Foodborne doping and supervision in sports

Cases of foodborne doping are frequently reported in sports events and can cause severe consequences for athletes.The foodborne doping can be divided into natural endogenous and artifi cially added foods according to the sources,including anabolic agents,stimulants,diuretics,β-blockers,β2 agonists and others.In order to control foodborne doping,chromatographic technique,immunoassay,nuclear magnetic resonance,biosensor technology,pyrolytic spectroscopy,comprehensive analysis and electrochemical analysis have usually used as analytical and inspection strategies.Meanwhile,the legislation of anti-doping,the improvement of testing standard and technology,and the prevention and control of food safety,as well as the improvement of risk perception of athletes are highly necessary for achieving the effective risk control and supervision of foodborne doping,which will be benefi cial for athletes,doctors and administrators to avoid the risks of foodborne doping test and reduce foodborne doping risks for the health of athletes.

Helicobacter pylori:a foodborne pathogen?

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is an organism that is widespread in the human population and is sometimes responsible for some of the most common chronic clinical disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans, such as chronic-active gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcer disease, low-grade B-cell mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach, and gastric adenocarcinoma, which is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The routes of infection have not yet been firmly established, and different routes of transmission have been suggested, although the most commonly accepted hypothesis is that infection takes place through the faecal-oral route and that contaminated water and foods might play an important role in transmission of the microorganism to humans. Furthermore, several authors have considered H. pylori to be a foodborne pathogen because of some of its microbiological and epidemiological characteristics. H. pylori has been detected in drinking water, seawater, vegetables and foods of animal origin. H. pylori survives in complex foodstuffs such as milk, vegetables and ready-to-eat foods. This review article presents an overview of the present knowledge on the microbiological aspects in terms of phenotypic characteristics and growth requirements of H. pylori, focusing on the potential role that foodstuffs and water may play in the transmission of the pathogen to humans and the methods successfully used for the detection of this microorganism in foodstuffs and water.

Discrimination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy

Traditional Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy has been recognized as a valuable method to characterize and classify kinds of microorganisms.In this study,combined with multivariate statistical analysis,synchrotron radiation-based FTIR(SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy was applied to identify and discriminate ten foodborne bacterial strains.Our results show that the whole spectra(3000-900 cm^(-1)) and three subdivided spectral regions(3000-2800,1800-1500 and 1200-900 cm^(-1),representing lipids,proteins and polysaccharides,respectively) can be used to type bacteria.Either the whole spectra or the three subdivided spectra are good for discriminating the bacteria at levels of species and subspecies,but the whole spectra should be given preference at the genus level.The findings demonstrate that SR-FTIR microspectroscopy is a powerful tool to identify and classify foodborne pathogenic bacteria at the genus,species and subspecies level.

Comparing invasive effects of five foodborne bacterial pathogens in human embryonic intestine 407 cells and human ileocecum HCT-8 cells

Objective: To refine the infectious doses of enteric bacterial pathogens in animal assays and vaccine clinical trials by studying the invasion kinetics of five bacterial pathogens with human intestinal cells.Methods: Utilizing in vitro cultured cell invasion assays with gentamicin-killing step,the invasive effects were analyzed in foodborne pathogens including Salmonella,Shigella, Yersinia, Escherichia coli(E. coli) O157 and opportunistic pathogens Citrobacter in human embryonic intestine 407 cells and ileocecum HCT-8 cells at multiplicities of infection(MOIs) of 0.04–4 000.00 E. coli HS served as a noninvasive control.Results: The study results showed that the bacterial invasive efficiency and the average number of internalized bacteria per host cell changed with different starting MOIs. Higher starting MOIs did not always produce more bacterial internalization. The bacterial invasion effects varied with different bacterial strains and host cell lines. E. coli O157:H7 did invade human ileocecum HCT-8 cells.Conclusions: This study shows that these bacteria possess different invasive patterns at various starting MOIs and also in different cell lines. The results could help to figure out the appropriate infectious doses of the bacteria in animal assays and in vaccine clinical trials. The bacterial invasion kinetics is also valuable in evaluating the safety and efficacy of live attenuated bacterial vaccines.

Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatio-temporal Patterns of Foodborne Diseases in Jinan, Northern China

Foodborne diseases(FBDs) represent a substantial, yet largely preventable, health burden and result in considerable morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries[1]. The FBDs Burden Epidemiology Reference Group(FERG)found that the global burden of FBDs is comparable to those of major infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, malaria, and tuberculosis[2].

Documented outbreaks of botulism:the impact of foodborne transmission

Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinums toxins.Although the disease is uncommon,causes great concern due to its high rate of mortality;foodbome outbreaks of botulism occur worldwide and require immediate public health and acute care resources.This study had a review of outstanding outbreaks published;Journals articles related to the subject.From the outbreaks analysis we found the most involved food products were;fermented fish products in Alaska;home canning food,oil preservation and restaurant sauce in London and USA;home canned vegetables,food airtight packed with inappropriate refrigeration and aerosols in Argentina.In conclusion,the diagnosis is based only on clinical findings matching the disease and previous exposure to suspicious food.Botulism must be immediately identified as one case suggests an epidemic and should be treated as a public health emergency.Therefore the purpose of the following review is to recognize the associated risks with the consumption of potentially dangerous foods,to help work our way on prevention for every public health professional to be aware of the dangers of this potentially lethal disease.

Foodborne parasitic diseases in China:A scoping review on current situation,epidemiological trends,prevention and control

Objective:Foodborne parasitic diseases,although with a declining overall incidence rate,are still endangering local public safety.This review aims to describe the current situation and epidemiological trends of foodborne parasitic diseases in China in order to explore possible reasons contributors to its high prevalence in some areas,and propose strategies for prevention and control accordingly.Methods:A scoping review was conducted by searching Pub Med,CNKI,Wanfang,CQVIP,Embase,and the Cochrane Library using search formula"foodborne parasitic diseases(or foodborne parasites)"AND"China".Studies on foodborne parasitic diseases in China were considered,but only articles in English or Chinese published between January 1980 and June 2020 were retrieved.Included studies were screened according to the eligibility criteria:1)diseases consistent with the WHO definition of foodborne parasitic diseases;2)the food carriers were included in the WHO food classification;3)data related to epidemiology,pathogenicity,and prevention and control;4)Foodborne parasitic diseases cases or outbreaks in China.Results:A total of 111 out of 665 records were included and summarized.The prevalence of clonorchiasis,angiostrongyliasis,echinococcosis,trichinellosis and cysticercosis was still increasing although the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes has substantially decreased in recent years.Diverse eating habits,close contact with animals,and urbanization were contributing factors to the increase.Conclusions:Foodborne parasitic diseases remain an important public health issue in China with the progress of economic globalization and food diversification.We should manage to raise public awareness about the prevention and control of foodborne parasitic diseases,improve health and safety inspections,as well as public health practice.

Rapid label-free SERS detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria based on hafnium ditelluride-Au nanocomposites

Two-dimensional(2D)nanomaterials have captured an increasing attention in biophotonics owing to their excellent optical features.Herein,2D hafnium ditelluride(HfTe_(2)),a new member of transition metal tellurides,is exploited to support gold nanoparticles fabricating HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites.The nanohybrids can serve as novel 2D surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)substrate for the label-free detection of analyte with high sensitivity and reproducibility.Chemical mechanism originated from HfTe_(2) nanosheets and the electromagnetic enhancement induced by the hot spots on the nano-hybrids may largely contribute to the superior SERS effect of HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites.Finally,HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites are utilized for the label-free SERS analysis of foodborne pathogenic bac-teria,which realize the rapid and ultrasensitive Raman test of Escherichia coli,Listeria mono-cytogenes,Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella with the limit of detection of 10 CFU/mL and the maximum Raman enhancement factor up to 1.7×10^(8).Combined with principal component analysis,HfTe_(2)-Au-based SERS analysis also completes the bacterial classification without extra treatment.

Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant producing bacteria from groundnut oil cake dumping site for the control of foodborne pathogens

Infection and intoxication are two common types of foodborne illnesses throughout the world.The aim of the present work was to isolate and characterize biosurfactant producing bacteria fromgroundnut oil cake dumping sites and evaluate their biocontrol effects against foodborne pathogens.Bacteria were isolated by enrichment culture technique and preliminary screening method.Biosurfactant activity evaluation was carried out by oil displacement,drop collapse test,lipase activity,hemolytic activity,emulsification index and emulsification assay methods.16s rRNA sequence analysis was used for the isolate identification.Crude biosurfactant was extracted by acid precipitation method and characterized using FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).Antibacterial activity was investigated using disc diffusion method.CMCand surface reduction were analyzed by DuNouy tensiometer.Top 10 strains were selected for biosurfactant activity assessment from the total 30 isolates.In addition,16s rRNA sequence identified that the potential isolate was Bacillus pseudomycoides OR 1.Then,FTIR result of the extracted biosurfactant established the extract as a lipopeptide based on the absorption peaks at 3500 to 3200 cm^-1 and 2963 to 2854.68 cm^-1,respectively.50μg/mL of lipopeptide showed the highest antibacterial activity.Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC)of the lipopeptide was 60 mg/L and it reduced the surface tension of water from 71.6 to 31.6 mN/m.Hence,this study widens the scope to employ the bacterial lipopeptide surfactant as a promising biocontrol agent against foodborne pathogens.

Development of automatic and efficient immuno-separator of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using magnetophoresis and magnetic mixing

In recent years,the outbreaks of foodborne diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria have made considerable economic losses and shown a threat to public health.The key to prevent and control these diseases is fast screening of pathogenic bacteria,which is usually performed with three procedures:sample collection,bacteria separation and bacteria detection.For sample collection,the national standard methods are often employed.For bacteria detection,currently available methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay are often used.For bacteria separation,traditional methods such as filtration and centrifugation are not capable to specifically separate the target bacteria.However,food samples are very complicated and require efficient pretreatment for bacteria separation and concentration to achieve accurate and reliable results.The conventional immune magnetic separation method can be used to specifically separate the bacteria,but it still cannot meet the requirements for food sample pretreatment due to very low concentration of target bacteria in food.Therefore,this study developed an automatic and efficient immuno-separator of foodborne bacteria based on magnetophoresis and magnetic mixing,and E.coli O157:H7 was used as research model.A magnetic mixer was applied to facilitate the immunoreaction between the immune magnetic nanoparticles and the target bacteria cells,and a magnetophoretic separation tubing was utilized for magnetophoretic separation of the magnetic bacteria.Under the optimal mixing time of 20 min and the optimal flow rate of 50μL/min,the separation efficiency of E.coli O157:H7 could be more than 90%,showing that the developed immuno-separator is promising to be applied for efficient separation of foodborne bacteria and can be easily extended for separation of other biological targets by using their specific antibodies.

Foodborne outbreaks in Brazil associated with fruits and vegetables:2008 through 2014

Objectives:Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to fruits and vegetables have been increasing in occurrence worldwide;therefore,the aim of this study was to identify the reported foodborne outbreaks associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in Brazil from 2008 to 2014.Results And Limitations:Thirty produce related outbreaks resulted in 2926 illnesses,347 hospitalizations,and no deaths.Only bacterial pathogens were identified as etiological agents.Among these,Salmonella was the most frequent(30 per cent of outbreaks)followed by Staphylococcus aureus(23.3 per cent),Escherichia coli(10 per cent),Bacillus cereus(6.6 per cent),and thermotolerant coliforms(3.3 per cent),whereas etiological agents could not be determined for 26.6 per cent of outbreaks.The most common food vehicles implicated in outbreaks were generically named as fruits and vegetables(46.6 per cent of outbreaks).The term salad was used generically and specifically like salads(two outbreaks),raw/cooked salads(four outbreaks),vegetable salad,tropical salad,Caesar salad,and raw salad of cabbage and tomato.Only one outbreak was related exclusively to fruit(fruit pulp),whereas other outbreaks were related to cooked carrot,lettuce,cucumber,watermelon/cabbage,and chard/beet.Contamination sources and issues related to the future control of produce-related foodborne disease outbreaks are discussed.

Estimates and burden of foodborne pathogens in RTE beverages in relation to vending practices

Objectives:Growing trend of street-vended food in underdeveloped countries offers low-cost food to many sections of population.Although it provides job opportunities to many urban dwellers,several health hazards are associated with this business.The present study investigates the burden of foodborne pathogens in Ready-To-Eat(RTE)beverages in relation to vending practices among street vendors of Rawalpindi City,Pakistan according to standardized methods and protocols.Materials and Methods:Six densely populated locations of Rawalpindi city were selected.Commonly consumed sugar cane juice(SCJ)and tamarind prune(dried plums)drink(TPD)(locally called as Imli Alu Bukhara sherbet)from five vendors from each location were chosen in summer season where the temperature reaches above 40℃.Mean and the standard deviation were obtained by univariate and bivariate analyses.Association between the study variables was assessed through cross-tabulations,chi-square,and correlation tests.Results:All the samples were found unsatisfactory in comparison to guidelines of aerobic plate count.Total coliform was observed in 86.7 per cent of SCJ and 70.0 per cent of TPD samples.Fourteen samples of SCJ exceeded the limit of>1100 MPN/ml value,whereas samples of TPD exceeded this limit for Escherichia coli.All of SCJ and 93.3 per cent of TPD samples depicted the presence of Salmonella aureus.Salmonella spp.were found significantly high in 73.3 per cent samples of SCJ and 23.3 per cent samples of TPD.Conclusions:The incidence of high bioloads attributes towards a potential reservoir of foodborne pathogens due to unhygienic vending practices.

Data-Driven Prediction of Foodborne Disease Pathogens

In recent years,foodborne diseases have become one of the most Data analysis technology has been widely used in the field of public health,and greatly facilitates the preliminary judgment of medical staff.Foodborne pathogens,as the main factor of foodborne diseases,play an important role in the treatment and prevention of foodborne diseases.However,foodborne diseases caused by different pathogens lack specificity in clinical features,and the actual clinical pathogen detection ratio is very low in reality.This paper proposes a data-driven foodborne disease pathogen prediction model,which paves the way for early and effective patient identification and treatment.Data analysis was implemented to model the foodborne disease case data.The best model achieves good classification accuracy for Salmonella,Norovirus,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Staphylococcus aureus,Shigella and Escherichia coli.With the patient data input,the model can conduct rapid risk assessment.The experimental results show that the data-driven approach reduces manual intervention and the difficulty of testing.

Subinhibitory Levels of Fluoroquinolones Result in Enrichment of the Membrane Proteome of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a common marine foodborne pathogen.In this study,antibiotics ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were used to induce drug-resistance in S.aureus.The differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)were analyzed and compared with those in the bacteria cultured without antibiotics.The primary proteomic alterations were in the levels of cell membrane components and proteins related to lysine and folic acid biosynthesis,which were all significantly up-regulated.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC)for both test drugs were elevated to 10μg m L^(-1)following serial passaging.These results indicated that,for both ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin,drug-resistance were developed even in the subinhibitory levels and the primary response was a major alteration in the cell membrane proteome.These changes were similar to those observed in S.aureus cultured with super-MIC levels of these antibiotics.The current study provides a theoretical basis for in-depth study of the related changes of marine foodborne pathogens in subinhibitory concentrations that are commonly found in situ.

PCR-based methodologies for detection and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in foods and environmental sources

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen responsible for listeriosis,a fatal disease.It is widely distributed in various foods and environmental sources.In this review,we focused on addressing PCR-based technologies,including conventional PCR,qPCR and droplet digital PCR(ddPCR).Specifically,we described(a)conventional PCR and mono-,duplex-and multiplex-qPCR methodologies;(b)development and applications of gene HlyA-,Iap-,PrfA–and SsrA-based conventional and qPCR assays as well as PCR assays targeting newly identified gene targets for specific detection of L.monocytogenes;differentiation of viable from dead L.monocytogenes by qPCR in conjugation with propidium monoazide pretreatment;PCR-based serotype identification of L.monocytogenes isolates;PCR-based detection of L.ivanovii,infecting ruminants,differentiation of L.monocytogenes from other Listeria species;and sigB-gene based PCR identification of Listeria spp;(c)applications of ddPCR in detection of L.monocytogenes;and(d)application of qPCR assays in detection and subtyping of L.monocytogenes in milk and dairy products;meats,meat products and meat-processing environment;and seafood,seafood products and processing environment.Our goal was to provide a relatively comprehensive overview of PCR-based methodologies available in detection,characterization and subtyping of various strains of L.monocytogenes in foods and environmental sources.

Prevalence and methodologies for detection,characterization and subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes and L.ivanovii in foods and environmental sources

Listeria monocytogenes,one of the most important foodborne pathogens,can cause listeriosis,a lethal disease for humans.L.ivanovii,which is closely related to L.monocytogenes,is also widely distributed in nature and infects mainly warm-blooded ruminants,causing economic loss.Thus,there are high priority needs for methodologies for rapid,specific,cost-effective and accurate detection,characterization and subtyping of L.monocytogenes and L.ivanovii in foods and environmental sources.In this review,we(A)described L.monocytogenes and L.ivanovii,world-wide incidence of listeriosis,and prevalence of various L.monocytogenes strains in food and environmental sources;(B)comprehensively reviewed different types of traditional and newly developed methodologies,including culture-based,antigen/antibody-based,LOOP-mediated isothermal amplification,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry,DNA microarray,and genomic sequencing for detection and characterization of L.monocytogenes in foods and environmental sources;(C)comprehensively summarized different subtyping methodologies,including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,multi-locus sequence typing,ribotyping,and phage-typing,and whole genomic sequencing etc.for subtyping of L.monocytogenes strains from food and environmental sources;and(D)described the applications of these methodologies in detection and subtyping of L.monocytogenes in foods and food processing facilities.

Microbial profile of some ready-to-cook frozen food items sold in Dhaka city,Bangladesh

This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of 159 animal-and plant-based ready-to-cook(RTC)frozen food items currently popular in Dhaka.Microbiological analyses were carried out to enumerate total aerobic counts of mesophilic bacteria,yeast and mold and to detect some common foodborne pathogens according to standard microbiological criteria.Higher microbial loads in all animal-based food types,other than chicken strips were found.In contrast,plant-based items were relatively safe except paratha,dal-puri,rooti chapati,and aloo-puri.Several common pathogenic bacterial species were screened by analyzing their morphological,cultural,and biochemical characteristics.Escherichia coli was prevalent in most samples,while Salmonella species were least reported.A considerable number of samples exhibited enough microbial loads at infection or intoxication levels.

Antimicrobial Activity of Jambul (<i>Syzygium cumini</i>) Fruit Extract on Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria

Jambul (Syzygium cumini) contain several biological activities including anti diabetic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated antibacterial activity of Jambul juice extract against some common enteric pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, and ETEC (Entero toxigenic E. coli). Growth inhibition of these entero pathogenic bacteria was measured by growing in Nutrient Broth media supplemented with 0%, 5%, 10% and 25% juice extract and then plating on Nutrient Agar plate for colony count at 0, 24 and 48 hours time points. The effect of Jambul juice on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were also investigated. We observed that the growth of Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, and ETEC were significantly inhibited by Jambul juice by 1 to 6 logs (p Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) were not affected significantly. These findings indicate that Jambul juice have selective bactericidal effects against several enteric pathogens while beneficial species remain unaffected. To far our knowledge, this is the first report about the antibacterial activity of fruit juice in Bangladesh.

Enforcement of Food Legislation and Its Impact on Food Safety: A Case Study on Food Law Enactment in Mauritius

Foodborne diseases affect human health and cause significant economic loss. Among the proposed mitigating strategies to prevent, or at least, to reduce foodborne diseases were the enactment and proper enforcement of food legislation. In Mauritius (MU), many outbreaks have been reported since the enactment and enforcement of the Food Act 1998 (MU) and Food Regulations 1999 (MU). Therefore, it was high time to re-evaluate the impact of the food law on the pattern of foodborne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the introduction of the Mauritian food legislation had influenced the pattern of foodborne diseases and its suitability in recent years. Data were collected from the website of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life of Mauritius from 1990 to 2015 and analysed using nonparametric statistical methods, where required. Results showed that more foodborne disease cases occurred during enforcement of the food legislation than before. The study also found that the food law was consistently enforced over the years, except during epidemics of chikungunya fever and dengue fever. Furthermore, several strengths and weaknesses were identified in the current legislation related to the risk of foodborne diseases. Comparing the Mauritian with the Australian food laws revealed some similarities and differences between the two legislations. This review showed that overall foodborne diseases in Mauritius increased and were not affected by the food law enforcement. Therefore, a revision of the law and its enforcement is necessary to make them more efficient in preventing foodborne diseases.

<i>Balantidium coli</i>in Pigs Regularly Slaughtered at Abattoirs of the Province of Messina: Hygienic Observations

Balantidium coli is a zoonotic protozoan parasite, and pork is considered the major source of Balantidium infection in humans. Transmission is direct and commonly occurs through the ingestion of water and food, especially vegetables, contaminated with infectious cysts. Ingestion of meat contaminated, with faecal material during the evisceration process, can represent a potential risk of B. coli transmission. In order to determine the rate of B. coli infection in pigs regularly slaughtered at abattoirs in the province of Messina (Sicily, Italy), faecal samples of 242 pigs (122 commercial hybrid and 120 Nero Siciliano pigs) were collected and evaluated by standard methods for the presence of trophozoites and/or cysts. A total of 105 of the commercial hybrid (86.06%), but only 44 of the Nero Siciliano (36.66%) pigs, were identified as positive for B. coli infection. The results obtained, may be linked to the type of farming employed.