Comparative Study on Public Forest Management and Forest Law in France and USA

Though public forests in countries take up a small portion of forests, their importance in respect of environmental side looms large gradually. This paper studies and compares the public forest management and forest laws in France and the USA, attempting to explore the forest operation practice in both countries and the emphasis of the law governing forest management, so that a lesson can be drawn for us to learn in China.

Promoting Reform of Chinese Forest Sector Legislation:Some observations from Analysis and Comparison of a Sample of Forest Laws

The paper introduces and outlines the outcome of the analysis and comparison of a sample of forest sector laws from 12 countries. The selection of both the key-topics for the analysis, and the sample of laws was done in response to concrete requests by the State Forestry Administration of the P.R. China. The analysis, prepared over a period of five months, produced country case-studies and a final report, and concluded with a workshop hosted by the Chinese Academy of Forestry in late November 2006. The findings consistently indicate that forest sector laws, of necessity, closely reflect a given country’s historical development, socio-political reality, and governance system. Consequently, there exists no blue-print for, or “model-approach” to forest sector legislation. In reviewing the effective Chinese forest sector laws, examples from third countries should be considered only with due caution, in respect of clear-cut & consistent Chinese forest policy objectives, and only after careful consideration of their applicability and transferability in the Chinese political as well as social context. The comparison of a sample of forest sector laws nevertheless enables the identification of several basic approaches to promoting sustainable forest management by public as well as non-public stakeholders, as well as a number of reform trends (particularly in regard to the restructuring of public sector administrations). On this basis, generalised conclusions are drawn and recommendations made for the forthcoming review of Chinese forest sector laws.

The Legally Permissible Traditional Customary Uses of Wildlife and Forests under Kenyan Law

Kenya like most of sub-Saharan Africa is reliant predominantly on agriculture and natural resources;which include land, water, minerals and fisheries, but the most dominant of which are wildlife and forestry. Unlike minerals which are by law vested in the government and can only be extracted by it and not the citizenry, wildlife and forestry are resources that the citizens may utilize in their day to day lives to meet their needs. Apart from their consumptive uses, there are also non-consumptive uses and values of wild animals and forests;such as their intrinsic ecological value as gene banks, as well as their scenic value for viewing. These are essentially conventional values and uses. They are largely formal and universal ones that are universally obtaining across the world irrespective of the levels of civilization or cultural identity, and are even compatible with modernity. Apart from these, there are some wildlife and forestry uses which are unique to the typical African way of life as part of old traditional customs that have existed from earlier times. These are what are in this paper referred to as “traditional customary uses”. These uses are largely informal, rudimentary and archaic. They are nevertheless critical in the endemic African way of life and represent the inextricable rudimentary technologically bereft relationship between the African people and their natural resources. Under the country’s existing laws, some of these uses are prohibited and criminal sanctions prescribed to enforce their proscription, hence cannot be enjoyed or practiced. There are however others that the law has either expressly allowed, or not prohibited, hence may be lawfully enjoyed or practiced. These are what this paper has referred to as the legally permissible traditional customary uses;and are the ones that are its subject. As for wildlife, in the year 1977, the Kenya Government by a Legal Notice in the Kenya Gazette imposed a ban on all forms of hunting of wildlife. The ban is still in force. This therefore means that hunting is illegal, as legal prohibition has in effect prohibited all and any form of off-take or killing of wildlife. By implication therefore, under Kenyan law, only non-consumptive uses of wildlife may be enjoyed, and not the consumptive ones. These include viewing as well as socio-cultural and spiritual uses. In Kenya therefore, the only permissible traditional customary use of wildlife is its non-consumptive use for socio-cultural and spiritual purposes;subject of course to the existing legal prohibition on witchcraft under the Witchcraft Act (Cap 67 Laws of Kenya). This piece of legislation has prohibited the practice and promotion of witchcraft. This in effect means that the socio-cultural and spiritual uses of wildlife though legally permissible, will be enjoyed, provided it is not for witchcraft purposes. With regard to forests, this author has identified the following five as their legally permissible traditional customary uses under Kenyan law: Socio-cultural and spiritual (consumptive and non-consumptive) use, other than for witchcraft;use in herbal folk medicine, other than for witchcraft;use for human food and livestock fodder;use for firewood;and use as raw material in construction and traditional craft. Notably, in Kenya, traditional customary use is subject to the existing legal prohibition on witchcraft. Further, while it is the legally permissible use category that is the focus of this paper, the author nevertheless discusses the prohibited traditional customary uses as well. This paper is based on literature survey as well as data obtained from the author’s previous research whose primary data and findings have been published in recent times. It also draws from the documented research and diverse documented views of other commentators on the subject.

基于孤立森林法风电机组数据处理方法分析

为验证中小型风电机组中被动侧偏限速机构合理性,针对中小型风电机组实测数据处理,提出了一种数据处理方法,采用孤立森林法对误差失真数据进行筛选剔除预处理,再运用比恩法进行数据选点,曲线拟合方法采用多项式拟合,多项式拟合系数由最小二乘法确定。得到对于被动侧偏限速的风电机组风功率曲线的处理方法。选取被动侧偏限速FD4.0-2kW/10风电机组进行算例分析,论证该数据处理方法的有效性,后并建立风能利用率与尖速比之间的关系,对FD4.0-2kW/10风电机组性能进行分析得出,在13 m/s以上时,机组输出功率开始下降,表明该机组侧偏限速机构设计合理、安全性较高。

《中华人民共和国森林法》的科学思维方法探究

新修订的《中华人民共和国森林法》全面贯彻习近平生态文明思想和习近平法治思想,深刻把握森林资源保护、培育、经营、利用的规律,科学规范人与森林的关系。本文从研究新修订的《中华人民共和国森林法》内容出发,深入探求贯穿其中的科学思维方法,以新的视角理解法律确定的原则和森林权属、森林保护、造林绿化、森林分类经营管理、森林资源利用等制度规定,有针对性地提出学习贯彻的具体措施。

Forest Management Plans in Los Planes de La Palma, El Salvador

Fourteen farmers with small woodlots were interviewed about the forest management plans promoted by the government of El Salvador. As expected, farmers managed for many utilitarian products such as firewood and timber, but the farmers also expressed a strong set of environmental concerns revolved around the ecological value of their woodlots. Farmers generally approved of forest management plans as they saw how plans contributed to sustainable forestry on their woodlots. Farmers had concerns about specific silvicultural practices and about transportation of harvested timber.

ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL GEOCHEMISTRY OFCHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN Betula ermanii FORESTIN CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS,CHINA

ABSTRACT: Based on catalogue of biology and geochemistry of chemical elements, content characteristics and variation law of the large nutrient elements, the needful trace elements, the uncertain needful elements, the non-needful elements and the toxic elements in Betula ermanii trees are analyzed. The result shows that the content of the large nutrient elements in Betula ermanii trees is higher than that of other kinds of element; the contents of all kinds of elements in foliage with vigorous metabolism are higher than those in other parts; the content variations of the large nutrient elements and the needful trace elements with similar chemical property, geochemical property and biological function in different parts of Betula ermanii trees show the similar laws; but the other three kinds of elements variations are without laws. It is indicated that the variation of the needful elements in the plant follows a certain law, they are in relative equilibrium under undisturbed condition.

帽儿山天然软阔叶次生林林分结构动态变化

以帽儿山天然软阔叶次生林为研究对象,通过对其前后4期13 a的数据进行分析,探索帽儿山林分结构动态变化规律,为帽儿山天然次生林科学经营管理提供参考依据。结果表明:2007-2020年间直径分布都近似反J形分布,Weibull模型的R2为0.889~0.917,Logistic分布模型的R2为0.982~0.989,拟合效果均较好。林分径阶分布均匀,树种组成复杂,非空间结构指标中除林分密度(24.18~26.54)增加外,树种多样性(0.809~0.755)、林分稳定性(0.96~1.12)、株数密度均为下降。空间结构在13 a期间变化不明显,林分水平分布格局(0.525~0.518)呈现聚集分布、林木竞争为中庸状态(0.504~0.499)、林分混交程度整体为中度混交(0.615~0.640)、林分垂直复杂度下降(0.542~0.526)、林分空间综合指数变化稳定。综上所述,帽儿山天然软阔叶次生林林分结构保持相对稳定且呈现正向演替趋势,未来需对林分进行适当间伐,扩大生长空间,改善生境条件,同时适当补植红松等珍贵树种,提高经济价值,改善林分格局。

2000—2020年寒旱地区植被覆盖变化及影响因素分析——以阿勒泰地区为例

植被覆盖度(FVC)是监测陆地生态系统的关键变量,气候变化和人类活动是陆地生态系统演变的重要因素。本研究通过分析阿勒泰地区FVC时空变化特征,探究FVC对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制,为该地区制定有效的生态保护及可持续发展措施提供科学依据。利用MODIS NDVI(2000—2020年)数据集,结合气候因子和社会经济指标数据,基于最大值合成、斜率分析、相关性分析及因子分析等方法,探究FVC变化及其对气候和人为因素的响应机制。结果表明,2020年阿勒泰地区FVC在空间上呈北高南低特征,平均FVC为0.338;2000—2020年间阿勒泰地区FVC呈波动上升趋势,FVC平均增速为1.55×10^(-3)a,研究区FVC减小和显著减少、基本不变、增加和显著增加区域分别占研究区总面积的0.94%、88.03%和11.03%,研究区2000—2020年间气候变化趋势不显著;不同县域的FVC变化对人类活动、气候因子的响应规律和强度不同。综上所述,气候因子和人类活动是影响和解释植被变化的重要因素,基于不同区域背景,气候因子和社会经济对植被覆盖影响的空间异质性很强。研究结果为干旱、半干旱的寒旱地区生态系统保护和管理提供参考数据。

基于孤立森林法的电能计量数据异常检测方法

为提高电网服务质量,保证电网安全稳定运行提供可靠保障,提出基于孤立森林法的电能计量数据异常检测方法。应用智能化电能计量数据采集系统采集电能计量数据后,使用自适应布谷鸟搜索的并行K-means数据聚类算法获取有价值电能计量数据,在聚类后数据中随机选取电能计量数据作为树的根节点,构造包含若干随机二叉树的孤立森林,通过确立超平面分离电能计量数据,遍历所有随机二叉树的电能计量数据后,依次执行平均深度计算、异常分值求解以及异常分值比较等操作,完成电能计量数据异常检测。实验结果表明该方法可有效检测电能计量异常数据,检测效率与准确性均较高。

基于随机森林的债券违约预测

本文利用方差选择法和互信息法抽取了财务特征中与债券违约最相关的特征,然后使用SMOTE和Tomek Links结合的方法做样本平衡处理,最后构建基于随机森林算法的债券违约预测模型,并与逻辑回归、决策树构建的模型进行了预测性能上的对比。结果显示,基于随机森林构建的模型相比于逻辑回归、决策树构建的模型,AUC、准确率这两个指标的值都更高,表明该研究在债券违约预测方面具有一定的参考价值。

典型中亚热带天然阔叶林各林层林木高径比分布规律

【目的】揭示典型中亚热带天然阔林各林层(包括全林和各亚层)林木高径比分布规律,为中亚热带人工阔叶林、半天然林和天然阔叶林可持续经营提供阔叶林木高径比方面的典型参照。【方法】以建瓯万木林省级自然保护区为研究区,在研究区内5个典型中亚热带天然阔叶林中分别设置50 m×50 m样地,计算典型林分各林层林木高径比平均值和标准差分析其随亚层的变化情况,运用Mann-Whitney U检验分析各亚层之间(包括第Ⅰ亚层、第Ⅱ亚层和第Ⅲ亚层间以及受光层和非受光层间)林木高径比平均值的差异显著性,利用偏度和峰度描述各林层林木高径比分布的偏离程度和离散程度,选择正态分布、Weibull分布函数对各样地各林层林木高径比分布进行拟合,并采用χ^(2)检验法检验拟合效果。【结果】综合5块样地林木高径比平均值,全林为103.1,各亚层平均值随亚层高度升高而减小,排序为第Ⅲ亚层(112.7)>第Ⅱ亚层(89.0)>第Ⅰ亚层(66.9)以及非受光层(112.7)>受光层(78.3);除4号样地第Ⅱ亚层与第Ⅲ亚层间林木高径比平均值为显著差异外,其他样地内各亚层间林木高径比平均值均为极显著差异。偏度结果表明,各林层林木高径比分布为右偏。峰度结果表明,全林、第Ⅰ亚层林木高径比分布相对较为分散;第Ⅱ亚层、第Ⅲ亚层、受光层林木高径比分布相对较为集中。运用正态分布函数拟合各林层林木高径比分布,其结果均通过卡方检验;而运用Weibull分布函数拟合较多未通过卡方检验。【结论】典型中亚热带天然阔叶林各亚层林木高径比平均值间均有极显著差异,且各亚层林木高径比平均值随亚层高度升高而减小;各林层林木高径比分布均为右偏,全林与第Ⅰ亚层林木高径比分布相对较为分散,第Ⅱ亚层与第Ⅲ亚层以及受光层林木高径比分布相对较为集中;正态分布函数对各林层林木高径比分布拟合效果较好,Weibull分布函数拟合效果不理想;典型中亚热带天然阔叶林林木高径比分布与直径分布不同,全林和第Ⅲ亚层林木高径比呈正态分布,而全林和第Ⅲ亚层直径呈反J形分布。本研究所体现的各林层林木高径比平均值和各林层林木高径比分布属于理想结构森林的林木高径比特征。

气候变化背景下云南省林火演变特征及规律研究

全球气候变暖背景下,森林火灾频发,探究气候变化与森林火灾的关系有利于开展森林火灾防控工作。选择云南省1980-2020年的森林火灾次数、过火面积和极端气候事件年份,分析森林火灾发生规律、极端气候年份之间及其与普通年份林火发生情况的组间差异;并选择聚类分析法划分森林火灾形势等级,以及应用马尔科夫链研究各等级转移规律和预测2023-2027年各年不同等级发生的概率。结果表明:云南省林火演变特征表现为火灾次数与过火面积变化相关系数为0.931;火灾次数时间序列断点分别为1989年、2012年;1980-1989年厄尔尼诺年与拉尼娜年的火灾次数存在显著差异(Sig.<0.05),但过火面积无显著差异(Sig.>0.05);1990-2012年火灾次数与过火面积均存在显著差异(Sig.<0.05);其他情况无显著差异(Sig.>0.05);K-聚类划分森林火灾形势为Ⅰ级(轻度)、Ⅱ级(一般)、Ⅲ级(中度)、Ⅳ级(高度)、Ⅴ级(极高度)5个等级,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级相互转移的概率约占全部转移事件的78%,Ⅰ~Ⅲ级相互转移的概率高于90%。2023-2027年云南省森林火灾形势等级为Ⅰ~Ⅴ级的概率分别在0.683~0.702、0.251~0.253、0.036~0.048、0.003~0.006和0.007~0.012,云南省未来5年森林火灾形势总体平稳,发生Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的概率高于93%,Ⅳ~Ⅴ级的概率低于2%。该结论可为气候变化下森林火灾管理及防控提供理论支撑。

川黄柏成熟林木生长规律研究

[目的]研究川黄柏成熟林木生长规律。[方法]在湖南省龙山县大安乡采伐川黄柏成年林木3株,按1 m区分段法作树干解析。[结果]川黄柏成熟林木胸径平均生长量前期平稳增长,后期缓慢下降,10年后出现最大值0.93 cm/年;胸径连年生长量前期、中期和后期分别在0.15~0.70、0.70~2.05和0.15~0.70 cm/年波动;树高平均生长量及连年生长量分别在0.5~1 m/年及0.16~2 m/年波动;材积平均生长量持续平稳增长;材积连年生长量前期波动性增长,后期快速下降,10年后出现最大值0.026962 m^(3);林分上层川黄柏于26年和30年进入数量近成熟期和成熟期;立地优良、无林木竞争的川黄柏散生木于21年及26年进入数量近成熟期和成熟期;生长早衰的下层被压木可能于16年和20年进入数量近成熟期和成熟期。川黄柏成熟林木胸高形数0.35。[结论]掌握川黄柏成熟林木生长规律,可为科学经营川黄柏提供基础。

“林长制”背景下林业行政执法的实践展开与制度完善——以湖南省为例

林长制是实现林草资源保护和管理的重要制度创新。2021年6月,湖南省人民政府、湖南省委审议通过《关于全面推行林长制的实施意见》,逐步建立起林长制体制机制。在林长制背景下,湖南省林业法制建设和行政执法建设成效显著,同时也存在一些问题。未来,需要从理顺体制机制、充实执法力量、加大投入保障等方面,推动林业行政执法制度的完善。

打击木材非法采伐的森林执法管理与贸易国际进程

探讨了世界森林执法管理与贸易国际进程现状,分析了森林执法管理与贸易进程和打击木材非法采伐存在的主要问题,并提出推进国际森林公约、参与跨国联合行动、提高木材供给国执法能力、加强消费国木材监管体系建设、重视非政府组织意见、加强行业信用评价、积极开展森林认证和引导消费者的态度等加强森林执法管理与控制木材非法贸易的对策建议。

试论清代前期的林业政策和法规

清代前期 ,满族统治者为保护祖宗的发祥地 ,把东北划为“四禁”地区 ,森林得到较好的保护。但其他地区 ,随着人口过快增长 ,为安抚流民、解决粮食问题 ,清政府不得不采取鼓励毁林开荒的政策。致使各地森林大量消失 ,由此所引起的生态后果极为严重。由于永定河、黄河、长江等河流经常泛滥 ,清代皇帝多提倡河堤植树 ,但这不能从根本上解决问题。为解决国家财政 ,供统治者消耗 ,清代在各地设税关征收林业赋税。清朝政府虽颁布过一些与林业有关的护林植树诏令或条文 ,但没有全国统一的森林法规。地方上的山林保护 ,主要依靠乡规民约。因而护林碑大量出现 。

国际木材非法采伐与相关贸易问题研究

探讨了非法采伐的定义、现状,从生产国与市场的角度分析了非法采伐产生的原因,并分析了非法采伐产生的影响。介绍了国际上打击非法采伐与相关贸易的行动和协议,结合以中国为中心的林产品进出口贸易情况,分析中国林产品进口对非法采伐问题的影响。林产品生产国与消费国在非法采伐问题上应承担主要的责任,提出了解决非法采伐与相关贸易的措施。

长白山岳桦林化学元素生物地球化学分析

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