FDA是美联邦政府卫生部(DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE简称DHHS直译应为卫生及人类服务部,实即卫生部及有关福利事宜)下的直属机构。是对食品及药物等方面制定规范及进行管理的权威性机关。FDA除主要对食品、药物外还包括有...FDA是美联邦政府卫生部(DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE简称DHHS直译应为卫生及人类服务部,实即卫生部及有关福利事宜)下的直属机构。是对食品及药物等方面制定规范及进行管理的权威性机关。FDA除主要对食品、药物外还包括有生物制品,化妆品及医疗设施等的管理,与农业部(负责肉类、疏菜、水果的管理)、环境保护局(E.P.A)(负责空气、饮水、废弃物、农药、毒品等的管理)分工统管环境中的化学物。它们都是以立法为根据的代表政府的执法机关。 FDA的前身为化学部(DEPARTMENT OF CHEMLSTRY)建于1906年。现有工作人员约8。展开更多
Following is an interview given by Shao Mingli, director-general of China＇s State Food and Drug Administration to our reporter on what is being done to ensure food and drug safety in China. As everybody knows, food a...Following is an interview given by Shao Mingli, director-general of China＇s State Food and Drug Administration to our reporter on what is being done to ensure food and drug safety in China. As everybody knows, food and drug safety is vital to people＇s lives.展开更多
On May 28, 2019 Chinese Cosmetics Development Conference was held in Beijing. At the conference, Li Nan, chief of the General Division, Supervision Department of the State Food and Drug Administration introduced China...On May 28, 2019 Chinese Cosmetics Development Conference was held in Beijing. At the conference, Li Nan, chief of the General Division, Supervision Department of the State Food and Drug Administration introduced China’s development concerning the cosmetics supervisory rules and regulations from the perspectives of legislation plan and thinking. He mentioned that the regulations on supervision and administration of cosmetics are expected to be released this year, and the regulations on cosmetic registration and label management.展开更多
Infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens are difficult to treat since most antibiotics have low cell permeability and undergo rapid degradation within cells.The rapid development and dissemination of ant...Infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens are difficult to treat since most antibiotics have low cell permeability and undergo rapid degradation within cells.The rapid development and dissemination of antimicrobial–resistant strains have exacerbated this dilemma.With the increasing knowledge of host–pathogen interactions,especially bacterial strategies for survival and proliferation within host cells,host-directed therapy(HDT)has attracted increased interest and has emerged as a promising antiinfection method for treating intracellular infection.Herein,we applied a cell-based screening approach to a US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved drug library to identify compounds that can inhibit the intracellular replication of Salmonella Typhimurium(S.Typhimurium).This screening allowed us to identify the antidiarrheal agent loperamide(LPD)as a potent inhibitor of S.Typhimurium intracellular proliferation.LPD treatment of infected cells markedly promoted the host autophagic response and lysosomal activity.A mechanistic study revealed that the increase in host autophagy and elimination of intracellular bacteria were dependent on the high expression of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B(GPNMB)induced by LPD.In addition,LPD treatment effectively protected against S.Typhimurium infection in Galleria mellonella and mouse models.Thus,our study suggested that LPD may be useful for the treatment of diseases caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.Moreover,LPD may serve as a promising lead compound for the development of anti-infection drugs based on the HDT strategy.展开更多
目的利用美国FDA不良事件报告系统(FAERS)对钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂的生殖系统药物毒性进行全面分析,挖掘潜在的生殖系统不良事件信号,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。方法采用压缩估计的不相称测定分析,选取报告比值比法(ROR...目的利用美国FDA不良事件报告系统(FAERS)对钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂的生殖系统药物毒性进行全面分析,挖掘潜在的生殖系统不良事件信号,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。方法采用压缩估计的不相称测定分析,选取报告比值比法(ROR)和成分信息法(IC)对FAERS中2013年第1季度至2021年第2季度有关SGLT2抑制剂的数据进行挖掘,借助重要医疗事件(IME)列表筛选出生殖系统IME。所有的不良事件及IME均由《国际医学用语词典》(MedDRA)24.0版编码。分析患者的临床特征、预后、信号检测结果及指定不良事件的事件发生时间(TTO)。结果将SGLT2抑制剂作为“首要怀疑”和“次要怀疑”的生殖系统不良事件报告纳入分析,共获得2700条记录。男性生殖系统不良事件发生频率(57.59%,1555/2700)高于女性(35.70%,964/2700),单药治疗与生殖不良事件的关联强度高于联合用药(IC的95%CI下限:1.40 vs 1.21;ROR的95%CI下限:2.65 vs 2.37)。在单药治疗中共检测出56个信号,出现8个强信号和13个IME。常见的生殖系统不良事件是Fournier坏疽、生殖器真菌感染、龟头包皮炎等。说明书中未提及的IME共10个,包括男性外生殖器蜂窝织炎、乳腺癌、阴茎癌等。结论除了已知的生殖系统不良事件,SGLT2抑制剂还存在其他重要的生殖系统不良事件信号。不同SGLT2抑制剂的生殖毒性存在差异性,临床医师应充分考量用药的风险与收益,对严重不良事件进行重点监测。展开更多
Obesity is a chronic disease which requires treatment. As lifestyle interventions alone hardly ever result in long-term weight loss, pharmacotherapy is an impor-tant adjunct to lifestyle measures to improve the induc-...Obesity is a chronic disease which requires treatment. As lifestyle interventions alone hardly ever result in long-term weight loss, pharmacotherapy is an impor-tant adjunct to lifestyle measures to improve the induc-tion and maintenance of weight loss. Owing to the lim-ited options currently available for the pharmacological treatment of obesity, it is imperative to develop new safe compounds. This study aims to review the current medications approved by European Medicines Agency and United States Food and Drug Administration （FDA） for the treatment of obesity, focusing essentially on their benefits and risks, as well as on the new drugs which are presently under clinical trials. Moreover, it lists the anti-obesity agents that have been recently withdrawn from the market. A revision of the scientifc literature was carried out, through a search on Pubmedfor papers published from January 2010 to January2013. Orlistat （Xenical？） is currently the only long-termpharmacotherapy for obesity available in the Europeanmarket, as rimonabant and sibutramine were with-drawn in 2008 and 2010, respectively, due to serious psychiatric and cardiovascular adverse effects. Lorca-serin （Belviq？） and the association of phentermine and topiramate （QsymiaTM） were recently approved by FDA. Orlistat suppresses appetite inhibiting gastrointestinal lipase, being its adverse effects mostly gastrointestinal. Lorcaserin activates 5-HT2C receptors, phentermine is a norepinephrine releasing drug, and topiramate is an anticonvulsivant drug with weight loss properties.展开更多
Background: Due to their delicious taste, high nutritional content, and health benefits, fruit juices are well-known drinks in many countries and are now an essential component of the modern diet. Objective: Determini...Background: Due to their delicious taste, high nutritional content, and health benefits, fruit juices are well-known drinks in many countries and are now an essential component of the modern diet. Objective: Determining the microbiological quality of both packaged and freshly made fruit and milk juices. Method: The spread-plate approach was employed to isolate and count the bacteria. 90 ml of sterile peptone water were blended with 10 ml of well-mixed, packed, and freshly made fruit juices. The samples were sequentially diluted (101 - 105) in accordance with the Indian Manual of Food Microbiological Testing Methods. Results: From eight samples of imported packaged fruit and milk juice, the average of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial counts were zero, 1.39 × 102, and 2 × 102 CFU/ml, respectively. In contrast, from three samples of locally produced fruit and milk juice, the average of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial counts were zero, 5.83 × 102, and 2.73 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. Four samples of handmade prepared fruit and milk juices had a mean of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial count of 1.441 × 104, 4.1 × 103, and 2.35 × 105 CFU/ml, respectively. Conclusion: 33.3% of the results from microbiological analysis of freshly made fruit and milk juices met the permissible range of the Revised Microbiological Standards for Fruit and Vegetables and Their Products, which were published in 2018 and as well as the Hong Kong Center for Food Safety, whereas 66.7% of the microbiological analyses of freshly prepared fruit and milk juices were above the permissible reference range of GSO standard 2000. 12.5% of the investigated imported and packed fruits and milk juices had one failed test (TSC), which was above the acceptable limit, 87.5% of the tested samples of fruit and milk juices fulfilled the necessary standards of TCC, TVBC, and TSC. 100% of the tested locally manufactured fruit and milk juices complied with TSC, TCC, and TVBC requirements. All investigations showed that freshly made fruit and milk juices were heavily contaminated (Total viable bacterial count, total coliform count, and total staphylococcus count). .展开更多
医疗器械唯一标识(unique device identifier,UDI)是医疗器械唯一性识别码,是准确采集医疗器械全生命周期数据的基础,已成为当前医疗器械监管的全球通用语言。2013年9月24日,美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administratio,FDA)发布...医疗器械唯一标识(unique device identifier,UDI)是医疗器械唯一性识别码,是准确采集医疗器械全生命周期数据的基础,已成为当前医疗器械监管的全球通用语言。2013年9月24日,美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administratio,FDA)发布医疗器械唯一标识系统(unique device identification system,UDI system)最终规定并正式实施UDI,为各国以全球协调方式实施UDI提供了经验。本文将系统研究美国UDI发展沿革、法规体系、核心内容与工作进展,对美国UDI实施方案、发码机构、全球UDI数据库(GUDID)及应用情况进行介绍,为我国开展并推进UDI工作提供借鉴和思路。展开更多
拥有百年历程的美国食品及药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)是全球食品药品监管最具权威的机构,其发展和监管历史中最重要的部分是不断面临执法挑战,但FDA始终不断完善立法,积极探索适合本国国情的监管模式。本文介绍了美...拥有百年历程的美国食品及药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)是全球食品药品监管最具权威的机构,其发展和监管历史中最重要的部分是不断面临执法挑战,但FDA始终不断完善立法,积极探索适合本国国情的监管模式。本文介绍了美国食品及药品管理局FDA的机构发展历史、监管历程、现行组织框架,以及美国药品评价与研究中心(Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,CDER)和生物制品评价与研究中心(Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research,CBER)的历史沿革、组织框架、人员结构等。重点讨论了FDA所经历的挫折教训和成功经验,并通过梳理历史事件,解读了FDA的法规体系。FDA的发展历史和监管历程对中国药品监管事业诠释"维护和促进公众健康"的使命具有重要的参考意义。展开更多
文摘FDA是美联邦政府卫生部(DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE简称DHHS直译应为卫生及人类服务部,实即卫生部及有关福利事宜)下的直属机构。是对食品及药物等方面制定规范及进行管理的权威性机关。FDA除主要对食品、药物外还包括有生物制品,化妆品及医疗设施等的管理,与农业部(负责肉类、疏菜、水果的管理)、环境保护局(E.P.A)(负责空气、饮水、废弃物、农药、毒品等的管理)分工统管环境中的化学物。它们都是以立法为根据的代表政府的执法机关。 FDA的前身为化学部(DEPARTMENT OF CHEMLSTRY)建于1906年。现有工作人员约8。
文摘Following is an interview given by Shao Mingli, director-general of China＇s State Food and Drug Administration to our reporter on what is being done to ensure food and drug safety in China. As everybody knows, food and drug safety is vital to people＇s lives.
文摘On May 28, 2019 Chinese Cosmetics Development Conference was held in Beijing. At the conference, Li Nan, chief of the General Division, Supervision Department of the State Food and Drug Administration introduced China’s development concerning the cosmetics supervisory rules and regulations from the perspectives of legislation plan and thinking. He mentioned that the regulations on supervision and administration of cosmetics are expected to be released this year, and the regulations on cosmetic registration and label management.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1801000)the Natural Science Foundation of China(32373066)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(20230101142JC)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens are difficult to treat since most antibiotics have low cell permeability and undergo rapid degradation within cells.The rapid development and dissemination of antimicrobial–resistant strains have exacerbated this dilemma.With the increasing knowledge of host–pathogen interactions,especially bacterial strategies for survival and proliferation within host cells,host-directed therapy(HDT)has attracted increased interest and has emerged as a promising antiinfection method for treating intracellular infection.Herein,we applied a cell-based screening approach to a US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved drug library to identify compounds that can inhibit the intracellular replication of Salmonella Typhimurium(S.Typhimurium).This screening allowed us to identify the antidiarrheal agent loperamide(LPD)as a potent inhibitor of S.Typhimurium intracellular proliferation.LPD treatment of infected cells markedly promoted the host autophagic response and lysosomal activity.A mechanistic study revealed that the increase in host autophagy and elimination of intracellular bacteria were dependent on the high expression of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B(GPNMB)induced by LPD.In addition,LPD treatment effectively protected against S.Typhimurium infection in Galleria mellonella and mouse models.Thus,our study suggested that LPD may be useful for the treatment of diseases caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.Moreover,LPD may serve as a promising lead compound for the development of anti-infection drugs based on the HDT strategy.
文摘目的利用美国FDA不良事件报告系统(FAERS)对钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂的生殖系统药物毒性进行全面分析,挖掘潜在的生殖系统不良事件信号,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。方法采用压缩估计的不相称测定分析,选取报告比值比法(ROR)和成分信息法(IC)对FAERS中2013年第1季度至2021年第2季度有关SGLT2抑制剂的数据进行挖掘,借助重要医疗事件(IME)列表筛选出生殖系统IME。所有的不良事件及IME均由《国际医学用语词典》(MedDRA)24.0版编码。分析患者的临床特征、预后、信号检测结果及指定不良事件的事件发生时间(TTO)。结果将SGLT2抑制剂作为“首要怀疑”和“次要怀疑”的生殖系统不良事件报告纳入分析,共获得2700条记录。男性生殖系统不良事件发生频率(57.59%,1555/2700)高于女性(35.70%,964/2700),单药治疗与生殖不良事件的关联强度高于联合用药(IC的95%CI下限:1.40 vs 1.21;ROR的95%CI下限:2.65 vs 2.37)。在单药治疗中共检测出56个信号,出现8个强信号和13个IME。常见的生殖系统不良事件是Fournier坏疽、生殖器真菌感染、龟头包皮炎等。说明书中未提及的IME共10个,包括男性外生殖器蜂窝织炎、乳腺癌、阴茎癌等。结论除了已知的生殖系统不良事件,SGLT2抑制剂还存在其他重要的生殖系统不良事件信号。不同SGLT2抑制剂的生殖毒性存在差异性,临床医师应充分考量用药的风险与收益,对严重不良事件进行重点监测。
文摘Obesity is a chronic disease which requires treatment. As lifestyle interventions alone hardly ever result in long-term weight loss, pharmacotherapy is an impor-tant adjunct to lifestyle measures to improve the induc-tion and maintenance of weight loss. Owing to the lim-ited options currently available for the pharmacological treatment of obesity, it is imperative to develop new safe compounds. This study aims to review the current medications approved by European Medicines Agency and United States Food and Drug Administration （FDA） for the treatment of obesity, focusing essentially on their benefits and risks, as well as on the new drugs which are presently under clinical trials. Moreover, it lists the anti-obesity agents that have been recently withdrawn from the market. A revision of the scientifc literature was carried out, through a search on Pubmedfor papers published from January 2010 to January2013. Orlistat （Xenical？） is currently the only long-termpharmacotherapy for obesity available in the Europeanmarket, as rimonabant and sibutramine were with-drawn in 2008 and 2010, respectively, due to serious psychiatric and cardiovascular adverse effects. Lorca-serin （Belviq？） and the association of phentermine and topiramate （QsymiaTM） were recently approved by FDA. Orlistat suppresses appetite inhibiting gastrointestinal lipase, being its adverse effects mostly gastrointestinal. Lorcaserin activates 5-HT2C receptors, phentermine is a norepinephrine releasing drug, and topiramate is an anticonvulsivant drug with weight loss properties.
文摘Background: Due to their delicious taste, high nutritional content, and health benefits, fruit juices are well-known drinks in many countries and are now an essential component of the modern diet. Objective: Determining the microbiological quality of both packaged and freshly made fruit and milk juices. Method: The spread-plate approach was employed to isolate and count the bacteria. 90 ml of sterile peptone water were blended with 10 ml of well-mixed, packed, and freshly made fruit juices. The samples were sequentially diluted (101 - 105) in accordance with the Indian Manual of Food Microbiological Testing Methods. Results: From eight samples of imported packaged fruit and milk juice, the average of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial counts were zero, 1.39 × 102, and 2 × 102 CFU/ml, respectively. In contrast, from three samples of locally produced fruit and milk juice, the average of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial counts were zero, 5.83 × 102, and 2.73 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. Four samples of handmade prepared fruit and milk juices had a mean of total coliform, staphylococci, and viable bacterial count of 1.441 × 104, 4.1 × 103, and 2.35 × 105 CFU/ml, respectively. Conclusion: 33.3% of the results from microbiological analysis of freshly made fruit and milk juices met the permissible range of the Revised Microbiological Standards for Fruit and Vegetables and Their Products, which were published in 2018 and as well as the Hong Kong Center for Food Safety, whereas 66.7% of the microbiological analyses of freshly prepared fruit and milk juices were above the permissible reference range of GSO standard 2000. 12.5% of the investigated imported and packed fruits and milk juices had one failed test (TSC), which was above the acceptable limit, 87.5% of the tested samples of fruit and milk juices fulfilled the necessary standards of TCC, TVBC, and TSC. 100% of the tested locally manufactured fruit and milk juices complied with TSC, TCC, and TVBC requirements. All investigations showed that freshly made fruit and milk juices were heavily contaminated (Total viable bacterial count, total coliform count, and total staphylococcus count). .
文摘医疗器械唯一标识(unique device identifier,UDI)是医疗器械唯一性识别码,是准确采集医疗器械全生命周期数据的基础,已成为当前医疗器械监管的全球通用语言。2013年9月24日,美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administratio,FDA)发布医疗器械唯一标识系统(unique device identification system,UDI system)最终规定并正式实施UDI,为各国以全球协调方式实施UDI提供了经验。本文将系统研究美国UDI发展沿革、法规体系、核心内容与工作进展,对美国UDI实施方案、发码机构、全球UDI数据库(GUDID)及应用情况进行介绍,为我国开展并推进UDI工作提供借鉴和思路。
文摘拥有百年历程的美国食品及药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)是全球食品药品监管最具权威的机构,其发展和监管历史中最重要的部分是不断面临执法挑战,但FDA始终不断完善立法,积极探索适合本国国情的监管模式。本文介绍了美国食品及药品管理局FDA的机构发展历史、监管历程、现行组织框架,以及美国药品评价与研究中心(Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,CDER)和生物制品评价与研究中心(Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research,CBER)的历史沿革、组织框架、人员结构等。重点讨论了FDA所经历的挫折教训和成功经验,并通过梳理历史事件,解读了FDA的法规体系。FDA的发展历史和监管历程对中国药品监管事业诠释"维护和促进公众健康"的使命具有重要的参考意义。
