Measurement of the Thermic Effect of Food in a Chinese Mixed Diet in Young People

Objective To determine the thermic effect of food(TEF)in a Chinese mixed diet in young people.Methods During the study,the participants were weighed and examined for body composition every morning.The total energy expenditure(TEE)of the participants was measured by the doubly labeled water method for 7 days,and during this period,basal energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity energy expenditure was measured by an accelerometer.The value obtained by subtracting basal energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure from TEE was used to calculate TEF.Results Twenty healthy young students(18–30 years;10 male)participated in the study.The energy intake of the participants was not significantly different from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intake of energy(P>0.05).The percentage of energy from protein,fat and carbohydrate were all in the normal range.The intakes of fruits,milk and dietary fiber of the participants were significantly lower than those in the Chinese Dietary Guidelines(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the body weight of the participants during the experiment(P>0.05).When adjusted for body weight,there was no significant difference in either TEE or basal energy expenditure between the male and female participants(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in physical activity energy expenditure and TEF between the male and female participants(P>0.05).The percentage of TEF in TEE was 8.73%.Conclusion The percentage of TEF in TEE in a Chinese mixed diet in young people was significantly lower than 10%(P<0.001).A value of 10%is usually considered to be the TEF in mixed diets as a percentage of TEE.

Effect of food on the Oral Bioavailability of Berberine and Monacolin Administered in Combination in Healthy Male Volunteers

Objectives： To investigate the effect of food on the bioavailability of a combination of monacolin and berberine in healthy volunteers. Methods： Eighteen male volunteers received a single recommended oral dose of the combination under fasted conditions （reference） and fed conditions （high fat meal; test）, in a randomized, open label, crossover fashion. Plasma concentrations of berberine, monacolin and its metabolite were measured by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis. No effect of food was assumed if the 90% CIs （confidence intervals） for estimated ratio test/reference was included in the acceptance limits 0.80-1.25 for phenotyping metrics AUCt and Cmax- Key findings： For berberine, the Cmax and AUCt test/reference ratios were 2.97 and 2.69, respectively, and relevant 90% CIs （2.25-3.91 and 2.15-3.36, respectively） were above the acceptance limit. For lovastatin hydroxy acid, the active metabolite of monacolin, the test/reference ratios were 1.18 （Cmax） and 0.98 （ALJCt）. The 90% CIs fell entirely within the acceptance limit for AUCt, （0.85-1.13）, whereas the upper bound of the 90% CIs for Cmax （1.01-1.37） was just above the predefined interval. Conclusions： Food intake significantly increases berberine bioavailability and does not significantly affect monacolin bioavailability when these two extracts are administered in combination.

The Effect of Foods Containing Refined Konjac Meal on Human Lipid Metabolism

A total of 110 elderly people with hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The experimental group consumed an ordinary diet plus foods containing refined Konjac meal, and the control group consumed only the ordinary diet. The experiment was carried out for 45 days. The results indicate that for the experimental group blood levels of triglyeendes (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly lowered (P < 0.01) at the end of the trial, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoprotein (Al) levels were significantly elevated (P<0.01). In contrast, for the control group, the changes in the above parameters were insignificant. The differences in TC. TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels between the two groups were statistically significant. The effects of refined Konjac meal on lipid levels in the blood were somewhat different between patients with hyperlipidemia and subjects with risk critical values only. For the former, TG and TC were decreased by 83.8±133.5 mg/dl, and 42.4±23.4 mg/dl. respectively: but for the latter, they are decreased only by -1.1±23.1 mg/dl and 8.3± 18.2 mg/dl, respectively; the difference mentioned above is Statistically significant (P<0.01). 1990 Academic Press. Inc.

Effect of Konjac Food on Blood Glucose Level in Patients with Diabetes

Seventy-two type II diabetic subjects were given Konjac food for 65 days. The data analyzed by multiple F test indicate that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) on the 30th and the 65th days after the food was ingested were significantly reduced (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), as was the glycosylated hemoglobin level at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The final FBG and PBG of the subjects with initial FBG-O >200 mg% decreased on the average by 51.8 and 84.6 mg%. respectively; those with FBG-0 150-200 mg% decreased by 24.1 and 68.7 mg%; and those with FBG-O < 150 mg% decreased by 4.8 and 21.4 mg%. No significant changes in blood lipid indexes were observed, except that the triglycer-ide values of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg%) significantly decreased by 118.7 mg%. It was concluded that Konjac food is very useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia. (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.

Study on Communication Effect of Food Safety Risk in Social Media:the Influence of Response Effort Level on Consumption Willingness Change

By constructing influence model for communication effect of food safety risk in social media environment,the influences of different response manners taken by relevant enterprises on consumers' cognition and purchasing intention are analyzed,and influence mechanisms of response effort level,interaction and content reliability on consumers' attitudes are revealed. Based on quasi-experimental study with three kinds of response effort levels,it is found that content reliability,interaction and effort degree of enterprise response under negative information of food safety event have significant impacts on communication effect and consumers' purchasing intention.

Effects of Food Diet Preparation Techniques on Radionuclide Intake and Its Implications for Individual Ingestion Effective Dose in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria

The radioactivity measurements in food crops and their diet derivatives and farm soil samples from Abeokuta, one of the elevated background radiation areas in Nigeria have been carried out in order to determine the concentration levels of natural radionuclides (40K, 226Ra and 232Th). The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides in the samples were determined via gamma-ray spectrometry using a 76 mm × 76 mm NaI(Tl) detector. Different common food crops representing the major sources of dietary requirements to the local population were collected for the measurements. The collected food crops were prepared into their different derivable composite diets using preparation techniques locale to the population. Using available food consumption data and the activity concentrations of the radionuclides, the ingestion effective doses were evaluated for the food crops and diet types per preparation techniques. For the tuberous food crop samples, the annual ingestion effective doses in the raw and different composite diets were 0.02 - 0.04 μSv and cumulatively 0.04 - 0.05 μSv while in the non-tuberous crops the doses were 0.44 - 0.70 μSv and cumulatively greater than 1 μSv respectively. Results of the study indicate that method of diet preparation is seen to play a major role in population ingestion dose reduction especially for tuberous crops than in non-tuberous crops. The study also showed that more ingestion dose could be incurred in diets prepared by roasting techniques. The result of the study will serve as a useful radiometric data for future epidemiological studies in the area and for food safety regulations and policy implementations in the country.

Antihypertensive effects of foods

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis,which leads to cardiovascular disease and stroke.Several clinical trials revealed that control of the blood pressure is useful to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.However,the protective efficacy against these complications still remains at less than 50% even if the high blood pressure is treated by current medical drugs.Healthy diets are expected to not only prevent but also treat lifestyle-related diseases.Improvement of the dietary life,including lowsalt diets,appropriate alcohol consumption,and calorie restriction,is important for the prevention of hypertension.In addition,green tea,which has been drunk on a daily basis in Japan and China since ancient times,possesses an antihypertensive effect,and it was revealed that its components with this effect are catechins.Many studies have been performed on the antihypertensive effects of foods.Therefore,functional foods and their ingredients,reported to possess antihypertensive effects in animal experiments and human clinical trials,are summarized in this review.Blood pressure might be controlled by improvement of the daily eating habits based on evidence regarding these functional foods,and a healthy longevity can be expected.

农业数字化对中国粮食新质生产力的影响效应研究

加快发展粮食新质生产力对于实现粮食有效供给、保障国家粮食安全意义重大。通过构建农业数字化和粮食新质生产力的指标体系,运用2012—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,实证分析农业数字化对中国粮食新质生产力的影响效应。结果表明:农业数字化对粮食新质生产力具有显著正向影响,且在粮食主产区更为突出;农业数字化存在门槛效应,其对粮食新质生产力的促进作用在达到一定水平后显著增强;空间溢出效应显示,农业数字化的正向影响能够超越地区界限,促进邻近地区粮食新质生产力的发展。据此,建议通过深化农业数字化应用、激发数字化潜能、采取差异化战略和建立区域间协同机制等方式,促进粮食新质生产力的整体提升,保障国家粮食安全。

超大规模城市粮食安全保障和有效供给——基于更高水平“天府粮仓”建设的思考

【目的】天府粮仓的建设对于超大规模城市及其周围城市群的粮食安全保障具有重要意义,旨在探索该背景下超大规模城市粮食安全保障和有效供给路径。【方法】系统总结超大规模城市粮食安全形势和特点,识别特定风险并提出系统解决方案。【结果】保障成都超大规模城市粮食安全需要提升粮食附加值保量,强化质量安全的政策引导,建立粮食安全预警—响应—处置体系,建立多元化、社区化粮食储备体系。【结论】超大规模城市的粮食安全保障不仅要关注平时的市场调控和法律政策支撑,更要重视应急情况下的供应保障与效率提升,同时注重区域协调与辐射效应,以实现区域粮食安全的系统性治理。

食品添加剂对机体损伤效应的研究进展

食品添加剂是一类被添加到食物中的化学物质,旨在提升食品的口感、色泽和保护期等特性,已成为现代食品工业中不可或缺的一部分。然而,大量研究显示,使用人工合成的化学物质作为食品添加剂具有潜在的健康风险。食品添加剂可能与哮喘、注意力缺陷多动障碍、心脏病、癌症、肥胖等健康问题密切相关。此外,一些食品添加剂还可能通过干扰机体激素分泌的方式,从而影响生长发育,对儿童健康成长造成不利影响。本文总结了多种食品添加剂如防腐剂、抗氧化剂、着色剂等对机体的损伤作用,从化学物联合作用角度提出需完善食品添加剂的安全性评价,以期为食品安全监管和消费者健康提供科学依据。

反食品浪费:新阶段,新形势,新任务

《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》颁布实施两年多来,国家各部门采取了完善法律法规、制定标准指南、开展宣传等措施来推进落实。总体上我国反食物浪费工作已初见成效。典型抽样调查显示,我国食物浪费情况得到初步遏制,餐馆、中小学校园、机构食堂和游客群体的人均浪费量均有不同程度的下降,但仍有相当数量消费者存在食物浪费行为。在全球粮食安全形势严峻、国内食物供需错配严重、疫情后消费拉动和经济复苏、营养健康刚性需求和绿色消费方兴未艾等新形势下,我国反食物浪费工作仍面临诸多新问题、新挑战,全社会遏制食物浪费工作任重道远。应坚持法律治理与文明风尚、长远部署与重点问题整治、科学定量与系统减量、宣贯教育与供给端改革相结合,进一步加强法律的实施与落实,推动反食物浪费工作向纵深发展。

耕地非农化的时空演变及对粮食生产的影响——以江汉平原湖北省为例

为探究非农化耕地的时空演变特征与估计耕地非农化对粮食生产的影响,以湖北省为研究区域,采用1980—2020年县级耕地利用栅格数据,对湖北省耕地非农化时空演变特征进行系统性研究,并建立固定效应模型探究耕地非农化对粮食生产的影响。结果表明:随着城镇化和工业化加速推进,城乡基本建设用地不断扩大,耕地非农化导致湖北省耕地面积下降。1980—2020年,耕地面积由72103.42 km^(2)减少至66984.31 km^(2),年平均减少127.98 km^(2);1980—2020年,湖北省耕地非农化面积在4个时期内呈波动增长趋势,耕地非农化等级高值区域主要集中在平原地区,而低值区集中在以山地为主的西南和东南地区;湖北省耕地非农化空间分布具有非均衡性,并呈向西北方向偏移的趋势,重心迁移的距离先增加后减小;耕地非农化呈现出空间正相关性,空间集聚程度总体呈现集聚性逐渐减弱趋势;耕地非农化对粮食生产产生显著的负向影响。基于上述结论,本文提出因地制宜治理耕地非农化行为、建设集约型城市、控制城市建设用地扩张规模、强化耕地用途管制、加强耕地资源保护等建议。

政策评估视角下陪餐制的实证分析

近年来,校园食品安全问题频发,政府针对这一现象颁布了陪餐制度,旨在保障校园食品安全。但陪餐制度在实施的过程中还存在着一些问题,以公共政策评估为视角,基于“内容—过程—结果”的政策评估框架,从政策制定、政策执行和政策效果三个阶段全程对陪餐制度进行评估,通过问卷调查与数据分析,发现陪餐制度目前还存在着缺乏可行性、缺乏可持续性、相关法律不够完善及相关宣传较少的不足,并据此提出了捋清制度规则、完善相关法律法规、食堂提升标准化管理能力、提升家长参与陪餐积极性及建立社会长效监督机制的改进措施。

土地租金销蚀了粮食补贴的“稳粮”效果吗?

尽管近年来政府不断加大粮食补贴力度,但种粮成本不断攀升,尤其土地流转租金明显跟涨,影响农民种粮积极性。农业补贴存在资本化为地租的倾向可能是推动土地成本上升的原因之一。鉴于此,基于2010-2020年玉米生产省级面板数据,采用事件研究法分析玉米生产者补贴的动态效应,以明晰粮食补贴的资本化效应对补贴“稳粮”效果的影响。研究结果表明:玉米生产者补贴导致下年土地流转租金增加了5.7元/亩,并进一步证实了补贴资本化为地租一定程度上削弱了生产者补贴应有的政策效果。若切断粮食补贴与土地流转租金之间的联动关系,生产者补贴稳定种粮面积的正向效果将进一步增强,其削减生产投入的负向影响将进一步减弱。由此提出未来粮食支持政策应进一步优化增量补贴方式,规避其与地租的联动关系,从生产技术模式结合、新型经营体系对接的角度,提高补贴精度和支持效率。

红花的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

中药红花临床上主要用于促进血液循环,消除经络阻塞。其有效成分、药理活性和应用开发备受关注,具有广阔的应用前景。红花含有醌氏查尔酮类、黄酮类、生物碱、聚炔类、木脂素、脂肪酸等多种化学成分。现代药理研究表明,红花的多种药理学作用被应用于血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统疾病及抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面。同时,红花籽油具有抗衰老、预防饮食肥胖等作用。本文主要就红花的化学成分、药理作用和食品保健作用等的研究进展进行综述,并概述红花的开发应用前景,以期为红花的进一步研究和开发提供参考。

河北省葡萄种植成本效益评价及提升路径

河北省是葡萄种植大省,种植面积、产量分别位居全国第3位和第2位。成本效益是影响葡萄种植决策的根本因素,也是特色农业高质量发展的重要体现。以2018—2021年河北省怀来县、昌黎县、威县、临城县、卢龙县5个葡萄主产县域调研的葡萄数据收集为主,设置区域葡萄成本收益评价指标,并进行定量实证对比研究与动态比较分析。结果表明:河北省葡萄种植存在人工成本居高不下、果品品质亟需标准化、流通组织化程度低、自然和市场风险较为严重、种植规模受政策约束等问题。通过提高机械化水平、推进标准化生产、培育壮大专业合作社、提高农业保险保障能力以及间作等方式来应对现有问题,对提升葡萄产业竞争力水平、正确处理好特色优势产业与粮食安全的关系具有重要的指导意义。

数字经济赋能粮食体系韧性的空间效应与机制

新发展格局下,数字经济是保障国家粮食安全、增强粮食体系韧性的重要路径。基于中国31个省区市2011-2020年的面板数据,运用核密度估计、标准差椭圆、空间自相关分析对数字经济与粮食体系韧性的时空演化特征进行探究,运用动态空间杜宾模型与中介效应模型分析数字经济对粮食体系韧性的影响。结果表明:(1)数字经济与粮食体系韧性总体呈现上升趋势,空间异质性较强,二者标准差椭圆分布重心逐渐由西北向东南方向偏移;(2)数字经济对粮食体系韧性呈现出显著促进作用,通过更换被解释变量、剔除直辖市、替换权重矩阵等方式进行回归,结果仍然稳健。数字信息基础、数字金融平台、数字农业产业化对本地区与邻接地区粮食体系韧性都具有显著促进作用;(3)数字经济通过技术进步提高粮食体系韧性。基于研究结论,提出以下政策启示:优化资源配置,区域协调发展;利用大数据和物联网技术,建立全国范围内的农业信息化平台;投资以农产品物流配送为主的智能化系统建设,推广电子商务以及“互联网+”等新型商业模式;紧跟市场需求,持续提高研发资金投入,促进产品升级,优化粮食产业链;重视技术型人才培养,发挥数字经济提升技术人才能力的作用。

决明子的药理学作用及其在食品领域应用研究进展

决明子是豆科植物决明(Cassia obtusifolia Linn.)或小决明(Cassia.tora Linn.)的干燥成熟的种子,具有清热明目、润肠通便、降压降脂、保肝护肝、抗糖尿病等多种药理学功效,且其具有药食同源的特性,在医学与食品领域具有广阔的开发前景。本文通过对现有的文献进行归纳和分析,从决明子的生物活性成分、药理学作用、毒性及其在食品领域的应用等方面对决明子近年来的研究进展进行了系统的综述。同时,讨论了目前决明子研究中出现的新挑战和可能的发展方向。在决明子未来的研究中,应进一步关注萘并吡酮类和多糖类的药理作用及其改善眼病的作用机制,重点加强决明子的药代动力学研究和相关保健食品的安全性评价。本文为决明子的进一步研究、开发和利用提供新的基础资料。

为什么国家严控撤县设区:基于粮食安全的新解释

撤县设区是我国推进新型城镇化建设的重要行政区划调整政策。但2021年以来,国家多次表态要严控撤县设区。将撤县设区政策视为准自然实验,基于2000—2019年县域经济社会数据,运用多期DID、PSM-DID、CMP模型、中介效应模型等分析了撤县设区政策对粮食生产和粮食安全的影响及作用机制,从粮食安全视角对国家严控撤县设区的合理性进行了论证。研究发现:首先,撤县设区政策不利于粮食生产和粮食安全,这一结论在更换回归模型、更换被解释变量、调整样本量等检验后仍然稳健,而且这种负面影响存在长期性;其次,撤县设区政策通过农业生产要素重新配置和“政府注意力”转移两个方面对粮食安全产生负面影响;最后,这种负面影响还存在地区异质性,撤县设区对非粮食生产核心区的负面影响更加显著,导致粮食安全责任进一步失衡。建议谨慎推进撤县设区,平衡不同省份粮食安全责任,有序推进县域粮食综合生产能力提升。

地缘冲突下全球粮食危机的传导效应与中国因应之策

党的二十大报告提出,全方位夯实粮食安全根基。在地缘冲突不断加剧背景下,以俄乌冲突为切入点,构建俄乌冲突下粮食危机的生成逻辑,分析其传导效应,把握粮食供求结构性矛盾的内在机理,从而探索保障中国粮食安全的路径。研究表明:地缘冲突导致的粮食危机实质反映出全球粮食供求的结构性矛盾,在短期内俄乌冲突直接导致全球粮食价格上涨,随后传导至化肥和能源市场,间接推高粮食价格。俄乌冲突的持续发酵会引发更多外溢风险,一方面负向影响全球粮食产业链稳定,另一方面加剧中国粮食供给与市场压力,推高农资成本,同时增加中国贸易政策制定难度和风险。据此,提出保障中国粮食安全的4条路径:一是构建粮食进口多元化格局;二是完善中国粮食安全监测预警体系;三是健全粮食产业财政支持政策;四是畅通粮食流通内部循环。