The rapid development of capacitors with high energy density and efficiency has been driven by advanced electronic systems and innovative pulsed power applications.In this study,we prepared Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_...The rapid development of capacitors with high energy density and efficiency has been driven by advanced electronic systems and innovative pulsed power applications.In this study,we prepared Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5)dielectric ceramics,which exhibited structural distortion due to the co-occupation of Ba^(2+),Sr^(2+),and Sm^(3+)in the A-site and the partial substitution of Nb^(5+)by Zr^(4+)in the B-site.The ordered/disordered distribution due to these distortions thus generated polar nanoregions(PNRs)and induced a relaxation ferroelectric behavior,which was verified by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.Through the use of the Vogel–Fulcher and Maxwell–Boltzmann equations,we found that easy inversion and small dipole sizes are crucial for achieving high energy storage density and efficiency.The Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=3.5)dielectric ceramic displayed a ferroelectric/paraelectric transition near room temperature.Subsequent ferroelectric testing revealed large energy storage density(Wrec=4.31 J·cm^(−3))and high efficiency(η=93.8%)at 310 kV·cm−1.Furthermore,Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=4.5)exhibited higher breakdown field strength due to its large resistivity and small grain size.This led to energy storage density of approximately 5.3 J·cm^(−3)at 460 kV·cm^(−1).Additionally,Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=3.5)demonstrated current density(CD)of approximately 713.38 A·cm^(−2)and power density(PD)of approximately 87.51 MW·cm^(−3),with ultrafast discharge time of 34 ns and excellent discharge energy density(Wdis)of approximately 2.27 J·cm^(−3).Overall,this study presents a promising approach for developing dielectric ceramic materials that hold potential for applications in innovative pulsed power components.展开更多
The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is c...The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.展开更多
Borehole thermal energy storage(BTES)systems have garnered significant attention owing to their efficacy in storing thermal energy for heating and cooling applications.Accurate modeling is paramount for ensuring the p...Borehole thermal energy storage(BTES)systems have garnered significant attention owing to their efficacy in storing thermal energy for heating and cooling applications.Accurate modeling is paramount for ensuring the precise design and operation of BTES systems.This study conducts a sensitivity analysis of BTES modeling by employing a comparative investigation of five distinct parameters on a wedge-shaped model,with implications extendable to a cylindrical configuration.The parameters examined included two design factors(well spacing and grout thermal conductivity),two operational variables(charging and discharging rates),and one geological attribute(soil thermal conductivity).Finite element simulations were carried out for the sensitivity analysis to evaluate the round-trip efficiency,both on a per-cycle basis and cumulatively over three years of operation,serving as performance metrics.The results showed varying degrees of sensitivity across different models to changes in these parameters.In particular,the round-trip efficiency exhibited a greater sensitivity to changes in spacing and volumetric flow rate.Furthermore,this study underscores the importance of considering the impact of the soil and grout-material thermal conductivities on the BTES-system performance over time.An optimized scenario is modelled and compared with the base case,over a comparative assessment based on a 10-year simulation.The analysis revealed that,at the end of the 10-year period,the optimized BTES model achieved a cycle efficiency of 83.4%.This sensitivity analysis provides valuable insights into the merits and constraints of diverse BTES modeling methodologies,aiding in the selection of appropriate modeling tools for BTES system design and operation.展开更多
电化学储能电站在应用于调频、调压等功率波动性工况时,存在能量效率较低、荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡等问题。该文提出考虑能量效率和SOC均衡的电池储能电站双层功率分配策略,其主要包括单元优化层和子系统优化层:单元优化...电化学储能电站在应用于调频、调压等功率波动性工况时,存在能量效率较低、荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡等问题。该文提出考虑能量效率和SOC均衡的电池储能电站双层功率分配策略,其主要包括单元优化层和子系统优化层:单元优化层通过充电/放电优先级分区计算实际运行单元数量及其编号,建立以储能单元能耗最小为目标的优化模型,并采用遗传算法求解最优解集;子系统优化层引入基于电化学阻抗的电池能耗模型,以储能子系统能耗最低和SOC均衡为目标建立多目标优化模型,并采用非支配快速排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-II,NSGA-II)进行求解。通过某地区锂电池储能电站实际参数验证所提策略的有效性,结果表明,与SOC比例分配策略和单层功率分配策略相比,所提功率分配策略在降低电站能耗的同时能最大程度实现SOC均衡,保障电站双向调节能力,提高储能电站经济性。展开更多
液流电池具有充放电循环次数大、容量高及寿命长等优点,是长时大规模储能的理想选择,但是其复杂的结构对电池控制系统的要求较高,传统开发方式难以满足其多样的控制需求,因此提出精准度更高、实时性更好的基于事件驱动技术的液流电池控...液流电池具有充放电循环次数大、容量高及寿命长等优点,是长时大规模储能的理想选择,但是其复杂的结构对电池控制系统的要求较高,传统开发方式难以满足其多样的控制需求,因此提出精准度更高、实时性更好的基于事件驱动技术的液流电池控制系统开发方法。首先针对液流电池稳定性需求高、内部损耗大等问题,提出了主/辅助电堆协同架构,并对该架构系统进行建模分析;然后基于事件驱动技术对控制系统进行模块化设计,包括柔性充放电控制、辅助电堆参与的黑启动控制、基于卡尔曼滤波的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计等;最后搭建半实物仿真平台,对所提架构和策略进行验证,证明了该架构和策略能提高系统的能量转换效率和稳定性。展开更多
Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)can provide instantaneous support for frequency regulation(FR)because of their fast response characteristics.However,purely pursuing a better FR effect calls for continually rapid ...Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)can provide instantaneous support for frequency regulation(FR)because of their fast response characteristics.However,purely pursuing a better FR effect calls for continually rapid cycles of BESSs,which shortens their lifetime and deteriorates the operational economy.To coordinate the lifespan savings and the FR effect,this paper presents a control strategy for the FR of BESSs based on fuzzy logic and hierarchical controllers.The fuzzy logic controller improves the effect of FR by adjusting the charging/discharging power of the BESS with a higher response speed and precision based on the area control error(ACE)signal and the change rate of ACE in a non-linear way.Hierarchical controllers effectively reduce the life loss by optimizing the depth of discharge,which ensures that the state of charge(SOC)of BESS is always in the optimal operating range,and the total FR cost is the lowest at this time.The proposed method can achieve the optimal balance between ACE reduction and operational economy of BESS.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified in a two-area power system.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12164012)the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi(No.AA21077012)for financial support.
文摘The rapid development of capacitors with high energy density and efficiency has been driven by advanced electronic systems and innovative pulsed power applications.In this study,we prepared Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5)dielectric ceramics,which exhibited structural distortion due to the co-occupation of Ba^(2+),Sr^(2+),and Sm^(3+)in the A-site and the partial substitution of Nb^(5+)by Zr^(4+)in the B-site.The ordered/disordered distribution due to these distortions thus generated polar nanoregions(PNRs)and induced a relaxation ferroelectric behavior,which was verified by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.Through the use of the Vogel–Fulcher and Maxwell–Boltzmann equations,we found that easy inversion and small dipole sizes are crucial for achieving high energy storage density and efficiency.The Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=3.5)dielectric ceramic displayed a ferroelectric/paraelectric transition near room temperature.Subsequent ferroelectric testing revealed large energy storage density(Wrec=4.31 J·cm^(−3))and high efficiency(η=93.8%)at 310 kV·cm−1.Furthermore,Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=4.5)exhibited higher breakdown field strength due to its large resistivity and small grain size.This led to energy storage density of approximately 5.3 J·cm^(−3)at 460 kV·cm^(−1).Additionally,Sr_(4.5−x)Ba_(x)Sm_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)Nb_(9.5)O_(30)(x=3.5)demonstrated current density(CD)of approximately 713.38 A·cm^(−2)and power density(PD)of approximately 87.51 MW·cm^(−3),with ultrafast discharge time of 34 ns and excellent discharge energy density(Wdis)of approximately 2.27 J·cm^(−3).Overall,this study presents a promising approach for developing dielectric ceramic materials that hold potential for applications in innovative pulsed power components.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51906230)the Key scientific and technological projects in Henan Province(Grant No.212102210007)the Project of Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Talents(Grant No.234200510011).
文摘The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.
文摘Borehole thermal energy storage(BTES)systems have garnered significant attention owing to their efficacy in storing thermal energy for heating and cooling applications.Accurate modeling is paramount for ensuring the precise design and operation of BTES systems.This study conducts a sensitivity analysis of BTES modeling by employing a comparative investigation of five distinct parameters on a wedge-shaped model,with implications extendable to a cylindrical configuration.The parameters examined included two design factors(well spacing and grout thermal conductivity),two operational variables(charging and discharging rates),and one geological attribute(soil thermal conductivity).Finite element simulations were carried out for the sensitivity analysis to evaluate the round-trip efficiency,both on a per-cycle basis and cumulatively over three years of operation,serving as performance metrics.The results showed varying degrees of sensitivity across different models to changes in these parameters.In particular,the round-trip efficiency exhibited a greater sensitivity to changes in spacing and volumetric flow rate.Furthermore,this study underscores the importance of considering the impact of the soil and grout-material thermal conductivities on the BTES-system performance over time.An optimized scenario is modelled and compared with the base case,over a comparative assessment based on a 10-year simulation.The analysis revealed that,at the end of the 10-year period,the optimized BTES model achieved a cycle efficiency of 83.4%.This sensitivity analysis provides valuable insights into the merits and constraints of diverse BTES modeling methodologies,aiding in the selection of appropriate modeling tools for BTES system design and operation.
文摘液流电池具有充放电循环次数大、容量高及寿命长等优点,是长时大规模储能的理想选择,但是其复杂的结构对电池控制系统的要求较高,传统开发方式难以满足其多样的控制需求,因此提出精准度更高、实时性更好的基于事件驱动技术的液流电池控制系统开发方法。首先针对液流电池稳定性需求高、内部损耗大等问题,提出了主/辅助电堆协同架构,并对该架构系统进行建模分析;然后基于事件驱动技术对控制系统进行模块化设计,包括柔性充放电控制、辅助电堆参与的黑启动控制、基于卡尔曼滤波的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计等;最后搭建半实物仿真平台,对所提架构和策略进行验证,证明了该架构和策略能提高系统的能量转换效率和稳定性。
基金This work was supported by Open Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments,Tsinghua University(No.SKLD20M20)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Natural Science Key Project of University Research Program(No.XJEDU2020I004).
文摘Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)can provide instantaneous support for frequency regulation(FR)because of their fast response characteristics.However,purely pursuing a better FR effect calls for continually rapid cycles of BESSs,which shortens their lifetime and deteriorates the operational economy.To coordinate the lifespan savings and the FR effect,this paper presents a control strategy for the FR of BESSs based on fuzzy logic and hierarchical controllers.The fuzzy logic controller improves the effect of FR by adjusting the charging/discharging power of the BESS with a higher response speed and precision based on the area control error(ACE)signal and the change rate of ACE in a non-linear way.Hierarchical controllers effectively reduce the life loss by optimizing the depth of discharge,which ensures that the state of charge(SOC)of BESS is always in the optimal operating range,and the total FR cost is the lowest at this time.The proposed method can achieve the optimal balance between ACE reduction and operational economy of BESS.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified in a two-area power system.