Focusing on the tetra-partite synapse in Parkinson’s disease research using human patient-derived neurons

Parkinson’s disease(PD)was first described as a neurological disease by Dr.James Parkinson in 1817 as a“shaking palsy”.Since that time,much more is known about the pathophysiology of PD yet the disease is still uncurable.The hallmark of the disease is often considered Lewy body neural inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta and other brain areas,although not all patients have these inclusions.The patients exhibit massive neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta,which is associated with the motor symptoms of tremor,bradykinesia,rigidity,and postural instability.PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease with a prevalence of around 1%of individuals over the age of 60.

Simulating the evolution of focused waves by a two-layer Boussinesq-type model

Accurate simulation of the evolution of freak waves by the wave phase focusing method requires accurate linear and nonlinear properties,especially in deep-water conditions.In this paper,we analyze the ability to simulate deep-water focused waves of a two-layer Boussinesq-type(BT)model,which has been shown to have excellent linear and nonlinear performance.To further improve the numerical accuracy and stability,the internal wavegenerated method is introduced into the two-layer Boussinesq-type model.Firstly,the sensitivity of the numerical results to the grid resolution is analyzed to verify the convergence of the model;secondly,the focused wave propagating in two opposite directions is simulated to prove the symmetry of the numerical results and the feasibility of the internal wave-generated method;thirdly,the limiting focused wave condition is simulated to compare and analyze the wave surface and the horizontal velocity of the profile at the focusing position,which is in good agreement with the measured values.Meanwhile the simulation of focused waves in very deep waters agrees well with the measured values,which further demonstrates the capability of the two-layer BT model in simulating focused waves in deep waters.

Collision off-axis position dependence of relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of an excited electron in a tightly focused circular polarized laser pulse

This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circularly polarized laser pulses of varying intensities. We examine the effects of the transverse ponderomotive force, specifically how the deviation angle and speed of electron motion are affected by the initial off-axis position of the electron and the peak amplitude of the laser pulse. When the laser pulse intensity is low, an increase in the electron's initial off-axis distance results in reduced spatial radiation power, improved collimation, super-continuum phenomena generation, red-shifting of the spectrum's harmonic peak, and significant symmetry in the radiation radial direction. However, in contradiction to conventional understandings,when the laser pulse intensity is relatively high, the properties of the relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of the electron deviate from the central axis, changing direction in opposition to the aforementioned effects. After reaching a peak, these properties then shift again, aligning with the previous direction. The complex interplay of these effects suggests a greater nuance and intricacy in the relationship between laser pulse intensity, electron position, and scattering properties than previously thought.

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for essential tremor:a prospective,single center,single-arm study

The safety and effectiveness of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy has been broadly established and validated for the treatment of essential tremor.In 2018,the first magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound system in Chinese mainland was installed at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital.This prospective,single center,open-label,single-arm study was part of a worldwide prospective multicenter clinical trial(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03253991)conducted to confirm the safety and efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for treating essential tremor in the local population.From 2019 to 2020,10 patients with medication refractory essential tremor were recruited into this open-label,single arm study.The treatment efficacy was determined using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor.Safety was evaluated according to the incidence and severity of adverse events.All of the subjects underwent a unilateral thalamotomy targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus.At the baseline assessment,the estimated marginal mean of the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor total score was 58.3±3.6,and this improved after treatment to 23.1±6.4 at a 12-month follow-up assessment.A total of 50 adverse events were recorded,and 2 were defined as serious.The most common intraoperative adverse events were nausea and headache.The most frequent postoperative adverse events were paresthesia and equilibrium disorder.Most of the adverse events were mild and usually disappeared within a few days.Our findings suggest that magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of essential tremor is effective,with a good safety profile,for patients in Chinese mainland.

Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2) Josephson junction fabricated with a focused helium ion beam

Josephson junction plays a key role not only in studying the basic physics of unconventional iron-based superconductors but also in realizing practical application of thin-film based devices,therefore the preparation of high-quality iron pnictide Josephson junctions is of great importance.In this work,we have successfully fabricated Josephson junctions from Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2)thin films using a direct junction fabrication technique which utilizes high energy focused helium ion beam(FHIB).The electrical transport properties were investigated for junctions fabricated with various He^(+)irradiation doses.The junctions show sharp superconducting transition around 24 K with a narrow transition width of 2.5 K,and a dose correlated foot-structure resistance which corresponds to the effective tuning of junction properties by He^(+)irradiation.Significant J_c suppression by more than two orders of magnitude can be achieved by increasing the He^(+)irradiation dose,which is advantageous for the realization of low noise ion pnictide thin film devices.Clear Shapiro steps are observed under 10 GHz microwave irradiation.The above results demonstrate the successful fabrication of high quality and controllable Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2)Josephson junction with high reproducibility using the FHIB technique,laying the foundation for future investigating the mechanism of iron-based superconductors,and also the further implementation in various superconducting electronic devices.

Could near focus endoscopy,narrow-band imaging,and acetic acid improve the visualization of microscopic features of stomach mucosa?

BACKGROUND Conventional magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging(NBI)observation of the gastric body mucosa shows dominant patterns in relation to the regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of a new one-dual(near)focus,NBI mode in the assessment of the microscopic features of gastric body mucosa compared to conventional magnification.METHODS During 2021 and 2022,68 patients underwent proximal gastrointestinal endoscopy using magnification endoscopic modalities subsequently applying acetic acid(AA).The GIF-190HQ series NBI system with dual focus capability was used for the investigation of gastric mucosa.At the time of the endoscopy,the gastric body mucosa of all enrolled patients was photographed using the white light endoscopy(WLE),near focus(NF),NF-NBI,AA-NF,and AA-NF-NBI modes.RESULTS The WLE,NF and NF-NBI endoscopic modes for all patients(204 images)were classified in the same order into three groups.Two images from each patient for the AA-NF and AA-NF-NBI endoscopic modes were classified in the same order.According to all three observers who completed the work independently,NF magnification was significantly superior to WLE(P<0.01),and the NF-NBI mode was significantly superior to NF magnification(P<0.01).After applying AA,the three observers confirmed that AA-NF-NBI was significantly superior to AA-NF(P<0.01).Interobserver kappa values for WLE were 0.609,0.704,and 0.598,respectively and were 0.600,0.721,and 0.637,respectively,for NF magnification.For the NF-NBI mode,the values were 0.378,0.471,and 0.553,respectively.For AA-NF,they were 0.453,0.603,and 0.480,respectively,and for AA-NF-NBI,they were 0.643,0.506,and 0.354,respectively.CONCLUSION When investigating gastric mucosa in microscopic detail,NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for assessing regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits among the five endoscopic modalities investigated in this study.AA-NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for analyzing crypt opening and intervening part.

Effect of laser focus in two-color synthesized waveform on generation of soft x-ray high harmonics

Synthesis of multi-color laser pulses has been developed as a promising way to improve low conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation(HHG). Here we systematically study the effect of laser focus in a two-color waveform on generation of macroscopic HHG in soft x-rays. We find that the dependence of HHG yields on laser focus at low or high gas pressure is sensitive to the characteristics of single-atom harmonic response, in which “short”-or “long”-trajectory emissions can be selectively controlled by changing the waveform of two-color synthesized laser pulse. We uncover the phase-matching mechanism of HHG in the gas medium by examining the propagation of the two-color waveform and the evolution of time-frequency emissions of high-harmonic field. We further reveal that the nonlinear effects, such as geometric phase, atomic dispersion, and plasma defocusing, are responsible for modification of two-color waveform upon propagation. This work can be used to find better macroscopic conditions for generating soft x-ray HHG by employing two-color optimized waveforms.

Numerical simulation and response analysis of microspherical focused logging in inclined micro-fractured formation

Tight and unconventional reservoirs have become the focus with the progress of petroleum exploration and development.Micro-fractures in these reservoirs can effectively improve reservoir permeability,and well-developed micro-fractures can serve to directly improve productivity.Compared with the centered electrical well logging method,the Micro Spherical Focused Logging(MSFL)is more suitable for microfracture identification due to its high resolution and near borehole wall measuring method.In this study,an anisotropic model is used to depict micro-fractured formation.First,a forward model with microfractured formation,borehole,logging instrument and surrounding rock is established.Subsequently,MSFL responses under different micro-fracture porosity,resistivity,dip angle and borehole radius,are calculated based on the finite element method(FEM).Finally,the MSFL responses under different microfracture parameters are analyzed with the response laws clarified.

中国大学英语教师对“Focus-on-Forms”和“Focus-on-Form”教学方法的认知

语法教学是语言教学中易引起争论的话题。“Focus-on-forms”和“focus-on-form”是语言课堂教学中有关语法教学的两种方法。本文在对“focus-on-forms”和“focus-on-form”有关理论研究回顾的基础上,通过问卷和访谈的形式对浙江省几所高校的大学英语教师在英语课堂教学中对语法教学的态度及方式进行调查分析。结果显示,大部分教师倾向于focus-on-form的教学方式。

“focus on form”的课堂教学策略研究综述

虽然我国的外语教学改革一直在提倡交际教学,强调以交际为目的,但很多英语课堂任然很难摆脱语法教学的统治地位。兴起于20世纪90年代的重形式教学(focus on form)理论对我国外语教学有特殊的意义。着重归纳了现有的focus on form的具体教学方法并讨论了各种方法的优势和缺陷,期望能对外语课堂教学能够有一定的指导意义。

focus on form理论与中学英语语法教学

语法是外语教学的一个重要组成部分。以Long为代表的西方学者在吸收交际-任务教学原则的基础上,提出了针对语言形式教学的focus on form理论。本文在阐明这一教学理论之后,通过实例,重点说明了该理论在我国中学英语语法教学中的应用价值。

外语教学中的Focus on Form思想

本文以语言教学中的形式与意义之争为宏观背景，介绍Focus on form的理论基础、研究现状和主要成果；指出国内相关研究中亟需术语规范和结合教学特定性的实证研究。

Focus on form理论在英语交际课堂中的应用

传统的语法翻译法和后来的交际法都不完全适合我国外语教学的国情,而90年代新兴的focus on form理论兼容了双方的优越性。本文在回顾了相关背景之后,重点阐明了该理论在我国英语交际课堂中融合的五种途径,即协商性任务、整体听写活动、利用结构型任务、增强意识型任务以及输入加工,从而使学生在关注语言形式的同时更好的表达意义。

focus on form教学综述

focus on form(以形式为中心)的教学模式是当前语言形式教学的主流,因其可以有效平衡语言形式和意义而备受关注。通过回顾其产生发展过程及理论依据,概括其实施方法,有利于理解其对外语教学的指导意义,指引相关研究方向。

Focus on Form语境下英语写作学习的探索性研究

依据focus on form(FonF)教学指导理论,对英语写作学习进行实证研究,以探索FonF对英语写作在流利度(fluency)、准确度(accuracy)以及复杂度(complexity)三个纬度的积极影响,并通过对实验前后写作效果的对比分析,建构FonF理论对中国英语写作学习的启示。

Focus on form理论在大学英语语法教学中的应用

语法是外语教学的重要组成部分,大学英语语法在"教与不教"以及"怎样教"等问题上,一直受到研究者和教学者的密切关注。以Long为代表的西方学者在吸收交际——任务教学原则的基础上,提出了针对语言形式教学的focus on form理论。本文分析了这一理论的产生及其定义与理论基础,重点探讨了Focus on form在大学英语语法教学中的应用,为探索有效的大学英语语法教学提供了新的方向。

Focus on Form理论视角下的二语词汇习得研究

Focus on Form理论是近年来国内外二语习得领域的热门研究问题。该理论强调在教学活动中以意义为教学中心,通过加强学习者对语言形式的关注,从而达到对语言交际能力和语法词汇能力的双重提高。本文探讨将该理论应用于二语词汇习得教学中,从而提高词汇学习的效果。

国外Focus on form研究发展简要述评

对Focus on form(Fon F)教学法的发展作历时性分析,引出折衷教学法。阐述Fon F的分类及其发展,援引不同主体对语言形式的关注度研究,回归折衷教学法。基于折衷教学法,认为Fon F是平衡Fon M(Focus on meaning)和Fon Fs(Focus on forms)两种极端教学法的必要补充。

Focus on form理论在大学英语交际教学中的应用与研究

我国应试教育下的英语教学常常拘泥于书面知识,过多地注重语法和背诵。因此,从改革的需求出发,结合当代学生的实际情况,发挥形式教学的语言修正功能,探讨如何能最大限度地提高英语教学的效率。