Electroacupuncture preconditioning protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of dynamin-related protein 1

Electroacupuncture preconditioning at acupoint Baihui （GV20） can reduce focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the precise protective mechanism remains unknown. Mitochondrial fission mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1） can trigger neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Herein, we examined the hypothesis that electroacupuncture pretreatment can regulate Drp1, and thus inhibit mitochondrial fission to provide cerebral protection. Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion at 24 hours after 5 consecutive days of preconditioning with electroacupuncture at GV20 （depth 2 mm, intensity 1 mA, frequency 2/15 Hz, for 30 minutes, once a day）. Neurological function was assessed using the Longa neurological deficit score. Pathological changes in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Cellular apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side was assessed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling staining. Mitochondrial ultrastructure in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Drp1 and cytochrome c expression in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side were assessed by western blot assay. Results showed that electroacupuncture preconditioning decreased expression of total and mitochondrial Drp1, decreased expression of total and cytosolic cytochrome c, maintained mitochondrial morphology and reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side, with associated improvements in neurological function. These data suggest that electroacupuncture preconditioning-induced neuronal protection involves inhibition of the expression and translocation of Drp1.

Effects of mild hypothermia on the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 in neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

BACKGROUND： It is widely accepted that mild hypothermia can protect against injury to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of mild hypothermia on microtubule-associated protein 2 （MAP2） expression in the hippocampal dentate gyms in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Also, to study neuronal ultrastmctural changes in the dentate gyms to investigate the mechanism of the protection against injury to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion conferred by mild hypothermia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, neural cell morphology trial was performed at the Laboratory Animal Center of Yijishan Hospital between March and June 2007. MATERIALS： Eighty-five healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three groups： mild hypothermia （n = 40）, normothermia （n = 40）, and sham-operated （n = 5）. METHODS： Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by the suture method in the mild hypothermia and normothermia groups, with a threading depth of 180.5 mm. In the sham-operated group, the suture was inserted 15 mm, with no vascular ligafion, and was followed by reperfusion 2 hours later. In the sham-operated and normothermia groups, the rat rectal temperature was maintained at 36-37 ℃ ; in the mild hypothermia group, it was controlled at 32-33 ℃. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The hippocampal dentate gyms was serially sectioned for hematoxylin-eosin staining and MAP2 immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructural changes and the MAP2 absorbance value of the hippocampal dentate gyms were examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS： The sham-operated group exhibited approximately normal ultrastructure of neurons in the bilateral hippocampal dentate gyms. In the normothermia group, ischemic hippocampal dentate gyms neurons were found with markedly fewer normal mitochondria, greatly proliferated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a swollen and dysmorphic Golgi. In the mild hypothermia group, at each corresponding time point, these abnormal changes were noticeably alleviated. The number of necrotic mitochondria, as well as the degree of degeneration, was obviously reduced compared with the normothermia group. At days 6, 8 and 10 following reperfusion, the normothermia group exhibited lower neurological function scores than the mild hypothermia group （P 〈 0.05）. In the normothermia group, the absorbance value of MAP2 expression in the ischemic hippocampal dentate gyms was significantly decreased compared with the sham-operated group （P 〈 0.01 ）, was slightly increased at 4 days, and reached a peak on day 8. The mild hypothermia group showed an absorbance value of MAP2 expression in the ischemic hippocampal dentate gyms similar to the normothermia group, but it reached a peak on day 6. On days 1, 2, 4 and 6 following repeffusion, MAP2 expression was lower in the mild hypothermia group than in the sham-operated group, but it was higher than the normothermia group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Mild hypothermia applied in early ischemia can alleviate brain injury. This may be due to an enhancement of MAP2 expression.

Vascular endothelial growth factor induced angiogenesis following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits

BACKGROUND： Therapeutic angiogenesis has opened up new pathway for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in recent years. The exploration of the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） on inducing angiogenesis following ischemia/reperfusion injury can provide better help for the long-term treatment of cerebrovascular disease in clinic. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of VEGF on inducing angiogenesis following focal cerebral ischemia /reperfusion injury in rabbits through the angiogenesis of microvessels reflected by the expression of the factors of vascular pseudohemophilia. DESIGN： A randomized controlled animal tria SETTNG： Department of Medical Imaging, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University MATERIALS： Sixty-five healthy male New Zealand rabbits of clean degree, weighing （2.6±0.2） kg, aged 4.5-5 months, were used. The polyclonal antibody against vascular pseudohemophilia （Beijing Zhongshan Company）, recombinant VEGF165 （Peprotech Company, USA）, biotinylated second antibody and ABC compound （Wuhan Boster Company） were applied. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Neuromolecular Imaging and Neuropathy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from May to August in 2005. （1） The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups： sham-operated group （n=15）, control group （n=25） and VEGF-treated group （n=-25）. In the control group and VEGF-treated group, models were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） induced focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In the VEGF-treated group, VEGF165 （2.5 mg/L） was stereotactically injected into the surrounding regions of the infarcted sites immediately after the 2-hour ischemia/reperfusion; Saline of the same dosage was injected in the control group. But the rabbits in the sham-operated group were only drilled but not administrated. （2） The experimental indexes were observed on the 3^rd 7^th, 14^th, 28^th and 70^th days of the experiment respectively, 3 rabbits in the sham-operated group and 5 in the control group and VEGF-treated group were observed at each time point. The brain tissues in the surrounding regions of the infarcted sites were collected. The positive expressions of the factors of vascular pseudohemophilia in vascular endothelial cells were analyzed with immunohistochemical method. The microvessels in unit statistical field were counted with the imaging analytical software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The changes of microvascular density in the brain tissue and the positive expressions of the factors of vascular pseudohemophilia in the surrounding regions of the infarcted sites were observed on the 3^rd 7^th, 14^th, 28^th and 70^th days of the experiment. RESULTS： All the 65 New Zealand rabbits were involved in the analysis of results without deletion. Changes of the number of microvessels at different time points in each group： There were no obvious changes at different time points in the sham-operated group. The numbers of microvessels at 7 and 14 days were obviously more in the control group than in the sham-operated group [（6.0±1.1）, （9.0±0.9） microvessels; （3.0±1.1）, （3.0±1.1） microvessels; P〈 0.05-0.01], and those at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days were obviously more in the VEGF-treated group than in the control group [（8.3±2.0）, （13.4±1.4）, （15.5±2.3）, （6.8± 1.0） microvessels; （3.4±0.6）, （6.0±1.1）, （9.0±0.9）, （3.2±0.8） microvessels; P 〈 0.01]. （2） Positive expressions of the factors of vascular pseudohemophilia in the surrounding regions of infarcted sites： There were no obvious changes at different time points in the sham-operated group. In the control group, the changing law of the expressions was the same as that for the number of microvessels that the expression began to mildly increase at 7 days, reached the peak value at 14 days, and began to reduce at 28 days. In the VEGF-treated group, the expression was obviously increased at 3 days, also reached the peak value at 14 days, and reduced to the normal level at 70 days, but the expressions were obviously stronger than those in the control group at the same time points. CONCLUSION： Angiogenesis can be obviously induced in rabbits after the focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is treated with VEGF for 18 days.

Acupuncture effects on serum myelin basic protein and remyelination following 30 minutes and 2 hours of ischemia in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND： Acupuncture treatment on injured cerebral axons has shown to provide efficacy in clinical practice. It is unknown whether acupuncture produces therapeutic effects by protecting injured cerebral myelin in ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE： To test whether acupuncture provides protection for injured cerebral myelin, based on quantitative data from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats, and to compare the effects of early and late acupuncture on serum myelin basic protein （MBP） content and remyelination of the ischemic internal capsule.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled experiment was performed at the Neurobiological Laboratory, Sichuan University from March 2005 to March 2006. MATERIALS： ＂Hua Tuo＂ Brand filiform needles were produced by the Medical Instrument Factory of Suzhou, China.METHODS： A total of 52 adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups： control （n = 4）, model （n = 16）, early acupuncture （n = 16）, and late acupuncture （n = 16）. The focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the right hemisphere using the modified thread embolism method in the latter three groups. Early and late acupuncture groups underwent acupuncture after ischemia for 30 minutes and 2 hours using the Xingnaokaiqiao needling method, respectively. Acupoints were ＂Neiguarf＇ （PC 6） and ＂Sanyinjiao＂ （SP 6） on the bilateral sides, as well as ＂Shuigou＇ （DU 26） and ＂Baihui＂ （DU 20） with stimulation for 1 minute at each acupoint. Acupuncture at all acupoints was performed two or three times while the needle was retained, once per day. No special handling was administered to the control clroup.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： For each group, remyelination of the internal capsule was observed by Pal-Weigert＇s myelin staining and serum MBP content was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method on days 1,3, 5, and 7 following ischemia-reperfusion injury.RESULTS： Compared with the control group, massive demyelination of the internal capsule occurred, and serum MBP content increased in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Compared with the model group, the extent of demyelination in the internal capsule was less distinct and serum MBP content was significantly less in the early and late acupuncture group （P 〈 0.01 ）. Compared with the late acupuncture group, serum MBP content reached a peak later and the peak value was less in the early acupuncture group. CONCLUSION： Results suggest that acupuncture exerts a protective effect on injured cerebral myelin in ischemia-reperfusion rats by reducing serum MBP content and promoting remyelination. The study also suggests that the effect of early acupuncture is superior to late acupuncture.

Hyperlipidemia affects neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brains of focal cerebral ischemia rat model

BACKGROUND： Hyperlipidemia, a risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, may mediate production of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） to induce increased nitric oxide levels, resulting in brain neuronal injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate effects of hyperlipidemia on brain nNOS expression, and to verify changes in infarct volume and pathology during reperfusion, as well as neuronal injury following ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Complete, randomized grouping experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University from March 2005 to March 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 144 eight-week-old, male, Wistar rats, weighing 160-180 g, were selected. A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion was established by suture method after 4 weeks of formulated diet. Nitric oxide kit and rabbit anti-rat nNOS kit were respectively purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China and Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd., China. METHODS： The rats were equally and randomly divided into high-fat diet and a normal diet groups. Rats in the high-fat diet group were fed a high-fat diet, consisting of 10% egg yolk powder, 5% pork fat, and 0.5% pig bile salt combined with standard chow to create hyperlipidemia. Rats in the normal diet group were fed a standard rat chow. A total of 72 rats in both groups were randomly divided into 6 subgroups： sham-operated, 4-hour ischemia, 4-hour ischemia/2-hour reperfusion, 4-hour ischemia/4-hour reperfusion, 4-hour ischemia/6-hour reperfusion, and 4-hour ischemia/12-hour reperfusion, with 12 rats in each subgroup. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： nNOS expression was measured by immunohistochemistry, and pathomorphology changes were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Infarct volume and nitric oxide levels were respectively measured using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： In the ischemic region, pathology changes were significant in the 4-hour ischemia/4-hour, 4-hour ischemia/6-hour reperfusion, and 4-hour ischemia/12-hour reperfusion subgroups fed on a high-fat diet compared to the same groups fed on a normal diet. In each ischemia subgroup, nNOS expression in brain tissues was higher than in the sham-operated subgroups fed on either the high-fat diet or normal diet （P 〈 0.01）. At each ischemia/reperfusion time point, rats fed on a high-fat diet expressed higher levels of nNOS compared to rats fed on the normal diet （P 〈 0.05）. When tissue was stained with TTC, a white infarction area was detected in the ischemic hemisphere, demonstrating that the infarct volume gradually increased with prolonged reperfusion time in each ischemia subgroup. At each ischemia/reperfusion time point, the infarct volume was larger in rats fed on a high-fat diet compared to those fed on a normal diet. CONCLUSION： nNOS expression was greater in hyperlipidemia rats following ischemia/reperfusion. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is aggravated with prolonged reperfusion time.

Mild hypothermia in improving multiple organ dysfunction after cardiac arrest

BACKGROUND： Resuscitation after cardiac arrest （CA） with a whole-body ischemia–reperfusion injury causes brain injury and multiple organ dysfunction （MODS）. This study aimed to determine whether mild systemic hypothermia could decrease multiple organ dysfunctions after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.METHODS： The patients who had been resuscitated after cardiac arrest were reviewed. During the resuscitation they had been assigned to undergo therapeutic hypothermia （target temperature, 32°C to 34°C, measured in the rectum） over a period of 24 to 36 hours or to receive standard treatment with normothermia. Markers of different organ injury were evaluated for the ？ rst 72 hours after recovery of spontaneous circulation （ROSC）.RESULTS： At 72 hours after ROSC, 23 patients in the hypothermia group for whom data were available had favorable neurologic, myocardial, hepatic and pulmonic outcomes as compared with 26 patients in the normothermia group. The values of renal function were not signi？ cantly different between the two groups. However, blood coagulation function was badly injured in the hypothermia group.CONCLUSION： In the patients who have been successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest, therapeutic mild hypothermia can alleviate dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.

Neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in focal cerebral infarction: relationship with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor

Neuroprotection by ischemic preconditioning has been confirmed by many studies, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we performed cerebral ischemic pre- conditioning in rats by simulating a transient ischemic attack twice （each a 20-minute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery） before inducing focal cerebral infarction （2 hour occlusion-reper- fusion in the same artery）. We also explored the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Seven days after ocdusion-reperfusion, tetrazolium chloride staining and immunohistochemistry revealed that the infarct volume was significantly smaller in the group that underwent preconditioning than in the model group. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity was considerably greater in the hippocampal CA3 region of preconditioned rats than model rats. Our results suggest that the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning on focal cerebral infarction are associated with upregulation of vascu- lar endothelial growth factor.

Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on cerebral infarction volume,nerve behavior and SOD,GSH-px,MDA,BDNF and GDNF in rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on cerebral infarction volume,nerve behavior and brain tissue SOD,GSH-Px,MDA,GDNF,BDNF in rats with focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.Methods:Healthy adult male SD rats(clean grade)80,were randomly divided into sham operation group(saline),model group(saline),low dose group(10 mg/kg salvianolate),high dose group(30 mg/kg salvianolate)and edaravone group(6 mg/kg)with 16 rats in each groups were compared after operation in rats,48 h neural behavior of 24 h and 72 h scores,cerebral infarction volume 24 h after operation;SOD,GSH-Px and other indicators of brain tissue of rats after the determination of 72 h.Results:After 24 h,low dose group,high dose group and edaravone group,the cerebral infarction volume were less than the model group,high dose group and edaravone group,the infarct volume was less than the low dose group;after 24 h,48 h,72 h,scores of neurological behavior in the low dose group and high dose group and Yidala in the study group were lower than model group,neural behavior in high dose group and edaravone group scores were lower than the low dose group;low dose group,high dose group and edaravone group in the brain tissue of SOD,GSH-Px,BDNF,GDNF were higher than that of model group,and MDA was lower than that of model group;high dose group and edaravone group in the brain tissue of SOD,GSH-Px,BDNF,GDNF were higher than those in the low dose group,and MDA was lower than that of low dose group.Conclusion:The treatment of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting lipid peroxidation,protecting Magnesium Oxide's activity,thereby reaching the therapeutic effect.

亚低温通过影响ACSL4调节铁死亡改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的研究进展

脑缺血再灌注损伤是发生在脑缺血后的更加严重阶段,目前临床治疗仍以药物及手术溶栓为主。铁死亡作为一种独特的细胞死亡方式,已被证实其在脑缺血及其再灌注损伤中扮演的特殊机制,这与酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族(ACSL4)介导脂质过氧化物的积累导致铁死亡发生有关。最近研究发现,亚低温作为临床接受的物理治疗方法,对脑缺血再灌注损伤的疗效作用可能是阻止发生脂质氧化、改善脑缺血缺氧,调节凝血酶功能及铁代谢、抑制兴奋毒性、减轻炎症及水肿、降低血脑屏障的通透性等手段,最终使得铁死亡发生沉默。本文旨在分析亚低温如何通过影响ACSL4调节铁死亡的发生,进而为脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制学研究及临床治疗提供新的途径与方法。

基于环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白通路探究丙泊酚对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能改善机制

目的:基于环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP/PKA/CREB)通路探究丙泊酚对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能的改善机制。方法:采用改良线栓法缺血2 h,再灌注24 h建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)模型,将造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组和丙泊酚低(1 mg/ml)、中(2.5 mg/ml)、高剂量(5 mg/ml)组,各12只,另设含有12只大鼠的假手术组。分组后即开始给药,1次/d,共4周,末次给药12 h后,采用改良神经功能评分(mNSS)法进行神经缺损评分;采用TTC染色法检测脑梗死面积;HE、Nissl染色进行神经元细胞及尼氏小体形态学观察;Tunel法进行神经元细胞凋亡检测;Elisa法检测脑组织cAMP、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)含量;免疫荧光法检测脑组织环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、p-PKA、p-CREB阳性细胞数及其蛋白共表达阳性细胞数;Western blot法检测脑组织PKA、p-PKA、CREB、p-CREB蛋白表达量。结果:模型组大鼠比较假手术组大鼠的mNSS评分、脑梗死面积百分比显著增加(均P<0.05),HE染色和Nissl染色可见明显的神经元细胞损伤和尼氏小体破坏,脑组织cAMP、BDNF、NGF含量和PKA、p-PKA、CREB、p-CREB蛋白表达量显著下降,模型组大鼠比较假手术组大鼠的cAMP、p-PKA、p-CREB阳性细胞数和蛋白共表达阳性细胞数也明显下降(均P<0.05)。与模型组比较,丙泊酚给药组大鼠mNSS评分、脑梗死面积百分比显著降低(均P<0.05),HE染色和Nissl染色可见神经元细胞损伤和尼氏小体破坏有不同程度改善,脑组织cAMP、BDNF、NGF含量和PKA、p-PKA、CREB、p-CREB蛋白表达量显著升高(均P<0.05),cAMP、p-PKA、p-CREB阳性细胞数及其蛋白共表达阳性细胞数均显著升高(均P<0.05)。结论:丙泊酚可能通过cAMP/PKA/CREB通路改善CIRI大鼠神经功能。

二甲双胍对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经保护作用机制研究

目的探讨二甲双胍对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经保护作用的机制。方法选择30只8周龄健康雄性SPF级SD大鼠为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为假手术组、大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)组及二甲双胍组(MCAO+Met组),每组各10只。在构建大鼠MCAO模型前3周,MCAO+Met组行10 mg/kg二甲双胍腹腔注射,假手术组及MCAO组不作任何药物处理,随后参考Longa线栓法制备大鼠MCAO模型,假手术组除不插入线栓,余下操作同MCAO组、MCAO+Met组。依据造模成功标准,在造模成功24 h后采用改良神经功能评分(mNSS)评定神经功能缺损程度;采用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色测定大鼠脑梗死体积;采用蛋白质印迹法测定磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白的表达水平;采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。比较3组大鼠mNSS评分、脑梗死体积百分数、PI3K、AKT、VEGF蛋白表达、IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平。结果与假手术组比较,MCAO组及MCAO+Met组mNSS评分均更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,MCAO+Met组mNSS评分更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,MCAO组及MCAO+Met组脑梗死体积百分数均更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,MCAO+Met组脑梗死体积百分数更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,MCAO组及MCAO+Met组PI3K、AKT及VEGF蛋白表达水平均更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,MCAO+Met组脑梗死体积PI3K、AKT及VEGF蛋白表达水平均更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,MCAO组及MCAO+Met组IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平均更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,MCAO+Met组IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平均更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤应用二甲双胍有利于神经保护,其作用机制可能与激活PI3K/AKT/VEGF通路减轻炎症反应有关。

浅低温调控miRNA在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展

肝脏缺血再灌注损伤(HIRI)是肝脏外科手术中是无法避免的常见并发症,会导致肝脏功能衰竭甚至发展成全身多系统器官功能衰竭,因此如何减轻HIRI成为了亟待解决的问题。HIRI的发病机制复杂,涉及多因素共同作用,可导致炎症、氧化应激反应以及肝细胞的坏死、凋亡。浅低温作为临床上应用成熟的物理治疗方法,已在体内外实验中被证实可以通过调控炎症反应、氧化应激、凋亡、自噬等过程减轻HIRI。其中肝脏特异性的miRNA可直接受浅低温调控,通过上调或下调相关的miRNA减轻或加重HIRI,在HIRI中发挥重要作用,是浅低温改善HIRI的关键点之一。文章就近年来浅低温、miRNA改善HIRI的作用机制以及浅低温调控miRNA改善HIRI的研究进展进行综述。

麝香配伍冰片干预局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的代谢组学研究

目的:利用基于硅烷基衍生化反应的气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)的代谢组学测定方法,获得麝香冰片配伍干预局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠的血浆代谢物图谱,从代谢组学角度初步揭示麝香冰片发挥脑保护作用的生物机制。方法:通过硅烷基化反应,将生物样品中的氨基酸、脂肪酸、有机酸、糖类和固醇类物质制成热稳定性强、易挥发的硅烷酯或醚,通过优化色谱条件对大鼠血浆中内源性代谢物进行分析测定。结果:利用已建立的GC-MS测定方法,获得了大鼠血浆代谢物图谱,并鉴定了其中29个主要色谱共有峰,并通过主成分分析方法比较了正常对照组、模型组和给药组图谱的差异。结论:通过大鼠血浆代谢物图谱的比较分析,初步发现了麝香冰片可以调节与脑缺血相关的生物标志物的量,从生物学角度阐释了麝香冰片的作用机制。

丹参多酚酸治疗局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠对神经行为及因子水平的影响

目的:探讨丹参多酚酸治疗局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠对脑梗死体积、神经行为及脑组织中过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质源性神经营养因子(GDNF)的影响。方法:选取健康成年雄性SD大鼠(清洁级)80只,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组(等量生理盐水)、模型组(等量生理盐水)、低剂量组(10mg/kg丹参多酚酸)、高剂量组(30mg/kg丹参多酚酸)、依达拉奉组(6mg/kg)各16只,对比各组大鼠术后24、48、72h的神经行为学评分、术后24h的脑梗死体积;测定各组大鼠72h后的脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px等指标。结果:术后24h,低剂量组、高剂量组和依达拉奉组的脑梗死体积均小于模型组(P<0.05),高剂量组和依达拉奉组的脑梗死体积均小于低剂量组(P<0.05);术后24、48、72h,低剂量组、高剂量组和依达拉奉组的神经行为学评分均小于模型组(P<0.05),高剂量组和依达拉奉组的神经行为学评分均小于低剂量组(P<0.05);低剂量组、高剂量组和依达拉奉组的脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px、BDNF、GDNF均高于模型组(P<0.05),而MDA低于模型组(P<0.05);高剂量组和依达拉奉组的脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px、BDNF、GDNF均高于低剂量组(P<0.05),而MDA低于低剂量组(P<0.05)。结论:丹参多酚酸治疗局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠能促进氧自由基的清除,抑制脂质过氧化,从而减少梗死面积,达治疗效果。

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后炎症反应的作用研究

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后炎症反应的保护作用。方法 雄性 SD大鼠 ,线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注模型 ,随机分组 ,选择性头颅降温。结果 (1) TNF- α、IL- 1β、ICAM- 1:缺血 2 h表达量即有不同程度增多 ,6～ 12 h达高峰 ,再灌注组较持续缺血组增多更明显 ,降温组则明显减少 ;(2 )多形核白细胞 :缺血 2 h缺血区血管周围即可见白细胞浸润 ,6～ 12 h后数量明显增加 ,再灌注组较持续缺血组多 ,降温组则明显减少 ;(3)脑梗死体积 :降温持续缺血组和降温再灌注组的梗死体积均较相应常温组小 ,其中降温再灌注组的梗死体积更小 ,尤以降温再灌注 12 h组的梗死体积最小。结论 本实验证实了大鼠脑缺血 -再灌注后急性炎症反应的存在 ,亚低温对这种炎症级联反应的抑制可能是其发挥脑保护作用的重要机制之一。

5-脂氧合酶抑制剂zileuton对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察5-脂氧合酶抑制剂zileuton对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2 h/再灌注24 h,观察zileuton 10、50 mg.kg-1对脑梗塞体积、脑组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量的影响。结果zileuton 10、50 mg.kg-1均能明显缩小脑梗死灶,降低NOS活性及NO含量,高剂量组亦可降低脑组织MDA含量、增加GSH-PX活性、缓解MPO升高。结论zileuton对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用。

富氢液联合浅低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马氧化应激水平的影响

目的在脑缺血再灌注过程中,富氢液和浅低温均可影响机体的氧化应激水平。探讨腹腔注射富氢液联合浅低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马氧化应激水平的影响。方法 50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、四血管结扎模型组(C组)、富氢液+模型组(W组)、浅低温+模型组(P组)和低温+富氢液+模型组(WP组)。W和WP组在脑缺血再灌注即刻腹腔注射富氢液5 ml/kg,S、P和C组注射等容量等渗盐水。P和WP组通过全身物理降温15 min内将体温降至目标温度32～34℃,维持6 h,其余3组维持在37～38℃。所有大鼠在缺血再灌注6 h时处死,分离海马。苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色),观察海马神经元形态;免疫组化法观察血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的表达;化学分光光度计法测海马谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathion eperoxidase,GSH-Px)和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性。结果与C组比较,P、W和WP组海马神经元结构排列紧凑、变性神经元减少;海马HO-1免疫阳性细胞增多。与C组比较,P、W、和WP组MPO含量降低(P<0.05),GSH-Px含量增高(P<0.05),WP组变化最明显。结论富氢液联合浅低温治疗可通过诱导海马HO-1蛋白表达、降低MPO和上调GSH-Px活性影响大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤氧化应激水平。

莲心碱对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察莲心碱对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2h/再灌注24h,观察莲心碱3mg/kg对大鼠行为学改变、脑梗塞体积、血清中总过氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的影响。结果:莲心碱能显著改善大鼠的神经系统损伤症状,缩小脑梗死灶,降低LDH活性,提高SOD活性。结论:莲心碱对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用。

全身亚低温对脑缺血再灌流损伤神经细胞凋亡及Caspase-3的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后神经细胞凋亡及Caspase - 3基因表达的影响。方法 应用原位末端标记 (TUNEL)和原位杂交技术分别观察亚低温组、常温组脑缺血再灌流不同时间点神经细胞凋亡的变化及Caspase- 3mRNA的表达。结果 (1)常温组脑缺血再灌流后凋亡神经细胞主要分布于缺血周围区 ,随着再灌流时间的延长凋亡细胞数逐渐增加 ,至 2 4小时达高峰 ,2天后开始下降 ,14天时仍高于假手术组 ;(2 )亚低温组脑缺血再灌流后 ,凋亡神经细胞也主要位于缺血周围区 ,数量相对较少 ,其变化规律与常温组相似 ,同一时间点相比较 ,亚低温组均显著低于常温组 ;(3)常温组脑缺血再灌流 2小时后 ,神经细胞Caspase - 3mRNA开始表达 ,并随着再灌流时间的延长而增强 ,2 4小时达高峰 ,2天后逐渐下降 ,至 14天略高于假手术组 ;(4 )亚低温组脑缺血再灌流后 ,神经细胞Caspase - 3mRNA的表达也主要位于缺血周围区 ,其变化规律与常温组相似 ,同一时间点相比较 ,亚低温组均显著低于常温组。结论 脑缺血再灌流后 ,缺血周围区神经细胞的凋亡是一个动态的渐进过程 ,Caspase - 3基因在介导脑缺血损伤神经元凋亡过程中起关键作用。亚低温对短暂性脑缺血后的神经元凋亡有明显的抑制作用 ,亚低温可能通过Caspase - 3mRNA途?

大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型ICAM-1表达与白细胞浸润关系及亚低温干预治疗的研究

目的 研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后不同时程脑组织中的细胞间粘附分子 1 (ICAM 1 )表达规律 ,及其与白细胞浸润的关系 ,并探讨亚低温的治疗作用。方法 采用大鼠大脑中动脉 (MCA)线拴闭塞 /再通法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血 再灌注模型 ,常温组分别于脑缺血 3小时再灌注 2小时、8小时、2 4小时、48小时、72小时后断头取脑 ;假手术组及亚低温组于脑缺血 3小时再灌注 2 4小时断头取脑 ,行ICAM 1免疫组化及组织HE染色 ,测定ICAM 1表达阳性微血管数及白细胞计数。结果 ⑴脑缺血再灌注后 2小时 ,脑缺血的坏死周边区的微血管内皮细胞表达ICAM 1出现增高趋势 ,并于 2 4小时达到高峰 ,各组之间及各组与假手术组间均有显著差异 (均P <0 0 5) ;⑵脑缺血再灌注 8小时出现白细胞浸润 ,且浸润高峰也在 2 4小时 (P <0 0 1 ) ;⑶ICAM 1的表达与白细胞浸润呈正相关 (r =0 .82 7,P <0 0 1 ) ;⑷缺血早期进行亚低温治疗能明显减轻缺血再灌注后ICAM 1的表达及减少白细胞浸润 (P <0 0 1 )。结论 脑缺血再灌注后ICAM 1可介导白细胞和内皮细胞的粘附 ,加速白细胞的浸润 ,提示ICAM 1是造成脑缺血损伤的重要因素之一 ;亚低温的干预治疗能明显减轻缺血再灌注后脑组织病理形态学的损害程度。