Food Access and Experience of Food Insecurity in Nigerian Households during the COVID-19 Lockdown

The food insecurity experiences and related behaviors of Nigerian households during the COVID-19 lockdown have not been fully discussed. This study was conducted to elicit information on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on economic and behavioral patterns related to food access. An online-based semi-structured questionnaire distributed through messaging platforms was used to collect information on characteristics, food purchasing behaviour before and during COVID-19 lockdown among respondents. Experience of food insecurity was assessed using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). A total of 883 responses were received and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Most of the respondents (90.5%) were at home or had stopped going to work due to COVID-19 restrictions. Even though smaller households had higher food expenditure claims than larger households (p = 0.012), the larger the household, the more acute the challenge of economic access to food (p = 0.050). Location (p = 0.000), age (p = 0.003), occupation (p = 0.014) and income level (p = 0.000) were associated with experience of food insecurity. In conclusion, lockdown restrictions increased food expenditure and experience of food insecurity among the respondents and thus we recommend the probe of long-term consequences of deviations from usual food access on undernutrition or overnutrition in Nigerian households.

浅析食品检验检测体系存在的问题及完善对策

随着食品行业的快速发展,部分食品检验检测标准也随之发生变化,导致食品检验检测体系难以全面覆盖所有食品,进而限制了食品检验检测体系的应用价值。基于此,本文就食品检验检测体系存在的问题及完善对策展开思考,以期促进我国食品安全事业的发展,有效降低食品安全风险。

Food and Nutritional Insecurity before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Households of Women Belonging to a Social Program

Introduction: According to the National Health and Nutrition Survey, the Mexican households in 2018 had food insecurity at 55.5% while in 2012 it was 70%. Food insecurity is a global health problem and now with the COVID-19 pandemic, it has increased. Objective: To compare the levels of food and nutritional insecurity in women’s households from two Social Impulse Centers of the Secretary for Human Social Development (SEDESHU) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out in 41 women participating in a nutritional intervention program in two social promotion centers. Food security was measured with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA), comparing it in a period from January to April 2020: before and during the health contingency. Socio-economic and demographic variables were also measured, as well as access to water during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Food insecurity levels during the COVID-19 contingency were found to have increased by more than 60% (from 31.7% to 93%);the main risk factors associated with unemployment and access to healthy food. The COVID-19 contingency reflects impacts on households, but because women participated in the nutritional intervention program, it could influence by observing that, at least, the use of food was adequate since apparently food waste was minimal. Conclusions: The implementation of an educational nutrition program can be a strategy in the face of contingencies or extraordinary situations. In this way, the negative impact could be less in the population that does not have any type of food education.

Food security status in rural areas of Mizoram,Northeast India

Rural areas of the Mizoram state, India practice subsistence agriculture where shifting cultivation dominates the farming systems. As a result, output from crops is very low and thus, the rural areas suffer from food insecurity. This paper analyses food security status in the rural areas of Mizoram and suggests the measures to attain food security. A case study of 16 villages, lying in all the eight districts of Mizoram, was conducted in 2014 and1527 households(76%) out of total 2010 households were surveyed through purposive random sampling method. Structured questionnaire was constructed and questions on three food security components and13 indicators were asked. We used Z score technique to calculate data and finally got a composite score of all the components of food security. Our result shows that food availability in the study villages is very less as composite score stands for 0.003 whereas food accessibility is comparatively higher, mainly due to availability of fair price shops(mean value is one),high agricultural working population(40.1%) and high literacy rate(70.6%). Therefore, its composite score is 0.236. Food stability scores only-0.062 and finally overall food security stands for 0.178, which is inadequate. We have suggested that ‘system rice intensification', which is already in practice, should be given priority. Adequate irrigation facilities, proper public distribution system, cultivation of fruits and vegetables, value addition in farm products and access to market may achieve food security.

限进介质色谱柱高效液相色谱法测定动物源性食品中对乙酰氨基酚残留量

将血药分析中使用的限进介质色谱柱的高效液相色谱法引入食品分析领域,简化动物源性食品分析中的样品处理过程,对肉类食品中对乙酰氨基酚残留量进行测定。使用苯基键合型限进介质色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%乙酸-0.05 mol/L乙酸铵水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)条件下进行等度洗脱,流量为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃,样品只需进行液液萃取,然后直接进行液相色谱分析。猪肉、牛肉、羊肉样品中对乙酰氨基酚色谱峰分离良好,对乙酰氨基酚质量浓度在10~1000μg/L范围内标准曲线线性相关系数为r=0.9999。样品加标回收率为91.8%~99.3%,相对标准偏差小于5.9%(n=6)。该方法简便易行,能够大幅简化动物源性食品分析样品处理过程。

青海省农牧区高年级小学生家庭食物环境分析

目的:了解青海省农牧区四、五年级小学生家庭食物环境现状,为改善当地学龄儿童家庭食物环境提供科学依据。方法:采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,从青海省3座市(州) 10所小学,抽取94名四、五年级学生以及其对应家长作为研究对象,通过自填问卷调查家庭食物环境现状。结果:参与调查学生的家庭食物可及性由高到低依次为新鲜蔬菜及其制品(77.7%)、薯类粗杂粮及其制品(76.6%)、乳类及其制品(74.5%)、水果及其制品(68.1%)、含糖饮料(17.0%)、高糖食物(11.7%)、高脂食物(9.6%)、高盐食物(7.4%)。乳类及其制品的可及性在城乡之间差异有统计学意义(82.1%vs 63.2%,P=0.038)。大部分学生(56.4%)月均家庭食物支出占比约为30%~50%,随人均年收入增加而有所提高(R=0.206,P=0.047)。家庭喂养模式在农村以强制模式为主(63.2%),在县城以强制和限制模式并重(44.6%、42.9%)。绝大多数家庭有较良好的食物规则,男生家庭食物限制得分高于女生(t=2.216,P=0.029)。营养理念较为科学的家长约占33.0%,营养知识掌握较好的家长约占6.4%,总体具有较高营养素养的家长约占8.5%。家长选择食物时考虑最多的三个因素为营养(83.0%)、卫生(73.4%)、孩子爱吃(61.7%)。结论:青海省农牧区高年级小学生家庭食物环境现状总体良好,明显薄弱之处在于家长营养素养一般,特别是营养知识储备极为欠缺。应进一步加强家长的营养宣教,促进营养知识传播,改善家庭食物环境,帮助学龄儿童塑造良好饮食行为。

食品检验检测体系存在的问题及完善对策研究

食品安全问题关乎社稷民生,是人们关注的热点话题。食品检验检测体系为食品安全提供保障,食品检验检测体系对人们、对行业有重要作用。本文论述食品检验检测体系的重要性,分析食品检验检测体系存在的问题,提出食品检验检测体系的完善对策。

建立中国农产品质量安全市场准入机制框架分析

笔者利用政府经济学的一般原理,通过规范性分析,提出了政府建立农产品质量安全市场准入机制的目标和原则,明确了农产品质量安全市场准入规制的主体、客体及范围,提出了农产品市场准入机制的构架建议,为中国政府建立农产品市场准入机制提供了理论参考。

发展中国家微观层面的粮食获取能力分析

对发展中国家微观层面的粮食获取能力及其影响因素的分析后认为,就发展中国家整体而言,由人们的自行生产能力、市场交易能力以及获取粮食援助的能力三方面构成的微观层面的粮食获取能力还较弱,粮食获取能力较弱的根本原因在于发展中国家的生产力落后和人均收入水平低。

我国转基因食品市场准入和召回研究

为了保障转基因食品的食用安全性和营养质量,我国在不断建设和完善相关法律法规体系的基础上,对转基因食品的市场准入采取了科学和严格的规定,制定了安全评价许可证制度、标识管理制度、加工和销售许可制度、食用安全和营养质量卫生评价制度,形成了既符合我国国情又与世界接轨的安全准入特点。对于我国转基因食品如何建设召回制度,本文探索性提出了三种召回模式,以及可能采取的召回流程。

安徽农村粮食银行运营现状、存在的问题及发展对策

农村粮食银行近年来在粮食主产区发展明显加快,并且在减少农户储粮损耗、解决农户储粮难题、美化农村居民居住环境、提高农村居民生活质量等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。调查发现,安徽农村粮食银行普遍存在规模较小、信用较低、农户储粮风险较大等问题。当前,解决上述问题的关键在于构建统一的粮食银行组织领导与监管体系,规范粮食银行运营;建立农村粮食银行准入制度;实行存粮准备粮管理制度;加强风险管理,设立风险准备基金,加强农户参与粮食银行的愿意。

加入WTO以来中国农业的发展态势与战略性调整

我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)以来签署的双边或多边区域自贸协定进一步扩大了农业开放。从目前来看,我国农业经受住了开放带来的挑战和压力。我国已进入新一轮高水平开放阶段,农业缺乏比较优势的问题逐步显现,未来农业要继续经受住开放带来的挑战和压力,根本出路在于深化农业供给侧结构性改革。一方面,应调整农业生产的品种结构和区域布局,重塑农业支持保护制度,努力提高我国农业的产业素质和竞争力。另一方面,应谋划和实施全球农业战略,提高统筹利用国内外两个市场两种资源的能力,提高开放条件下的国家粮食安全治理能力。

食品企业如何实施食品质量安全市场准入制度

介绍了我国正在全面实施的食品质量安全市场准入制度的意义、核心内容及食品生产企业取得《食品生产许可证》的必要性和程序。

中国农产品质量安全市场准入的内涵和阶段性发展分析

对农产品质量安全市场准入及相关概念进行了归纳和界定,分析了农产品市场准入规制的产生与阶段性发展规律,将中国农产品质量安全市场准入分为数量管理阶段、产品结构调整阶段、安全水平提升阶段和质量安全依法监管阶段4个阶段。对农产品市场准入和加工食品市场准入制度进行了对比分析,并对各地先期开展的农产品质量安全市场准入进行了归纳,为我国农产品质量安全市场准入机制的建立提出了建议。图2,表2,参8。

供需视角的发展中国家粮食安全政策

在粮食供给方面,发展中国家主要从粮食生产、粮食流通、粮食贸易等方面采取相应的促进政策提高粮食的自行生产能力以及调剂余缺的能力。在粮食获取方面,主要通过提高人们的劳动生产率和收入水平来提高其获取粮食能力,并加强安全网的建设应对临时冲击。发展中国家提升粮食供给和获取能力的政策与减贫的政策存在内在的必然联系,缓解和消除贫困是确保发展中国家粮食安全的根本。加强对农业的支持是改善发展中国家粮食安全的最主要途径。

食品消费者知情权保护中的问题与对策研究

分析了食品消费者知情权与食品企业商业秘密间的冲突,提出了解决冲突的途径,即:修改有关法律规定,使关于消费者知情权、企业告知义务以及商业秘密权的规定更加科学;最高人民法院制定相关司法解释,以司法解释的形式明确规定法律应用中的具体内容;在法律制定没有得到完善的情况下,应从公平合理的基本法理出发解决冲突。

“食品感官评价”课程的多元化教学与考核方式改革研究

改革“食品感官评价”课程的多元化教学与考核方式,将传统的授课方法改为多媒体授课、小组讨论、学生小组汇报、参观学习等多种形式的教学。将课程考核方式改为课堂提问、课后作业、调研报告、设计汇报、实验表现、实验报告、期末考试相结合的形式。多种形式的教学方法使学生以多种形式参与课堂,显著提高了学生的学习积极性。多种形式的课程考核方式更有效地反映了学生的学生态度与学习效果。

我国粮食与农业植物遗传资源获取与惠益分享的现状、问题与未来工作设想

粮食与农业植物遗传资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分,有效保护和可持续利用生物多样性已被世界各国广泛接受,但如何实现遗传资源(genetic resources)获取与惠益分享(access and benefit sharing,ABS)一直是国际社会关注的焦点。本文从《粮食与农业植物遗传资源国际条约》(International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources of Food and Agriculture,ITPGRFA)(以下简称《国际条约》)的履约需求出发,综述了我国粮食与农业植物遗传资源的保护现状以及履行《国际条约》存在的主要问题,分析了国内遗传资源获取与惠益分享的优势与差距,提出了未来粮食与农业植物遗传资源获取与惠益分享的几点设想,即推动加入《国际条约》并建立健全履行《国际条约》的法律法规;开展粮食与农业植物遗传资源保护单位认证制度和遗传资源登记制度;提升全民对遗传资源获取与惠益分享的认知能力,为在国际国内实施遗传资源获取与惠益分享相关规定营造有利环境。