Direct observation of ordered-disordered structural transition of MoS_(2)-confined ionic liquids

Ionic liquids(ILs)are an emerging class of media of fundamental importance for chemical engineering,especially due to their interaction with solid surfaces.Here,we explore the growth phenomenon of surface-confined ILs and reveal a peculiar structural transition behavior from order to disorder above a threshold thickness.This behavior can be explained by the variation of interfacial forces with increasing distance from the solid surface.Direct structural observation of different ILs highlights the influence of the ionic structure on the growth process.Notably,the length of the alkyl chain in the cation is found to be a determining factor for the ordering trend.Also,the thermal stability of surface-confined ILs is investigated in depth by controlling annealing treatments.It is found that the ordered monolayer ILs exhibit high robustness against high temperatures.Our findings provide new perspectives on the properties of surface-confined ILs and open up potential avenues for manipulating the structures of nanometer-thick IL films for various applications.

基于FT理念的《轨道交通行车组织》课程教学改革

文章着眼于城市轨道交通运营管理专业的核心课程《轨道交通行车组织》,剖析目前高校教师在《轨道交通行车组织》课程授课过程中存在的普遍问题,深入探讨并提出基于FT理念的《轨道交通行车组织》课程教学方法的革新策略。通过调研该专业的社会需求、高校的办学特色和国家的教育标准,采用课堂教学和实践教学方法改革,以期培育出具备实际操作技能和专业素养的人才。文章旨在显著提升城市轨道交通运营管理专业中该课程的教学效果,进而更有效地向企业输送具备实际操作能力和专业知识的人才。

Coarse-Grained Free-Energy Simulations of Conformational State Transitions in an Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate-binding Cassette Exporter

ATP-binding cassette exporters transport many substrates out of cellular membranes via alternating between inward-facing and outward-facing conformations. Despite extensive research efforts over the past decades, understanding of the molecular mechanism remains elusive. As these large-scale conformational movements are global and collective, we have previously performed extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the potential of mean force along the conformational transition pathway [J. Phys. Chem. B 119, 1295(2015)]. However, the occluded conformational state, in which both the internal and external gate are closed, was not determined in the calculated free energy profile. In this work, we extend the above methods to the calculation of the free energy profile along the reaction coordinate, d1-d2, which are the COM distances between the two sides of the internal(d1)and the external gate(d2). The potential of mean force is thus obtained to identify the transition pathway, along which several outward-facing, inward-facing, and occluded state structures are predicted in good agreement with structural experiments. Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics free-energy simulations demonstrate that the internal gate is closed before the external gate is open during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition and vice versa during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition. Our results capture the unidirectional feature of substrate translocation via the exporter, which is functionally important in biology. This finding is different from the previous result, in which both the internal and external gates are open reported in an X-ray experiment [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104,19005(2007)]. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of the state transitions in an ATP-binding cassette exporter.

Description of E4 Transitions in A=192,194,196,198 Platinum Isotopes in a Microscopic sdgIBM—1

Influence of the effective fermion hexadecapole force newly incorporated in a microscopic sdgIBM-1 on spectra, reduced E2 and E4 transition matrix elements (T(E2)s and T(E4)s) in the even-even platinum isotopes (A = 192,194,196,198) is investigated in terms of numerical calculations. It is found that the introduced interaction causes only limited modification to the spectrum and T(E2)s, apart from a few exceptions. However, it plays an essential role in describing E4 transitions. Thus in the case that the interaction is incorporated with certain strength, a reasonable description of all the E4 transitions in the platinum isotopes is reached in the microscopic sdgIBM-1 in comparing both to experimental data and the results calculated in phenomenological boson model.

The Permian-Triassic Transitional Zone: Jordan, Arabian Plate;Linked to Siberian Large Igneous Province and Neo-Tethys Breakup Degassing via Climate Forcing, Atmospheric Hazard and Metal Toxicity

End-Permian Gondwana siliciclastics (50 - 70 m) of the Um Irna F exposed along the NE Dead Sea, exhibit carbonate-free fining upward cycles (FUC) deposited during acid flash flood events under tropical climate. Several ferruginous paleosol intercalations cover periods of drying upward formation (DUP) under semiarid/arid climates. Thin grey pelite beds interbedded between paleosol and overlying FUC, are interpreted as tephra deposits sourced in Siberian LIP- and Neo-Tethys (NT)-Degassing. The Wadi Bassat en Nimra-section exhibits the P-T transitional zone where flash flood deposits meet supra-/intertidal sediments of the southward-directed transgressive NT. Decreasing flash-flooding continued through the Lower Scythian (Ma’in F.) during transgression, reworking, and resedimentation. Two euryhaline foraminifera-bearing limestone beds are discussed as indicators for the end of mass extinction (recovery phase: ca. 250.8 - 250.4 Ma) possibly correlating with the Maximum Flooding Surface MFS Tr 10 (ca. 250.5 Ma) on the Arabian Shelf (Khuff cycles B;A). Comparable data from the Germanic Basin as FUC/DUP-cycles, tephrasuspicious “Grey Beds” with high concentrations of As, Co, Pb, Zn, and Cu as well as the U-Pb Age data of the Siberian LIP meet the PTB-Zone between the MFSs Intervals P 40 (ca. 254 Ma)/Tr 10 (ca 250.5 Ma) on the Arabian Shelf. MFS (Tr 10, 20, 30) and SBs resp. on the Arabian Plate, as well as Scythian Substage boundaries correlate with ∂13 C-excursions recorded at Musandam, UAE. Thereby, the ratio of greenhouse gases (+climate forcing)/aerosols und tephra (-climate forcing) takes a significant influence on the ∂13C-Variation.

Influence of Different Transition Modes on the Performances of a Hydraulic Turbine

In order to analyze the response of a hydraulic turbine to a variation in the operating conditions,different laws of variation in time of the massflow rate have been considered.After validating the overall numerical framework through comparison with relevant experiments,the performances of the considered turbine have been analyzed from afluid-dynamic point of view.The results show that different time profiles of the massflow rate(in this work,for simplicity,referred to as“transition functions”)have a varying influence on the transient behavior of the turbine.When a quadratic function is considered for the case of largeflow,the transient head and torque increase gradually with time,thefluctuation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency at the main frequency is the largest,and thefluctuation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.For the smallflow case,the time profile with exponential nature leads to the best results.The transient head and torque decrease gradually with time,the pulsation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency is the largest at the main frequency,and the pulsation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.

Magnetic Field Induction and Time Intervals of the Electron Transitions Approached in a Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Way

The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower limiting value of the transition time equal to about 10–18 sec is estimated as an average for the case when the states are lying on the Fermi surface having a spherical shape. Simultaneously, an upper limit for the electron circular frequency in a metal has been also derived. A formal reference of the classical transition time to the time interval entering the energy-time uncertainty relations known in quantum mechanics is obtained.

土地利用转型下的西安市景观格局演变特征及驱动力分析

为揭示1990—2020年来西安市土地利用与景观格局的时空演变规律,以1990年、2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据为基础,借助ArcGIS10.8和Fragstats4.2等软件对其进行分析。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,土地利用变化显著,耕地面积持续减少,草地面积先减后增整体呈现下降趋势,随着城市的不断发展,建设用地大面积占用了耕地,使耕地面积逐步缩小,且其他用地类型也均向建设用地转变;(2)在不同的景观类型之间,存在着明显的迁移现象,它们的空间聚集程度减小,破碎度增强,形状变得更为复杂,景观优势度减小,异质性增加;(3)景观格局演变的主要驱动因素是社会经济发展、农业生产和政策导向,其中,社会经济发展是耕地向建设用地转化的主要驱动力,政策因素是引起林地和耕地发生转移的根本原因。

含壁后空洞盾构隧道管片安全分析

为探究空洞对盾构隧道的影响机理,通过建立考虑环、纵向接头的盾构隧道精细化数值模型,研究不同空洞深度、面积、位置等多种情况下管片内力、变形及截面安全系数的变化规律,并探讨管片不同拼装点位对含壁后空洞隧道的影响。研究结果表明:隧道壁后不同位置空洞对结构安全不利影响的排序为:隧腰>隧底>隧顶;空洞面积为5.0 m^(2)时,随空洞深度增加,隧顶或隧底空洞中心处隧道截面弯矩及安全系数呈先减小后反向增大的趋势,且管片椭变先减小至0后反向增大,弯矩分别在空洞深0.3、0.2 m时反弯,左隧腰空洞中心处截面安全系数不断降低,管片椭变及弯矩大幅提升;空洞深度为0.5 m时,隧顶或隧底空洞中心处隧道截面弯矩均在空洞面积3.75 m^(2)时反弯;空洞范围内存在纵缝会降低空洞中心处隧道截面内力并提升其安全系数,但其最大张开为空洞内无接缝时的2.0~3.5倍。研究成果可为盾构隧道壁后空洞安全评价、拼装点位选取提供参考。

“双碳”目标下标准化助力中国石油提升新质生产力的实践

在国家提出“3060”双碳目标的背景下,油气企业面临着从传统能源向清洁能源转型的挑战。而标准化作为一种有效的管理工具,成为推动这一转型的关键。通过建立标准体系和标准化技术组织,有序推动科技创新与标准化互动发展,制定和实施一系列高“含金量”标准,油气企业不仅能够提升自身的新质生产力,还能在绿色能源领域发挥更大的作用。

路堤-桥梁过渡段车辆气动力风洞试验研究

为了探究路堤-桥梁过渡段处车辆的气动力,建立1:50的大比例尺路堤-桥梁过渡段和车辆试验模型,在桥梁和路堤段分别布置两种风屏障,并在车辆模型表面布置多个测压点,以研究不同防风措施下处于不同风向角的路桥过渡段车辆气动力。试验结果表明:与无防风措施相比,布置桥梁风屏障后最不利风向角会从-15°变为0°,此风向下过渡段处车辆的三分力最大;再进一步布置路堤风屏障后最不利风向角不变,但大幅度减小了0°风向角下车辆的侧力系数和力矩系数;布置路堤风屏障能有效减小车辆所受三分力;不同风向角下改变陆地风屏障参数产生的影响不同,针对路堤-桥梁过渡段布置防风措施时,应充分考虑其来流方向,以达到最优效果。

碳边境调节机制下中国的能源转型:制约与应对

为应对后疫情时代的经济复苏,防范碳泄漏危机,减轻内部产品碳减排的经济成本和运行压力,欧盟出台了碳边境调节机制(CBAM)以巩固其在全球气候治理中的领导地位。中国作为最大的能源消费国和碳排放国,碳边境调节机制的实施势必会对中国的政治、经济、社会系统带来深刻变革。深入分析欧盟碳边境调节税的运行机制及其对中国开展能源转型的约束,明确当前中国能源转型在生产要素、市场竞争、产业集群以及需求结构方面的比较竞争优势,提出利用新质生产力提升资源创新效益、以产业集群优势推动技术创新和能源转型、健全能源转型政策体系赢得战略主动权、释放碳交易市场助力国际竞争力提升的新思路以应对碳边境调节机制。

关键参数对缓圆点波磨区段轮轨力的影响分析

以探究重载线路运行参数对车辆通过缓和曲线低轨侧波磨区轮轨力的影响规律为目的,基于Simpack多体动力学软件搭建了C80车辆-轨道耦合多体动力学模型,利用Matlab生成美国五级轨道随机不平顺,叠加缓圆点前钢轨波磨时域激励作为模型输入,仿真得到在缓圆点处不同波长、波深波磨状态下,缓和曲线长度、曲线半径、超高、行驶速度等关键参数对轮轨力的影响。通过分析一位轮对的轮轨力变化趋势和其最大增长率,发现波磨侧的轮轨力受波磨影响较大;无波磨一侧轮轨横向力受波磨的影响比垂向力大;曲线参数中,各指标最大增长率均随速度的增加而下降;除高轨侧轮轨横向力外,其余指标均随曲线半径的增大而减小;缓和曲线长度和超高的变化,对各指标最大增长率没有明显的降低作用,甚至随着运行参数的增加,指标最大增长率反而增加。

城市轨道交通列车轮轨垂向力测量方法

[目的]城市轨道交通运营中通常会出现大量的隧道病害,列车轮轨力是各种病害的主要成因,因此,需在不影响城市轨道交通列车正常运营的条件下,对列车轮轨垂向力的测量方法进行研究。[方法]以成都地铁7号线茶店子站—一品天下站下行区间道床剥离病害为研究对象,基于弯矩差法理论,采用ANSYS有限元软件建立了静荷载及动荷载作用下的钢轨有限元模型,并对其进行了数值模拟分析。在室内对1根长2 m、3跨布置的钢轨进行了标定试验。[结果及结论]静荷载数值模拟分析表明,钢轨测点可选择在钢轨跨中轨底上表面边缘两侧位置;当钢轨跨中位置受到垂向力作用时,该点沿钢轨方向的应变最大,且应变随垂向力线性增加。通过标定试验测得的标定系数为0.6260×10^(6)kN,而数值模拟测得的标定系数为0.6441×10^(6)kN,两者偏差仅2.8%,可通过静荷载标定试验确定标定系数。轮轨垂向力的测量方法可以更好地评估轨道结构和列车运行的安全性,及时发现安全隐患,并采取相应措施进行修复和改进。

由分子间氢键导致的丝素构象转变的FT-IR研究

用FT－IR研究发现，在丙烯腈与丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物（PANMA）与聚L-丙氨酸（PLAL）的共混体系中，丝素（SF）与PANMA的共混体系及SF与聚丙烯酸钠（NA）的共混体系中，含有羰基或其它极性基团的高分子与SF形成强弱不等的氢键．由于氢键的形成,使SF分子不得不调整自身的构象，从而引起其构象转变．讨论了可能的分子间氢键的结构．

基于地理探测器的甘肃农牧交错带土地利用时空演化及其驱动机制

基于RS、GIS以及地理探测器,结合社会经济统计资料,对甘肃农牧交错带2000—2020年土地利用结构、动态度、利用程度和地类转移进行分析,并探究土地利用变化在不同时期的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,甘肃农牧交错带以耕地、林地和草地为主要用地类型,三者占比超过95%,土地利用结构差异度均小于0.01、结构总体趋于稳定,全域土地利用动态度总体呈先增加后放缓的趋势;(2)耕地、林地和草地的转化占研究区总体变化面积的96%以上,各地类间转换活跃,LUCC较集中分布于陇中黄土丘陵区和陇东黄土高原沟壑区;(3)在长时序土地利用变化情景下,地理探测器具有较好的适用性,甘肃农牧交错带土地利用变化在不同时段驱动因子相异,其变化受社会经济因素和自然地理因素共同作用驱动(前者对土地利用变化解释度更强),各因子间交互作用均表现为双因子增强或非线性增强效应,双因子交互对土地利用变化的解释度强于单因子解释度。

用SEM和FT-IR研究轻骨料混凝土界面过渡区

通过应用扫描电子显微镜（sEM）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT—IR），研究了轻骨料混凝土界面过渡区的微观结构特征。重点是研究轻骨料混凝土与普通混凝土在界面过渡区域中微观结构的不同。研究结果显示：①在轻骨料混凝土的界面处，有水泥浆体通过轻骨料表面的孔隙渗人轻骨料中，进入的深度大约为50μm；②轻骨料混凝土界面过渡区的厚度大约为25～30μm。从研究结果来看，将SEM与FT-IR结合使用是一种研究混凝土界面过渡区微观结构的有效方法。

过渡区内纳米颗粒的曳力特性模拟研究

在过渡区内,关于纳米颗粒曳力计算及输运特性的研究较为困难,通常会采用一些近似方法,将自由分子区或者连续介质区的理论计算式进行修正,以适用于过渡区,但是其准确性值得商榷.本文基于分子动力学模拟方法,研究了过渡区内纳米颗粒的曳力特性,并与相关理论进行对比.结果表明,气-固分子间相互作用对纳米颗粒的曳力具有显著影响.当气固结合强度较弱时,理论计算结果与分子动力学模拟值吻合较好;当气固结合强度较强时,分子动力学模拟结果明显大于理论值,这是由于气体分子在纳米颗粒表面的吸附所导致.基于气体分子在颗粒表面的吸附特性,提出引入有效颗粒半径修正,其过渡区内曳力的理论计算结果与分子动力学模拟结果吻合较好.

Driving Analysis on Ecological Security in Vulnerable Transition Areas of Mountain and Plain

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the driving mechanism of eco- logical security in vulnerable areas in mountain and plain. [Method] The ecological security evaluation index system of Lincheng County was established using PSR model. Driving mechanism was analyzed in total system and subsystems respectively by the principal components. The ecological safety driving factor was calculated through the total system and subsystem respectively. And the intersection was adopt- ed as dominant driving factor. [Result] A total of 10 indices including density index of rivers, land degradation index, farmland drought and flood insurance yield, human in- terference index, population density, the natural population growth rate, per capita GDP, the R＆D funds spending accounts for the proportion of GDP, laborer by edu- cation degree and three industry accounted for the proportion of GDP, are the domi- nant driving factors of the regional ecological security. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide reasonable and feasible advice for the benign development of the area.

基于机器学习的伯努利夹持器气体流动特性研究

电子元器件的非接触输运是实现其全自动化生产的瓶颈之一.伯努利夹持器作为一种非接触式气动夹持装置被广泛应用于工业中物体的抓取、定位和运输,而适用于mm级别半导体器件清洁无损运输的微型伯努利夹持器还鲜有研究.文章采用SST k-ω并结合层流/湍流转捩γ模型,探讨了夹持间隙、喷嘴直径、夹持器尺寸以及供气压力对吸持力和气体消耗率的影响,并分析了其内部的气体流动特性变化;以数值模拟获得的数百个数据作为数据集,利用机器学习方法建立6个夹持器性能预测模型,并结合相应的智能算法对机器学习模型的超参数进行调优,进行特征相关性分析,并比较了各机器学习模型的预测效果.结果表明,吸持力受多因素综合影响:其随供气压力、夹持器尺寸的增大而增大,随夹持间隙及喷嘴直径的增大先增大后减小;气体消耗率随供气压力、夹持间隙以及喷嘴直径的增大而增大.最佳的机器学习模型对吸持力和气体消耗率的预测准确率评价指标R^(2)(越接近1越准确)分别在0.95和0.97左右,预测了不同夹持器尺寸下的最大吸持力及所对应的夹持器参数,与数值结果进行比较其误差小于5%,具有良好的预测能力.此外发现,为保证夹持器低G-F因子工作(产生单位吸持力所需的气体消耗率g/s·N)其供气压力和夹持间隙应分别控制在3~5 bar和0.045~0.08 mm之间,模型可用于多参数影响下的伯努利夹持器吸持力和气体消耗率的预测.结果可为微型伯努利夹持器设计及结构参数优化提供参考.