U. S. Foreign Policy Trend

Wang: We have discussed issues concerning the influence of "overthrowing Saddam" at the regional level and its trend. Next, it is necessary for us to go deeper and discuss it at the global level. It is very clear that "striking Iraq," "overthrowing Saddam," and "

China's Foreign Policy under New Circumstances (Ⅱ)

The Iraq war and the North Korean nuclear crisis are the two big events that are attracting worldwide attention. The many debates and changes that have arisen around the globe from these two issues, with the former in particular, cannot but cause

Major Features of the New Situation and China's Foreign Policy

Speaking of "China’s foreign policy under new circumstances," there are five features of the new circumstances in my opinion. All these five features will not fundamentally change in accordance with major events such as the Iraq war, and to a certain extent, determine that China’s basic foreign policy need not and will not make major adjustments.

Russian Foreign Policy in Putin Presidency

Valadimir Putin assumed office as President of Russia on 7th May. It is a signfor Russia to enter into a new era. Attention is called to how Russia will imple-ment its foreign policy during Putin presidency, and what is the prospect. I Mr. Putin has started readjusting Russian foreign policy early as Acting Presi-dent. According to the newest version of the "Concept of National Security" andthe "New Foreign Doctrine", it is obvious that Russia will carry on pragmatic for-

THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUR FOREIGN POLICY

After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belief that the war in Kosovobrought about a fundamental change of the international environment; the othergroup thought that the Kosovo War merely reflected the post-Cold War interna-tional reality rather than changing the international environment. In order to cor-

Biden Administration’s Foreign Policy for the Middle Class

The Biden administration’s political platform,set during the 2020 US presidential campaign,called for"a foreign policy for the middle class"and this has subsequently been instituted as a policy commitment.The new administration’s economic and trade policy targets enhancing US competitiveness,setting rules for economic globalization and keeping good relations with democratic states.Security policy emphasizes diplomatic means over military practices.The foreign policy for the middle class aims to resolve differences in the Democratic Party between traditional Democrats and progressives.It is also crafted to solve domestic and international problems and burnish America’s international image,but it faces an uphill battle if it wishes to restructure foreign policy to serve the needs of the American middle class.

The Behavioral Logic behind India’s Tough Foreign Policy toward China

Conflict between India and China at the Galwan Valley has brought their bilateral relations to the lowest point since the border war in 1962.Although this conflict appeared incidental,it in fact was the inevitable result of India's tough foreign policy featuring"high risk,high yield"pursued by the Modi administration toward China.The subsequent measures of India's tough diplomacy toward China have become more frequent,reflecting both a desire to seek revenge and a deep level of India's logic.Such logic considers not only the policy inertia of India's long-term pursuit of absolute security and dominance in the regional order.but also the intention of Modi's government to overtake China by taking advantages of India's favorable external strategic environment.The existing structural contradictions in China-India relations and the right-leaning tendencies in India's domestic political ecology have laid the groundwork for this conflict to occur and for the Modi administration to pursue a tough foreign policy toward China.This conflict has once again shown the rapid decay of the existing operational mechanism and architecture of thei bilateral relations,which can no longer smooth over the complex interactions between the two major emerging neighbors.As a result,the moment has arrived for China and India to restructure their relations,otherwise their relationship can hardly be continued.

Borders and Possibilities of Foreign Policy of the Small State on the Example of Kyrgyzstan

In this article is shown all the process which is happening at the moment in the globe. How big countries may influence to the small countries such as Kyrgyzstan. Some approaches that are used for achieving results. Also were taken into account researches of some scientists. Kyrgyzstan is young, small independent country with democratic ideas for running country. The research focus on the whole situation in the country and in the globe, trends. The research methods used from the famous world scientists their findings, participation at the international conferences dedicated to the international diplomacy and etc. The main conclusions small independent country has to follow world trends and collaborate mutually with all countries.

Explaining Japan＇s Shift to Foreign Policy Activism： Security Challenges and Perverse Political Accountability

The paper examines the root causes of Japan＇s rapid shift to foreign policy activism. To explain the causes, I develop the so-called ＂perverse political accountability＂ approach. Specifically, the approach claims that a growing security challenge from China and North Korea, and US policy favoring Japan＇s foreign policy activism structure. Japan＇s domestic political condition that the majority of Japanese people become more conservative and nationalistic. Such shift in the Japanese people＇s preference has been both creating and reinforcing a perverse accountability by which the leaders or parties willing to adopt hard-line foreign policies are better off electorally while the leaders or parties remaining soft-line on foreign affairs are worse off. The perverse accountability not only leads to a severe partisan imbalance between the conservative parties and the leftist parties, but also gives the most conservative party, e.g., the Liberal Democratic Party （LDP）, a greater chance of coming to office and of pursuing assertive foreign policy they favor. Thus, the perverse accountability is at the center of current Japan＇s turn to foreign policy activism. This finding contributes to an enhanced understanding for Japan＇s shift to assertive foreign policy.

Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism in American＇s Foreign Policy： A Comparative Study

Many scientists and researchers in the field of international relations suggest theories which help to systematize our observations recognize stable patterns and explain those observations and paradigms. Furthermore, some scientists present recommendations about policies that should be selected. However, constantly in each issue of Foreign Policy, there are distinct and conflicting options for policy making. Theories of international relations are trying to find the causes and conditions that are sometimes direct countries to conflict, and sometimes to cooperate with each other. In this article, two important theoretical approaches in the field of international relations are considered which affect on the approaches of US leaders and decision making process in this country： Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism. The authors seek to show that what＇s the difference between these two approaches in theoretical principles？ Understanding of these differences will help to show this matter that based on suggestion of these two theories, how American policy makers must choose a rational choice from among competing alternatives？ Policymakers can select rational choices among competing alternatives, when a theory possesses empirical evidence, and values or goals.

Readjustment in U.S. Foreign Policy

At the dawn of the new century, the Republicans returned to the White House after eight years in opposition. When President George W. Bush and his foreign policy team were striving to realize their diplomatic ambition, the events of September 11 led them to readjust their foreign policy, thereby a remarkable feature can be seen in Mr. Bush’s initial diplomacy.

South-South Coalitions, Bilateral Agreements, and Regional Coordination： Public Opinion and Brazilian Foreign Policy

Emerging powers suffer the effects from the resource deficits in attempting to project their power globally. The developing nations are faced with difficult choices in determining their resource allocation strategies when compared to the already established powers. This article uses Brazil as a case study to analyze how emerging powers articulate strategies to conduct operations across the distinct areas of the international stage, paying special attention to regional and global arenas. Our interest is to analyze how power projection strategies are articulated and formed. More specifically, our research works to understand how a country compares and relates its regional operations to its global ones.

New Systemic Order and Foreign Policy Strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East

The international system has characteristics that have a direct influence on the foreign policy of the countries.Among these,the systemic cycle of power is one of the most conspicuous features of the global system and the regions that affect this issue.In this vein,the systemic order resulting from the cycle of power in the strategic policy-making circle of units can play a limiting role and influence the type of strategy and strategy.The Islamic Republic of Iran is also one of the units of international order;hence,it is not exceptional.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to examine the order of the Middle East and,accordingly,to determine the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in that region.Accordingly,it assumes that the regional order in the Middle East puts defense strategies,especially deterrence and passive defense,at the forefront of the strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East.So,the present paper,while explaining the order of the international system and the order of the Middle East region,designs the foreign policy strategies of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

American Foreign Policy and Diplomacy During and After the Arab Spring, the Challenge of Democratization ＆ the Legacy of President Obama＇s Administration

Recent scholarship on great-power foreign policy and diplomacy undermines President Obama＇s realist approach compared to his predecessor Bush＇s neoconservative idealism approach to the Middle East＇s geopolitical enduring Arab-Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam, the unexpected events of the Arab Spring, along with the challenge of democratization. This article genealogically examines President Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy in response to the chronology of the unfolding events of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen that witnessed the Arab Spring of 2011. President Obama and his top diplomats＇ performances in response to each country recounting events were assessed, critically analyzed, and compared to the other in terms of the U.S. bilateral relations with each country, U.S. national interests, and her strategic goals in the Middle East region. The researcher analyzed the aforementioned issues within the complicated realities of the Palestinian/Arab Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam on the Middle East＇s ground manifested by the Muslim Brotherhood rise to power in Egypt, ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and Libya, and the rivalry between Sunni and Shia＇a---supported by Iran in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen. The research findings indicate that in a broader sense Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy has been a movement away from the U.S. foreign policy and diplomacy since World War II, particularly when he （Obama） decided that the U.S. should abstain from exercising the veto power at the United Nations （UN） on resolution 2334 in support of the Palestinian right to have their own state, thus following the consensus of other permanent members of the UN security council and international law.

Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy in the New World Order System: Foreign Policy Direction and its Determinants

Similar to other countries in the world,there is a linkage between domestic and international actor forces involved in the formulation of Ethiopian foreign policy,since 1991.Obviously,this is due to the fact that foreign policy and domestic politics are interdependent and could spill over into each other.As the goal of every country’s foreign policy is promoting national interest,Ethiopian foreign policy among other things achieving economic development through economic diplomacy.This study aimed to explore determinants of Ethiopian foreign policy in the post 1991.Methodologically,it employed secondary source of data collection and data analysis.The result of this study would shade light on the set of factors that determine Ethiopian foreign policy with the change of global world order from bipolar to multi polar system.It highlighted the challenges and opportunities faced in realizing policy goals by taking into account certain bilateral relations Ethiopia has as case study.The change of global political order witnessed within the end of Cold war has also implications on the Ethiopian foreign policy.As a result of New World Order system,Ethiopian foreign policy orientation is changed from purely stubborn Marxist ideology,to flexible developmental state with numerous alliances,paying great emphasis for economic development,at the expense of security issue.

Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East After Arab Spring

Turkish policymakers＇ main focus was on how to play an effective regional role in the events and issues of the Middle East, such as mediation in resolving conflicts. Consequently, the paper will attempt to address the following questions： What is the impact of Turkish foreign policy towards the Arab Spring under Justice and Development Party （AKP： Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi） rule？ What is the future of Turkey in the Middle East in light of the revolutionary variables in the region？ The main aim of this paper is to explore Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East under the AKP rule particularly after the Arab Spring. The paper attempts to anticipate the future of Turkish foreign policy and Turkey＇s role in the Middle East.

Towards the East:Iran’s Foreign Policy in Ahmadinejad Era—Based on James Rosenau’s Continuity Theory

The article seeks to examine the East Look Policy(ELP)in Iran’s Foreign Policy(IFP)(2005-2013).We believe that states,due to different factors,may adopt different policies in their FP.So,the main research question is:Why did Iranian state adopt ELP in its FP in duration of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad era?With regard to the question,our hypothesis is“there are some factors in Iran’s internal environment that we called them micro-level factors and some variable in external environment that we called them macro-level variables in formation of ELP in IFP”.To prove this hypothesis,we use James Rosenau’s foreign policy theory that has been stood on two micro-and macrolevel analysis to examination of FP of any state.Regarding Rosenau’s theory,there are four factors on micro-level include:individual of policy-maker,his/her role in political system,social values,and governmental structure.In addition,in macro-level,there are some variables,such as the logic of anarchy,the action of other states(especially US),and nuclear sanctions imposed by the US and Western nations.

A More Pragmatic and Flexible Foreign Policy

During his second tenure, Clinton will pay more attention to diplomatic workand may make some adjustments in his foreign policy while maintainingcontinuity of the policy during his first tenure.1. The guideline of foreign policy of the new administration would be charac-terized by the following three features: