for the entire Yellow River though various geologic scholars have conducted numerous works in individual basins.This review focused on well-preserved fluvial terrace sequences that formed along this river on northeastern(NE)Tibetan Plateau and Ordos Block over the past 2.6 Ma.After comparing numerous initial incision ages at different segments along the Yellow River,we found out that the youngest initial incision may occur at ca.150 ka at the Longyang Gorge.The Yellow River may transit from multiple separated endorheic drainages to an entire external drainage after 150 ka,which may cause differentiations in the apparent incision rates before and after 150 ka;thus apparent net incision rates were calculated respectively for the Yellow River before 150 ka and the drainage network post 150 ka.Apparent net incision rates prior to 0.15 Ma were calculated as 0.15,0.29,0.10,0.12 and 0.03 mm/a respectively in Tongde-Xunhua,Lanzhou-Linxia basins,Heishan,Jinshan and Fenwei-Sanmen Gorges in this review,which mainly reflected Kunhuang-Gonghe Tectonic Event,generated by the Indo-Asian collision and diminishing as the NE Tibetan Plateau eastward extruding at ca.1.8-0.15 Ma.Apparent net incision rates post 0.15 Ma were calculated respectively for NE Tibetan Plateau and Ordos Block,considering their different base level.On NE Tibetan Plateau,four fluvial degradational phases were identified between ca.105~70,53~40,25~16 and 12~6 ka associated with terrace levels respectively,at average elevations of 96,40,20 and 10.5 meters above the current river level(m arl)within a range of 5~96 m arl;and four broad periods in the last 150 ka on Ordos Block:possibly marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS)5,ca.118 to 72 ka,most of MIS 3,ca.44~28 ka,transition from LGM to last deglacial ca.20 to 16 ka,and 4~3 ka at average elevations of 67.5,26,19 and 11.5 m arl.These degradational phases post 0.15 Ma were associated with multiple processes including enhanced fluvial discharge with an increase in monsoonal precipitation and/or melt water in deglaciation.
文摘-On the basis of the data obtained from the investigations on some rivers in China and Australia, the author discusses the spatial and temporal changes of various portions of fluvial-estuarine system during postglacial sea-level rising in present coastal and deltaic areas. The evolution of a fluvial-estuarine system can be divided into four development stages: early transgression, late transgression, stationary and regression. Early transgression brought about filling-in of the paleo-valley formed in low stand of sea level. In response to late transgression the estuaries were created, during the stationary stage the big swamp was developed. The regression led to estuaries to be filled with sediments and then became deltas. At the same locality the fluvial-estuarine system changed with time. In the transgressive period the lower reach of a river changed into an estuary, and then became nearshore area. In the regressive period the nearshore area changed into an estuary , and then became delta.
文摘The dimensions and connectivity of fluvial reservoirs vary greatly, making it challenging to characterize them using conventional approaches. In this study integrated channel belt dimension analysis from seismic geomorphology and empirical equations, well log facies, and petrophysical analysis were performed to characterize the fluvial reservoirs. The study interval consists of fluvial deposits and is divided into three reservoir zones, which are defined by four key regional markers (B, D, K, O). In these intervals, six (6) fluvial facies have been identified. Based on the log facies proportions and their stacking relationships, it is interpreted that the reservoirs in zone 1 (B to D) were deposited in a proximal reach of a meandering system, zone 2 (D to K) in a marginal marine setting, and zone 3 (K) in a distal reach of a meandering system. The dimensions of fluvial channels and channel belts were determined using empirical equations. The results were compared with the observed dimensions of fluvial channels and channel belts from the seismic horizon and stratal slices of the same intervals. Zones 1 and 3 are characterized by broad meander belts (1000–4000 m) compared to zone 2 (600–1300 m). Petrophysical analysis showed zones 1 and 3 have the better petrophysical properties compared to zone 2. Though zone 3 has the most well-developed sand bodies, the best reservoir interval is zone 1 because of its higher porosity. Although channel belt dimensions have a significant influence on reservoir connectivity, they do not seem to have control on reservoir properties. The channel belt dimensions obtained from the empirical equations and interpreted from the seismic geomorphology analysis were found to be strikingly similar. Since three-dimensional seismic data is not available everywhere and seismic imaging quality decreases with depth, empirical equations can be used to analyze fluvial reservoir parameters and their connectivity at greater depths.
文摘Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt (Katawaz Basin) has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces (point bars) and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2017ZX05009-002)
文摘The concept and characteristics of fluvial fan are elucidated through literature review and case analysis.Firstly,the concept and terminology of fluvial fan are introduced.Secondly,the progress and controversy on the formation mechanism,analysis methods and sedimentary models of fluvial fan are elaborated,and fluvial fan is compared with alluvial fan,river and lacustrine delta.Finally,ten identification signs of the fluvial fan are proposed.It is found through the study that development and scale of fluvial fan are affected by external factors such as climate,tectonic,provenance and wind field.The facies and lithofacies association inside the fan are controlled by the activity of the internal channel.It is pointed that fluvial fans are widely distributed in the world not only today but also in the geological history.The occurrence of fluvial fan will change the traditional continental deposition system dominated by alluvial fan-river-lacustrine.Meanwhile,the research of fluvial fan will be of great significance in the fields of sedimentology and oil and gas exploration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.40901002 and 40325007)the 985 project to Nanjing University and the CAS-KNAW PhD project(05-PhD-10)
文摘The Huang Shui River, a main tributary of the Yellow River, crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation. The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping. Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin, four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin, 19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin (the four high terraces may belong to another river), nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized. Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River, which is located at the margin of Tibet, are different from that of the rivers at other regions. The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment: both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins, indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins. A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper. First, the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement, and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state. Then, the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again, and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again. Finally, the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins. The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment. These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin. Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41401046)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2016-264, lzujbky-2016-bt01)
文摘The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits(loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt(goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm(hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics(χ(magnetic susceptibility), χARM(anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRM_(AF100 mT)(SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.
基金supported by the Construction Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism of Japan (No.31)the River Fund (N0.19-1212-005,21-1212-009)
文摘In many cases, river discharge is indirectly estimated from water level or streamflow velocity near the water surface. However, these methods have limited applicability. In this study, an innovative system, the fluvial acoustic tomography system (FATS), was used for continuous discharge measurement. Transducers with a central frequency of 30 kHz were installed diagonally across the river. The system's significant functions include accurate measurement of the travel time of the transmission signal using a GPS clock and the attainment of a high signal-to-noise ratio as a result of modulation of the signal by the 10th order M-sequence. In addition, FATS is small and lightweight, and its power consumption is low. Operating in unsteady streamflow, FATS successfully measured the cross-sectional average velocity. The agreement between FATS and acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) on water discharge was satisfactory. Moreover, the temporal variation of the cross-sectional average temperature deduced from the sound speed of FATS was similar to that measured by a temperature sensor near the bank.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40271011)
文摘The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are currently one of the main regions of ecological restoration in the arid areas of western China.Using the principles and method of landscape ecology,this study has chosen the fluvial corridor landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River,and discusses the region’s ecologically functional regionalization system and issues related to its practical classification.On this basis the corresponding regionalizing principles and standards were developed which were used to qualitatively divide the three main landscapes as the ecologically functional areas in the drainage basin.The paper has also analyzed the characteristic of the study areas,and has put forward the measures for its ecological restoration.