On January 26,the Business20(B20)Group opened its 2016 meeting at Great Hall of the People,Beijing,marking the beginning of preparations for B20 China year.Over the years,B20 priorities have been clearly aligned with ...On January 26,the Business20(B20)Group opened its 2016 meeting at Great Hall of the People,Beijing,marking the beginning of preparations for B20 China year.Over the years,B20 priorities have been clearly aligned with those of the G20 Summit,focusing on major heated topics in financial system reform,trade,investment,energy,展开更多
背景:纳米材料是抗肿瘤药物的理想载体,具有重要的科学价值和应用价值,为临床抗肿瘤提供了新的有效手段。目的:系统评价纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的基础研究及临床应用。方法:以"nanoparticle,cancer,drug delivery system,nanot...背景:纳米材料是抗肿瘤药物的理想载体,具有重要的科学价值和应用价值,为临床抗肿瘤提供了新的有效手段。目的:系统评价纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的基础研究及临床应用。方法:以"nanoparticle,cancer,drug delivery system,nanotube,nanosphere"为关键词,计算机检索北美临床试验注册中心及Web of Science数据库2000-01-01/2012-12-31发表的纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗相关临床试验注册项目及文献。根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,将检索结果以注册号、注册题目、项目状态、干预措施、试验的申办者、试验的疾病种类导出进行评价质量及文献分析。结果与结论:①北美临床试验注册中心关于纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的相关临床试验研究开始于1999年,共检索到注册项目489项,经查阅后,共有429项纳入了分析。美国注册的纳米载体肿瘤靶向给药临床试验项目最多,共112项,其次为加拿大24项。中国注册的临床试验有22项,其中大陆注册8项,香港地区注册4项,台湾地区注册10项。研究的注册数量2003年跌至谷底,只有5项注册项目,之后数量大幅度升高,在2008年注册项目数量达到顶峰,为56项。2008年后,注册的项目数量处于波动状态。②北美临床试验注册中心纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的相关临床试验项目样本量在1-2000之间,以50人以下的小样本研究为主。研究的肿瘤类型以乳腺癌为主,其次为内分泌腺瘤及淋巴瘤。③2000-01-01/2012-12-31在Web of Science数据库发表的纳米载体肿瘤靶向给药相关文章4497篇,其中,美国发文量占总数比重最大(66.42%),发表文章2987篇。高被引文章主要发表在Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(《美国科学院院刊》)。展开更多
Introduction:Restoring the degraded sites with vegetation cover is an optimal solution to mitigate environmental disasters.Starting from the 1980s,donor-assisted land rehabilitation activities were taking place in Teh...Introduction:Restoring the degraded sites with vegetation cover is an optimal solution to mitigate environmental disasters.Starting from the 1980s,donor-assisted land rehabilitation activities were taking place in Tehulederi District,South Wollo,Ethiopia.Meanwhile,majority of the forests were destroyed;part of the problem was associated with the top-down approach of forest management.The challenge is,therefore,to find a system of management that can enhance the combined effect of both the community and the state.The community forestry(i.e.a forest development activity which is practiced and managed collectively by the community members on their communal land)is one such alternative.The objectives of the study were to(1)examine the views and attitudes of local people towards community versus state forests governance and(2)evaluate the management practices implemented in the community versus state forestry and their implications on the forest status and the livelihood of local people.Methods:A structured questionnaire consisting of closed-and open-ended questions was developed to collect quantitative data from randomly selected households.Moreover,key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to gather qualitative data.Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyze and interpret the quantitative data.The data obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions were synthesized and narrated using a qualitative method.Results:Several socioeconomic variables significantly affected the views and attitudes of local people towards community versus state forests governance.Generally,local people had positive views and attitudes towards the community forestry.Over 83%of the respondents agreed to accept and practice community forestry.In contrast,about 70%of the respondents had negative views and attitudes towards the state forestry.The positive views and attitudes of local people towards the community forestry may be connected with the perceived benefits(e.g.infrastructure development,source of medicinal plants,wood products,and source of fodder)and the values(e.g.aesthetic and recreational)that local people expect from the community forest.However,the negative views and attitudes of local people towards the state forestry could be attributed to the fact that the community may have limited access to forests when they are exclusively managed by the government.Moreover,such forest management may aggravate antagonistic relationship between the government and local people and be manifested as forest use conflicts.The results obtained from key informant interviews and focus group discussions suggested that the community forest had a better status than the state forest.This may have resulted from the relative advantage of the community forestry to make better use of the community forest,manage it more sustainability,and contribute more equitably to satisfy local livelihoods than does the state forestry.The respondents also illustrated the dependence of local people on forests,utilization,protection,management,and silvicultural schemes implemented in the community versus state forests.Conclusions:The findings emphasize the importance of collective decisions in forest management and governance.The intervention for a legal framework and institutional development particularly through formal recognition of local people’s ownership and right over the use of forests is indispensable towards sustainable forestry.展开更多
文摘On January 26,the Business20(B20)Group opened its 2016 meeting at Great Hall of the People,Beijing,marking the beginning of preparations for B20 China year.Over the years,B20 priorities have been clearly aligned with those of the G20 Summit,focusing on major heated topics in financial system reform,trade,investment,energy,
文摘背景:纳米材料是抗肿瘤药物的理想载体,具有重要的科学价值和应用价值,为临床抗肿瘤提供了新的有效手段。目的:系统评价纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的基础研究及临床应用。方法:以"nanoparticle,cancer,drug delivery system,nanotube,nanosphere"为关键词,计算机检索北美临床试验注册中心及Web of Science数据库2000-01-01/2012-12-31发表的纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗相关临床试验注册项目及文献。根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,将检索结果以注册号、注册题目、项目状态、干预措施、试验的申办者、试验的疾病种类导出进行评价质量及文献分析。结果与结论:①北美临床试验注册中心关于纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的相关临床试验研究开始于1999年,共检索到注册项目489项,经查阅后,共有429项纳入了分析。美国注册的纳米载体肿瘤靶向给药临床试验项目最多,共112项,其次为加拿大24项。中国注册的临床试验有22项,其中大陆注册8项,香港地区注册4项,台湾地区注册10项。研究的注册数量2003年跌至谷底,只有5项注册项目,之后数量大幅度升高,在2008年注册项目数量达到顶峰,为56项。2008年后,注册的项目数量处于波动状态。②北美临床试验注册中心纳米给药系统在肿瘤靶向治疗的相关临床试验项目样本量在1-2000之间,以50人以下的小样本研究为主。研究的肿瘤类型以乳腺癌为主,其次为内分泌腺瘤及淋巴瘤。③2000-01-01/2012-12-31在Web of Science数据库发表的纳米载体肿瘤靶向给药相关文章4497篇,其中,美国发文量占总数比重最大(66.42%),发表文章2987篇。高被引文章主要发表在Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(《美国科学院院刊》)。
文摘Introduction:Restoring the degraded sites with vegetation cover is an optimal solution to mitigate environmental disasters.Starting from the 1980s,donor-assisted land rehabilitation activities were taking place in Tehulederi District,South Wollo,Ethiopia.Meanwhile,majority of the forests were destroyed;part of the problem was associated with the top-down approach of forest management.The challenge is,therefore,to find a system of management that can enhance the combined effect of both the community and the state.The community forestry(i.e.a forest development activity which is practiced and managed collectively by the community members on their communal land)is one such alternative.The objectives of the study were to(1)examine the views and attitudes of local people towards community versus state forests governance and(2)evaluate the management practices implemented in the community versus state forestry and their implications on the forest status and the livelihood of local people.Methods:A structured questionnaire consisting of closed-and open-ended questions was developed to collect quantitative data from randomly selected households.Moreover,key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to gather qualitative data.Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyze and interpret the quantitative data.The data obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions were synthesized and narrated using a qualitative method.Results:Several socioeconomic variables significantly affected the views and attitudes of local people towards community versus state forests governance.Generally,local people had positive views and attitudes towards the community forestry.Over 83%of the respondents agreed to accept and practice community forestry.In contrast,about 70%of the respondents had negative views and attitudes towards the state forestry.The positive views and attitudes of local people towards the community forestry may be connected with the perceived benefits(e.g.infrastructure development,source of medicinal plants,wood products,and source of fodder)and the values(e.g.aesthetic and recreational)that local people expect from the community forest.However,the negative views and attitudes of local people towards the state forestry could be attributed to the fact that the community may have limited access to forests when they are exclusively managed by the government.Moreover,such forest management may aggravate antagonistic relationship between the government and local people and be manifested as forest use conflicts.The results obtained from key informant interviews and focus group discussions suggested that the community forest had a better status than the state forest.This may have resulted from the relative advantage of the community forestry to make better use of the community forest,manage it more sustainability,and contribute more equitably to satisfy local livelihoods than does the state forestry.The respondents also illustrated the dependence of local people on forests,utilization,protection,management,and silvicultural schemes implemented in the community versus state forests.Conclusions:The findings emphasize the importance of collective decisions in forest management and governance.The intervention for a legal framework and institutional development particularly through formal recognition of local people’s ownership and right over the use of forests is indispensable towards sustainable forestry.
