Work Hard to Ensure Food,Drugs Safety for the People——An interview with Shao Mingli,director-general of the State Food and Drug Administration(SFDA)

Following is an interview given by Shao Mingli, director-general of China＇s State Food and Drug Administration to our reporter on what is being done to ensure food and drug safety in China. As everybody knows, food and drug safety is vital to people＇s lives.

Hu Foods and Production Methods in Qimin Yaoshu( Important Arts for the People's Welfare)

Qimin Yaoshu( Important Arts for the People's Welfare) made a detailed record of the diet and its production methods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Wei Dynasty.Hu foods are important parts in the book.Hu foods recorded in Important Arts for the People's Welfare mainly include cheese products,cake products,and dish products.These contents not only reflect the exchange of diet culture between different nationalities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during this period,but also reflect the breadth and depth of ethnic exchanges and integration in this period.

The Dietary Importance of Kelp-Derived Detritus to Pelagic and Benthic Consumers along the West Coast of Vancouver Island, Canada

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the relative dietary importance of kelp-derived detritus to plankton and benthic organisms along a gradient of kelp abundance driven by recovering sea otter populations along the west coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI), Canada. The study used region-specific kelp isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) and season-specific phytoplankton isotope values to model dietary contributions of kelp-derived detritus (KDD). In general, KDD contributions were moderate to high in most plankton size fractions during the summer and decreased during the winter, particularly in the kelp sparse region. Hypothesized regional and spatial (distance from the coast) differences in kelp detritus contributions to zooplankton were not evident. Modeled estimates of the KDD contribution to benthic invertebrates were high (>40%) and independent of the organism size, among regions and between seasons, with the exception of Astraea gibberosa in the kelp abundant region. Local oceanography, natural kelp isotope signature variation, and significant overlap between kelps’ and blooming phytoplankton isotope values led to a large uncertainty in the assessed KDD contributions in benthic organisms. These results highlighted the importance of the KDD as a widespread and stable year-round food source in coastal kelp populated regions.

Any alternatives to rice? Ethnobotanical insights into the dietary use of edible plants by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines

Though considered an agricultural country,the Philippines is the world’s largest importer of rice.The persistent problem of insufficient rice supply,however,has been exacerbated by economic crises and natural calamities.Yet,for the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province,the Philippines,the rich agrobiodiversity and wild edible plants are vital for food security and resilience since the mountainous terrain in this province presents a challenge for rice cultivation.To gain insight from the indigenous edible plant knowledge of the Higaonon tribe,we conducted an ethnobotanical research to document the diversity,utilization,and biocultural refugia of both cultivated and wild edible plants.A total of 76 edible plant species belonging to 62 genera and 36 botanical families were documented.The most represented botanical families included the Fabaceae,Solanaceae,and Zingiberaceae.In terms of dietary usage,3 species were categorized as cereals;8 species were white roots,tubers,and plantains;3 species were vitamin A-rich vegetables and tubers;16 species were green leafy vegetables;12 species were categorized as other vegetables;2 species were vitamin A-rich fruits;27 species were classified as other fruits;7 species were legumes,nuts,and seeds;and 8 species were used as spices,condiments,and beverages.Using the statistical software R with ethnobotanyR package,we further calculated the ethnobotanical indices(use-report(UR),use-value(UV),number of use(NU),and fidelity level(FL))from 1254 URs in all 9 food use-categories.The species with the highest UV and UR were from a variety of nutrient-rich edible plants such as Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.,Musa species,Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott,Zea mays L.,and Manihot esculenta Crantz.The extensive utilization of root and tuber crops along with corn and plantain that contain a higher amount of energy and protein,carbohydrates,minerals,and vitamins were shown to be an important nutrient-rich alternatives to rice.Whilst males appeared to be more knowledgeable of edible plant species collected from the forests and communal areas,there were no significant differences between males and females in terms of knowledge of edible plants collected from homegardens,riverbanks,and farms.The various food collection sites of the Higaonon tribe may be considered as food biocultural refugia given their socio-ecological function in food security,biodiversity conservation,and preservation of indigenous knowledge.

Female Head, Food Stamps, Ethnicity and Air Pollution: Confounders or Causes of Heart Disease in Texas

One in every four deaths in the United States is attributed to heart disease. While the ethnic variations have not been momentous, the socioeconomic disparities of heart disease incidence need to be further investigated. Moreover, exposure to air pollutants has been documented to cause heart disease. This secondary-data study investigates the effects of air pollutants as well as socioeconomic factors on hospitalization rate of heart disease in Texas. The rates for the five sub-diagnoses of cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke, hypertension and heart disease were linked to ozone, fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and socioeconomic status factors at the county level. These were college education attainment, households with female heads, percentage of users of food stamps, ethnicities, living near a park and living in houses with severe housing problems. Spatial lag modelling was conducted to estimate the statistical significance of the independent variables on the five sub-diagnoses of heart disease. Fine particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and being African American were significant to all the outcomes. Living in a household with female head was significant to stroke and hypertension. Using food stamps was significant to cardiovascular disease, heart attack and heart disease. Fine particulate matter and sulphur dioxide increase the risk of heart disease by a factor of three to twenty two times, respectively. Whereas low socioeconomic status increases the risk of heart disease by a factor of up to four times. The results of the effect of particulate air and sulphur dioxide pollution among people in low social class especially African Americans. The vicious cycle of heart disease and low socioeconomic status call for societal and policy makers’ attention through methodical interventions to address the two significant issues of industrial facilities site allocation and stationary emission resources.

The Children’s Faecal Matter Structure Is Built by Their Parents

Introduction: Humans have gone through physical changes over the last 4 million years. The mouth, however, has not changed teeth quantity or quality. Eight incisors for fruits, vegetables and tubers;four little canines for little animals;eight premolars and twelve flat molars are used for crushing these foods, especially whole grains and legumes. The teeth crushing foods are the first step in the building of faecal matter. Foods are selected mostly according to cultural guidelines than to biological needs. The patterns of consumption are induced by the publicity of industrialized or processed foods. Material and Methods: This study design was observational, analytical, correlational, transversal and prospective. One thousand children (0 - 12 years old) were questioned in order to learn about the relationship between Weekly Eating Frequency (WEF) and Faecal Matter (FM) characteristics. The FM was classified as soft, normal or hard and the outcome was expressed as Dry Faecal Residue (DFR). The WEF and Weekly Bowel Movement Frequency (WBMF) were determined and tabulated according to times per week. Environmental factors, parents’ education level and children’s birth order were examined. Results: There was a strong association between DFR, WBMF and WEF. Environment and education level did not play a key role although birth order did matter. Conclusions: Fibre-free foods (dairies, meats, flours and sweeties or sodas) increased DFR. Foods containing fibre from vegetables decreased DFR, which in turn contributed to the WBMF. Lowest DFR was observed in children under Exclusive Breastfeeding (EB). Distant last-born children had higher DFR. Comments: Daily examples support these results and it is clear that children’s FM is built by their parents. We encourage parents to follow the “mouth nature” rather than the “advertisements nature”.

Validation of a FFQ （Food Frequency Questionnaire） for Older People

Nutrition data for older adults is an area that has few studies mainly in Brazil. Due to the importance to know the behavior of this age group, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a frequency food questionnaire （FFQ） for older people in Brazil. It was considered a sample of 73 subjects from the city of Avar6, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and it was applied three 24-hour recalls and a FFQ developed for adults. Data from the three 24-hour recalls were transformed in nutrient intake as well as the data from FFQ. Statistical analysis was performed in order to get correlations between data from the mean of three 24-hour recalls and FFQ for some nutrients. It was found high correlations among them, concluding that the FFQ is valid to get nutrient intakes for older people.

Sand Grain Size and Organic Matter Concentration in the Intertidal Zones on the Southwest Coast of Taiwan

From April 2013 to April 2014, the average pH and water temperature of the Taisi oyster cultivation area (TS, Yunlin County, Taiwan) were 8.05 (7.35 - 8.45) and 24.7˚C (13.7˚C - 32.8˚C) (N = 8226) The average organic matter (OM) concentration at sites TS-A and TS-B were 6.9% ± 1.3% and 6.9% ± 1.2%, and the weight of drift sand was 40.3 ± 19.1 g/d/m2 and 28.5 ± 34.3 g/d/m2 (N = 27). Considerable sand drifting typically occurs during the southwest monsoon season in summer. The average OM concentration at five dunes from Zhuoshui estuary to Zengwun estuary was 23.9 ± 4.5 g/kg. The percentage of sand grain weight of 0.15 - 0.25 mm and 0.25 - 0.60 mm was 82.5% ± 14.2% and 10.5% ± 12.0%. In the spring and autumn of 2015, the average OM concentration at the eight intertidal zones from Hanbao to Cigu was 49.8 ± 34.1 g/kg (N = 177), and the OM concentrations at Huwei estuary and Hanbao and Fangyuan intertidal zones were relatively high. The OM concentration (95.3 ± 75.7 g/kg) of the low tide zone of Huwei estuary was the highest among all tidal zones. The OM concentration during spring (59.4 ± 41.7 g/kg, N = 95) was higher than that in autumn (39.1 ± 17.8 g/kg, N = 84). For sand grain size ranges 0.15 - 0.25 and 0.063 - 0.15 mm, the weight ratio of intertidal sediment was 39.4% ± 26.9% and 27.6% ± 20.1%, respectively. The broad and flat intertidal zone was marked by fine sand and long intertidal zone;the weight ratio of SGSs < 0.25 mm exceeded 65%, and the OM concentration was between 20 and 30 g/kg. Coastal habitat diversity creates differences in biological communities, especially among crabs and benthic organisms. A greater understanding of coastal environments can aid in the management of coastal wetlands.

海南岛热带潮间带天然牡蛎礁牡蛎食物来源及其生态效益评估

陆基规模化海水养殖活动对近岸牡蛎(Ostreidae)礁贝床生态系统会产生多方面潜在的影响。本文基于碳氮稳定同位素技术研究了海南岛潮间带牡蛎礁牡蛎的食物来源及牡蛎对近岸陆源养殖尾水有机颗粒物的同化效率。选取儋州海头、昌江昌化、文昌龙楼3个受影响的天然牡蛎礁区(效应区)及昌江海尾未受影响的牡蛎礁区(对照区),对比分析了2022年7月(夏季)和11月(冬季)牡蛎的食物来源组成。结果表明,各站位牡蛎食物来源主要有底栖微藻、浮游植物、沉积物、养殖尾水有机颗粒物和大型海藻碎屑,它们对牡蛎的平均相对贡献率分别为33.8%±16.5%、15.5%±6.9%、24.1±21.7%、13.0%±3.4%、26.6%±16.4%,相对贡献率范围分别为12.9%~61.6%、7.8%~30.8%、0%~76.9%、9.3%~19.2%和0%~45.0%。其中,底栖微藻的最高贡献率出现在11月的龙楼,最低贡献率出现在11月的海尾;7月匍枝马尾藻(Sargassum polycystum)来源有机质对海尾牡蛎的食物贡献率高达45.0%;11月各站位沉积物食物贡献率均高于7月。效应区牡蛎7月的δ^(13)C值分别为–16.48‰、–18.35‰、–17.06‰,11月分别为–15.15‰、–18.05‰、–15.22‰,均低于相应季节的对照区海尾(–15.65‰,–14.48‰)。7月海头与龙楼养殖尾水有机颗粒物对牡蛎的食物贡献率分别为15.3%、12.9%,明显高于11月(9.5%, 9.3%);7月,养殖尾水有机颗粒物对昌化牡蛎的食物来源贡献率为11.8%,低于11月(19.2%)。研究表明,养殖尾水有机颗粒物能有效地被牡蛎同化,是效应区牡蛎食物来源的重要补充。本研究证实天然牡蛎礁可同化去除一定比例的养殖尾水有机颗粒物,发挥其显著的生物修复作用,因此建议在减少陆源养殖尾水排放量的同时,大力保护或修复近岸牡蛎礁,降低邻近海域的营养负荷,保护海洋生态系统。

从“以食育人”到“以食立国”:日本《食育推进基本计划》解读

日本是世界上食育最为发达的国家之一。自2005年颁布《食育基本法》之后,每隔5年制定并实施《食育推进基本计划》,不断推动食育体系全面发展,成为深刻影响日本国民生活习惯、道德观念、行为举止以及地方经济发展的重要国策。到目前为止,《食育推进基本计划》已制定实施4期,每期计划的总体目标和重点工作均有不同。总体而言,前两期更强调加深国民对食育的重视程度,普及基本饮食常识,为“以食育人”奠定基础,第三期更重视食育对经济发展、文化传承的重要推动作用,希望实现“以食立国”,第四期则在此基础上提出构建可持续发展的数字化食育。《食育推进基本计划》具有重视法律保障、实施目标管理、强调课程体系建设、调动各类社会资源等特点,对中国发展食育具有重要的参考价值。但是也面临着影响因素复杂、部分目标值无法按时达标等现实挑战,体现出食育体系构建的长期性和复杂性。

习近平关于粮食安全重要论述的三个维度

粮食安全事关国运民生。习近平总书记高度重视粮食安全,针对粮食安全相关理论和实践问题提出了一系列新思想、新观点,形成习近平总书记关于新时代粮食安全重要论述,是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分。习近平总书记关于新时代粮食安全重要论述从生成逻辑维度看,是对马克思主义经典作家的粮食安全思想、中华优秀传统文化中有关粮食安全问题的精华、党的历届主要领导人的粮食安全思想的继承与发展;从实践要求维度看,关键在于坚持藏粮于技、藏粮于地、藏粮于民;从价值维度看,习近平总书记关于新时代粮食安全的重要论述,对于保障国家安全,促进社会稳定发展具有重要理论价值与实践意义。

食品安全第三方监管模式在养老院机构的应用

食品安全直接影响老年人的健康和生活质量,因此急需建立有效的监管机制。本文分析食品安全第三方监管模式在养老院机构应用中存在的监管人力资源紧张、信息沟通不畅、监管技术手段滞后的问题,提出构建信息共享平台、完善信息沟通机制、建立食品安全数据分析平台的实施策略,并进行案例分析,旨在为保障养老院食品安全提供可行的解决方案。

西安第十四届全国运动会及残特奥会前后PM_(2.5)溯源研究

基于2021年9月~11月西安市环境空气质量监测数据,分析十四运会及残特奥会前中后期西安市区域PM_(2.5)的污染特征,利用HYSPLIT模型、潜在源贡献因子法(PSCF)和权重浓度轨迹法(CWT)确定气团输送路径、潜在源区及其对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的贡献.结果表明:研究期间西安市以东南风为主导,PM_(2.5)浓度在十四运会期间最低,残特奥会结束后最高.PM_(2.5)的气团输送路径以陕南附近的本地输送、偏东和偏南方向的近距离输送以及西北方向的远距离输送为主.PM_(2.5)的潜在源区主要分布在河南湖北、贵州四川重庆、新疆内蒙地区以及陕南各城市及周边省份交界处.

新质生产力赋能粮食安全的内在逻辑、关键问题及实践路径

粮食安全是国家总体安全的基石,保障粮食安全需要新质生产力的赋能。新质生产力以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵,并与“藏粮于地、藏粮于技、藏粮于民”的技术和管理创新路径天然契合。面对土地资源配置不均衡、技术革新步伐跟不上、人才培育体系不完善等关键问题,我国以新质生产力赋能粮食安全的路径选择在于:一是“藏粮于地”,通过优化耕地资源配置,创新土地整治方式,践行生态农业发展模式,促进绿色革命;二是“藏粮于技”,建立现代化的种子科技创新体系,补齐农业信息化短板,构建以数字技术为核心的农业创新生态系统;三是“藏粮于民”,解决农业劳动力技能短板,构建新型职业农民培育体系,确立新型职业农民的主体地位,增强农业劳动力的核心竞争力。通过将新质生产力与保障粮食安全的多维路径相结合,赋予“藏粮于民”新内涵,有助于巩固国家粮食安全,为“端牢中国饭碗”提供坚实的理论依据与政策建议。

新中国成立初期党报的增产节约运动宣传——以《江西日报》为对象的考察

增产节约运动是党和政府领导下的一场以恢复和发展生产为目标的大规模群众性运动。《江西日报》作为江西人民了解增产节约运动的主要渠道,通过担当风向标、助推器、监督者、宣传员等,宣传了党和国家增产节约的方针政策、营造了奋勇争先的浓烈氛围、纠正了运动中存在的错误倾向、报道了运动取得的显著成效,有效动员了江西民众广泛参与各领域的生产建设,对推动运动顺利进行、激发民众爱国热情、促进干部队伍建设产生了重要作用。考察《江西日报》关于新中国成立初期的增产节约运动宣传,不仅能使我们深刻认识到党报党刊在宣传动员和舆论导向中的作用,而且能为新时代党和国家建设的中心任务提供历史镜鉴和现实启迪。

追溯历史之根脉、追忆文化之基因 赓续中华优秀传统文化——以文山壮族为例

文山壮族《五虎平西》和《五虎平南》云南壮剧、“六郎节”与“七郎节”节日文化、紫色糯米饮食文化、“前补”和“后补”服饰文化等赓续并发展着中华优秀传统文化基因。文山壮族文化基因与中华优秀传统文化是一脉相承的。文山壮族文化基因“理论、历史与实践”三重同构可为文山壮族文化的赓续、发展提供重要理论依托、历史支撑和现实支持,可为文山壮族接续奋斗和谐美丽乡村建设提供强大精神力量,可为实现中国式现代化及全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供强大精神支撑,助力文山壮族与中国各民族更加团结进步,民族关系更加和谐共融,各项社会事业更加繁荣发展。

餐厨垃圾调理剂对果园土壤团聚体组成及分布的影响

针对我国贫瘠果园土壤结构和功能退化的问题,以餐厨垃圾制备的土壤调理剂为研究对象,从时间和空间两个层面,采用DR 0.25(团粒结构体占比)、MWD(平均质量直径)、GMD(几何平均直径)和分形维数评价长期施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂对贫瘠果园土壤团聚体结构特征及其有机质赋存转化的影响.结果表明:施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂可增加0~20 cm土壤层中粒径<0.25 mm微团聚体的W w i(水稳性团聚体占比),施用3 a后其W w i最大值为23.04%,有利于提升土壤抗侵蚀性;随着施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂时间的延长,30~40 cm土壤层的DR 0.25逐渐增加,施用5 a后各土壤层MWD和GMD均大于对照组;随着施用时间的延长,相同深度土壤层的分形维数逐渐减小,施用5 a后0~20 cm土壤层分形维数最小值为2.13,表明施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂有利于改善土壤团聚体粒径分布和土壤分维特征;施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂可提升0.5~5 mm粒级团聚体中的有机质含量.研究显示,长期施用餐厨垃圾土壤调理剂可改善土壤团聚体粒径和有机质的分布,有助于土壤团聚体中有机质的赋存转化,提高团聚体稳定性和土壤抗侵蚀力.

佤族野生食用植物资源的民族植物学研究

沧源佤族自治县拥有142 820佤族人口,是云南省佤族分布最多的一个县。通过对文献资料的查阅收集和整理,以当地佤族人为向导,运用民族植物学研究方法对沧源野生食用植物资源进行调查。结果表明,沧源佤族民间传统食用野生植物有105种,隶属52科78属。根据民间的食用用途,当地民间野生食用植物可分为野生蔬菜、野果、调味品3种主要类型。其中可作为野生蔬菜食用的有69种,野果有34种,用于调料的植物有8种,野生食用植物以幼嫩枝叶(60.95%)和果类(39.05%)为主。佤族野生食用植物的传统知识,在食物新资源的开发利用方面具有重要的参考价值。

中国不同“菜系”地区中老年人的膳食模式及食物摄入量研究

为了解不同“菜系”地区居民的饮食习惯、膳食模式及食物摄入量情况 ,用频率法 (覆盖时间为 1年 )对中国四大“菜系”(川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜 )地区 5 40名 (2 6 9对夫妇 ) 5 0～ 6 9岁农村居民的膳食进行了调查。结果表明不同“菜系”地区居民在大多数食物摄入频率、摄入量及膳食模式上均有差别。