Turbulence regime near the forest floor of a mixed broad leaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains

The measurement and observation for this study were carried out by using a three-dimensional (u, v, w) Sonic anemometer (IAP-SA 485), at Forest Ecosystem Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountains (12828扙 and 4224?N, Jilin Province, P. R. China) in August 2001. The basic characteristics of turbulence, such as turbulence intensity, atmospheric stability, time scales, and convection state, near the forest floor were analyzed. It is concluded that the airflow near forest floor is characterized by high intermittence and asymmetry, and the active and upward movement takes the leading position. Near forest floor, the vertical turbulence is retained and its time scale and length scale are much less than that of u, v components. The eddy near forest floor shows a flat structure and look like a ’Disk’. Buoyancy plays a leading role in the generation and maintenance of local turbulence

Concentrations and seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in forest floors of two plantations （Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in subtropical China

The concentrations and seasonal dynamics of DOC in forest floors of monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） were assessed in Sanming, Fujian, China （26°11′30″N, 117°26′00″E）. Forest floor samples were taken in January, April, July and October in 2002 and divided into undecomposed material （horizon Oi）, partially decomposed organic material （horizon Oe）, and fully decomposed organic material （horizon Oa）. Upon collection. DOC concentrations of samples were analyzed by a High Temperature TOC. The results showed that the annual average DOC concentration of Chinese fir （1341.7 mg·kg^-1） in the forest floor was higher than that of Castanopsis kawakamii （ 1178.9 mg·kg^-1）. Difference in DOC concentrations was observed among three horizons of the forest floor. DOC concentration of forest floor in the two forests was the highest in horizon Oe. Seasonal trends of DOC concentrations in different horizons of forest floors were similar and the maximal value occurred in autumn （or winter）. The concentration and temporal change of DOC in studied forests were probably related to the variation in moisture, temperature, biological activity and quantity of organic matter in the forest floor.

Changes in carbon stocks of soil and forest floor in black pine plantations in Turkey

The objectives of this study were:(1)to determine carbon stock changes in the soil and forest floor of black pine(Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana)plantations in Turkey;(2)to determine the effects of thinning on annual carbon accumulation in both;and,(3)to investigate relationships between annual carbon storage in soil and forest floor and stand characteristics of black pine.Samples were taken in 90 plots from stands at the pole(dbh=11.0–19.9 cm)and sawlog(dbh=20.0–35.9 cm)stages.Carbon analyses of soil and forest floor samples showed that in unthinned plantations signifi cant organic carbon was sequestered an average of 1.47 Mg ha^−1 a^−1 in the soil and 0.20 Mg ha^−1 a^−1 in the forest floor.Organic carbon sequestered annually in the soil was signifi cantly lower in thinned than in unthinned stands,while diff erences in the forest floor were insignifi cant.There were positive correlations between carbon sequestered in the soil and stand age,average DBH,mean stand height,basal area,and site index.Carbon sequestered the forest floor increased with basal area.As a result,carbon sequestered in the soil should not be ignored in greenhouse gas inventories because carbon stored belowground was approximately 70%of the aboveground pool.

Environmental and canopy conditions regulate the forest floor evapotranspiration of larch plantations

Background:Integrated forest-water management focusing on forest-water coordination is an important way to alleviate water use conflicts among forests and other sectors in vast dryland regions.Forest floor evapotranspiration(FE),which is an important component of forest evapotranspiration,accounts for a large proportion of the water consumed in arid forests.Elucidating how environmental and canopy conditions impact FE has important significance for guiding integrated forest-water management in a changing environment.Methods:The microlysimeter(ML)-measured evapotranspiration(FE_(ML)),reference evapotranspiration(ET_(o)),volumetric soil moisture(VSM),and canopy leaf area index(LAI)were monitored in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation located in the semi-humid Liupan Mountains of Northwest China in 2019(June–September)and 2021(May–September).The response functions of the FE coefficient(the ratio of daily FEML to ET_(o))to the individual factors of VSM and LAI were determined using upper boundary lines of scatter diagrams of measured data.The framework of the daily FE(FE_(ML))model was established by multiplying the response functions to individual factors and then calibrated and validated using measured data to assess the FE response to environmental and canopy conditions.Results:(1)The FE coefficient increased first rapidly and then slowly with rising VSM but decreased slowly with rising LAI.(2)The simple daily FE(FE_(ML))model developed by coupling the impacts of ET_(o),LAI,and VSM in this study performed well for predicting FE.(3)The impacts of ET_(o),LAI,and VSM were quantified using the FE(FE_(ML))model,e.g.,at a given VSM,the impact of ETo on FE increased obviously with decreasing LAI;at a given ET_(o),the impact of LAI on FE increased with rising VSM.(4)In the two study years,when directly using the microlysimeter measurement,the real FE on the forest floor was overestimated when the VSM in microlysimeters was above 0.215 but underestimated below 0.215 due to the difference in VSM from the forest floor.Thus,the VSM on the forest floor should be input into the FE model for estimating the real FE on the forest floor.Conclusions:The daily FE of larch plantation is controlled by three main factors of environmental(ET_(o) and VSM)and canopy conditions(LAI).The variation in daily FE on the forest floor can be well estimated using the simple FE model coupling the effects of the three main factors and by inputting the VSM on the forest floor into the model to avoid the errors when directly using the microlysimeter measurement with different VSMs from the forest floor.The developed FE model and suggested prediction approach are helpful to estimate the FE response to changing conditions,and to guide forest management practices when saving water by thinning is required.

Nutrients in litterfall,forest floor and mineral soils in two adjacent forest ecosystems in Greece

The fluxes of masses and the nutrients Ca,Mg,K,N,P and S were determined in the litterfall of two adjacent forest ecosystems of Hungarian oak(Quercus frainetto L.)and European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in a mountainous area of northeastern Greece in 2010–2015.The foliar litterfall for both species reached about 70%of the total litterfall,and was significantly higher from the other two fractions(woody and rest litterfall).The fluxes of masses and nutrients were compared between ecosystems for each fraction separately.Only one significant statistical difference was found,that of K in the woody litterfall.In addition,the stocks of masses and nutrients were calculated in the forest floors and mineral soils of the two ecosystems.Likewise,the stocks of nutrients in the forest floors and mineral soils were compared between ecosystems.In the L horizon of the forest floors,statistical differences,as a result of species effect,were found for the stocks of Ca and N.In the FH horizons,the masses and all the nutrient stocks differed significantly,as the beech plot had much higher quantities of organic matter and nutrients.These higher quantities were probably due to low soil temperatures(microclimate)and high acidity in the beech plot(species effect)that slowed down decomposition.In the mineral soils,the propagation of random error derived from random errors of the individual soil layers was an important factor in the statistical comparisons.Because of the soil acidity in the beech plot,the stocks of exchangeable base cations were significantly higher in the oak plot,whereas the other nutrient stocks did not differ.

Modeling and Mapping Forest Floor Distributions of Common Bryophytes Using a LiDAR-Derived Depth-to-Water Index

This article describes how the cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index in combination with other variables can be used to quantify, model and map the distribution of common forest floor bryophytes, at 1 m resolution. This was done by way of a case study, using 12 terrain and climate representative locations across New Brunswick, Canada. The presence/absence by moss species was determined at each location along upland-to-wetland transects within >10-m spaced 1-m2 forest floor plots. It was found that Bazzania trilobata, Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens, and Pleurozium schreberi had greater probabilities of occurrence in well-drained forested areas, whereas Sphagnum fuscum and Sphagnum girgensohnii dominated in low-lying wet areas. The presence/absence of each species was quantified by way of logistic regression analyses, using DTW, slope, canopy closure, forest litter depth, ecosite type (8 classes), nutrient regime (4 classes, poor to rich);vegetation type (deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and shrubs), and macro- and micro-topography (upland, wetland;mounds, pits) as predictor variables. Among these, log10DTW and forest litter depth were the most consistent predictor variables, followed by mound versus pit. For the mapping purpose, only log10DTW and already mapped classifications for upland versus wetland and vegetation type were used to predict the probability of occurrences for the most frequent moss species, namely, D. polysetum, P. schreberi and Sphagnum spp. The overall accuracy for doing this ranged from 67% to 83%, with false positives and negatives amounting to 18% to 42%. The overall classification accuracy exceeded the probability by chance alone at 76.8%, with the significance level reached at 75.3%. The average level of probability by chance alone was 60.3%.

Effect of Substituting Plantation Species for Native Shrubs on the Water-holding Characteristics of the Forest Floor on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Although the forest floor plays important roles in water-holding and nutrient cycling, there is not enough knowledge of the functional changes of the forest floor resulting from changes in vegetation. To evaluate the effect on the hydrological properties of forest floor by the substitution of plantation species for native coppice, we selected four species substituting plantations and one native coppice （secondary native broad-leaved forest, dominated by Quercus liaotungensis and Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis） （QC） as a comparison forest. The substituting plantations were Cercidiphyllum japonicum （Cj）, Pinus tabulaeformis （Pt）, Pinus armandi （Pa）, Larix kaempferi （Lk）. These were established in 1987 with a stocking density of approximately 2500 stem ha -1 . Thickness and the amount of floor in coniferous plantations were significantly higher compared to secondary native broad-leaved forest and pure broad- leaved plantation. The maximal water-holding capacity of the floor showed the same trend as thickness and amount of litter. Main contributors to the difference in hydrological characteristics in the plantations were the quantity of forest floor and the maximal water holding capacity per unit weight of the floor. The relationships between water absorption processes, water absorption rate and the immersion time for litter, fitted to logarithmic and exponential regressions, respectively. Water absorption processes differed significantly between the various plantations and different decomposition floor horizons. Water absorption characteristics were influenced by leaf structure in various tree species and the degree of decomposed litter. Our results showed that litter amount in coniferous plantations were significantly higher than in deciduous broad-leaved plantation. This suggests that a large amount of nutrients are held in the litter horizon, delaying return to the soil and utilization by plants. At the same time, maximal water-holding capacity of the forest floor in F [fermentation] and H [hummus] horizons was significantly higher than that in L [fresh litter] horizon. Therefore, improving litter transformation from L horizon to F and H horizons by promoting forest floor environment would be one of the best methods for plantation management.

Nitrogen and phosphorus translocation of forest floor mosses as affected by a pulse of these nutrients

Aims Mosses are dominant in many ecosystems where nutrients from deposition are one of the main nutrient sources.However,it is difficult to evaluate mosses’role in nutrient cycling without knowledge of how mosses use deposited nutrient inputs.To fill this gap,the present study aims to investigate:(i)how nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations of new-grown segments change along a gradient of N or P amount in a pulse treatment?(ii)how do a pulse of major nutrient(N or P)affect N or P translocation rate along a moss shoot?and(iii)to what extent do N or P translocation rates link to nutrient status of the new-grown segments of mosses?Methods We measured N and P concentrations of segments with different ages in two dominant forest floor mosses,Actinothuidium hookeri and Hylocomium splendens,on 8 days and 1 year after N and P pulse treatment with an in situ experiment in a subalpine fir forest in eastern Tibetan Plateau.Important Findings Both mosses were efficient in taking up nutrients from a pulse of either N or P.Nitrogen and P concentrations of new-grown segments were affected by nutrient pulse treatments.These N and P concentration changes were attributed to the initial N and P concentration of the young segments harvested 8 days after nutrient pulse treatments,suggesting that the captured nutrients were reallocated to the new-grown segments via translocation,which was largely controlled by a source-sink relationship.While no significant relationship was found between N translocation rate and N:P ratio of the new-grown segments,P translocation rate explained 21%-23%of the variance of N:P ratio of the new-grown segments,implying importance of P transport in supporting the new-grown sections.These results suggest that nutrient(N,P)translocation is a key process for mosses to utilize intermittent nutrient supply,and thus make mosses an important nutrient pool of the ecosystem.

Nitrogen addition inhibits total monoterpene emissions in subtropical forest floor of South China

Monoterpenes(MTs)play crucial roles not only in atmospheric chemistry and global climate change but also in soil processes and soil ecology.Elevated nitrogen(N)deposition can influence soil microbial community and litter decomposition,and consequently alters MT fluxes from forest floors and litter.Yet,the responses of soil and litter MT to increased N deposition remain poorly understood and the influences of N addition are sometimes contradictory.In the present study,static chambers were placed in masson pine forest(PF)and in monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forest(BF)at Dinghushan,subtropical China.The preconcentrator-GC–MS was used to analyze the effect of N addition on MT fluxes from the forest floors and litter.The results showed that under control treatment(without N addition),the total MT emission rates were 279.90±137.17 and 102.70±45.36 pmol m^(–2)s^(–1) in the PF and BF floors,respectively,withα-pinene being the largest MT species in the PF and limonene in the BF.α-pinene andβ-pinene emission rates decreased significantly in both forest floors after N addition,whereas a diverse trend was found for limonene and camphene in the PF floor.Furthermore,some MT fluxes showed significant negative correlations with soil respiration and soil temperature.Litter was important in MT fluxes from forest floors and its emission rates were enhanced by N addition.Moreover,different MT response to elevated N was found between the forest floor and litter.This study indicated that the elevated N deposition in the future would inhibit the MT emissions from the subtropical forest floor.

米槠天然更新林与人促更新林枯枝落叶层现存量及养分贮量

枯枝落叶层现存量及其养分特征研究对了解枯枝落叶层在森林生态系统碳和养分循环中的作用具有重要的意义。通过对中亚热带米槠天然更新林与人促更新林枯枝落叶层现存量和养分贮量进行研究发现:1)总现存量不受更新方式的影响,而叶现存量天然更新林显著高于人促更新林,天然更新林枝现存量显著小于人促更新林,其他组分不受更新方式影响。2)在未分解层,天然更新林的枝现存量显著高于人促更新林。在半分解层,天然更新林的叶现存量显著高于人促更新林,而人促更新林的枝现存量显著高于天然更新林。3)两个林分同一分解层叶的氮(N)、磷(P)浓度均显著高于枝,而碳(C)浓度则无显著差异。4)2个林分枯枝落叶层的碳氮磷贮量无显著差异。结果表明,天然更新林更有利于养分的维持和循环。因此在未来研究中应更加关注天然更新方式对生态系统养分循环的影响。

Temperature dependence of nitrogen mineralization and microbial status in O_H horizon of a temperate forest ecosystem

It was hypothesized that increasing air and/or soil temperature would increase rates of microbial processes including litter decomposition and net N mineralization, resulting in greater sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in humus, and consequently development in OH horizon （humus horizon）. To quantify the effect of temperature on biochemical processes controlling the rate of OH layer development three adjacent forest floors under beech, Norway spruce and mixed species stands were investigated at Soiling forest, Germany by an incubation experiment of OH layer for three months. Comparing the fitted curves for temperature sensitivity of OH layers in relation to net N mineralization revealed positive correlation across all sites. For the whole data set of all stands, a Q10 （temperature sensitivity index） value of 2.35-2.44 dependent on the measured units was found to be adequate for describing the temperature dependency of net N mineralization at experimental site. Species-specific differences of substrate quality did not result in changes in biochemical properties of OH horizon of the forest floors. Temperature elevation increased net N mineralization without significant changes in microbial status in the range of I to 15℃. A low Cmic /Corg （microbial carbon/organic carbon） ratio at 20℃ indicated that the resource availability for decomposers has been restricted as reflected in significant decrease of microbial biomass.

基于改进PSPNet模型的高分辨率遥感影像林地提取方法研究

林地在全球生态系统中扮演着至关重要的角色。但传统监督学习方法在林地提取上存在特征选择不精确与未能充分利用像元间的上下文关系等缺陷,导致林地提取精度不理想。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于改进PSPNet(Pyramid Scene Parsing Network)模型的高分辨率遥感影像林地提取方法。首先,利用高分二号遥感影像与全国第三次土地调查数据,制作高分辨率林地数据集。其次,通过在原始PSPNet模型的基础上加入SE(Squeeze and Excitation)注意力模块,改进PSPNet模型。实验结果表明,本文所改进的PSPNet模型的各项精度指标均优于其他方法,具有较高的提取精度。

Distribution and quantification of Pb in an evergreen broadleaved forest in three hydrological years

The distribution,quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years.More specifically,concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined in bulk and throughfall deposition as well as litterfall.The Pb concentrations were also measured in forest floor and mineral soil up to 80 cm and the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb were determined in soil layers and the parent rock material.High variability in the fluxes of the metal among the three hydrological years were found,evidence of the variability of Pb deposition in time.Litterfall fractions with a large surface area,like holm oak flowers,had high Pb concentrations.Applying a steady state model and considering the Pb amounts in throughfall and litterfall as inputs on the forest floor,the mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor was 94 years with a coefficient of variation equal to 41%.More observations are needed to lower the variability of the mean residence time.The isotopic ratio in the rock material was defined as the lithogenic ratio.The statistical tests showed that the petrol derived Pb migrated to the depth of 20 cm and its percentages in the soil pedon was in the range of 62%in the L horizon to 11%in the 10–20cm layer.In higher depths(>40 cm)preindustrial anthropogenic Pb affected the isotopic ratio.As the forest under consideration is remote from industrial activities,the results can serve as a baseline for future studies on Pb distribution and quantification.

Non-structural carbohydrate levels of three co-occurring understory plants and their responses to forest thinning by gap creation in a dense pine plantation

We investigated non-structural carbohydrates（NSC） levels and components（starch,glucose,fructose and sucrose） in the leaves of three typical co-occurring forestfloor plants,moss Eurhynchium savatieri（ES）,fern Parathelypteris nipponica（PN） and forb Aruncus sylvester（AS） in a 30-year-old Chinese pine（Pinus tabulaeformis）plantation forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.We also explored their responses to three gap creation treatments（control and two gap creations of 80 and 110 m2） based on NSC levels.PN had the highest leaf NSC level of the three plants,with AS second and ES lowest.Starch was the predominant component of NSC and the contents of glucose were higher than those of fructose or sucrose for all three species.The NSC level of ES in intermediate gaps was significantly higher than at control sites.PN also had higher NSC levels in both small and intermediate gaps than in control sites.But the differences between treatments were not obvious for AS.Our results suggest that ES and PN benefit from gap formation while the two species have different NSC response sensitivities to gap size,but the leaf NSC level of AS is less sensitive to the disturbance.

西宁市油松人工林生长季水量平衡特征

【目的】深入理解和定量评价西宁市重要造林树种油松人工林的水文影响,为其林水协调的多功能管理提供科学依据。【方法】在西宁市湟水林场选择中龄、郁闭的油松人工林典型样地,于2021年生长季(6—10月)同步监测林外降水、林冠截持、干流、穿透雨、树木蒸腾、林下蒸散和土壤含水量变化,并基于水量平衡计算林地产流。【结果】1)生长季降水量为396.5 mm,林冠截留量、林木蒸腾量和林下蒸散量分别为117.6、109.4和187.5 mm,各占同期降水量的29.66%、27.59%和47.29%,存在先增后减的月份变化。2)0~100 cm土层储水量在生长季净增130.2 mm,接受高达189.3 mm的外来输入水分(来自深层土壤及上坡);土壤体积含水量6—8月为消耗期,整体走势一直减少,均在10%以下,存在明显的土壤干旱胁迫;9—10月为恢复期,呈波动上升趋势,均在9.3%以上。3)生长季总蒸散量为414.5 mm,超过同期降水量18.0 mm;基于0~100 cm土层水量平衡,考虑外来输水和土壤储水变化影响后,林地净产流-18.0 mm,即林地可降低坡面或流域产流。【结论】在西宁市半干旱气候条件下,即使在丰水的2021年生长季,自然降水也难以满足郁闭的油松人工林蒸散耗水需求,需通过降低密度(郁闭度)减少蒸散或适当灌溉补水来维持林分的抗旱稳定性,以保障其发挥好城市景观林的主导功能。

新疆米泉哈熊沟林场地面生地衣群落物种多样性及环境影响因子分析

为了探明新疆米泉哈熊沟林场地面生地衣群落的物种多样性及环境影响因子,对该林场海拔1600~2000 m区域的地面生地衣群落物种组成进行了调查,并以盖度为指标,应用除趋势对应分析(DCA)和双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)法对该林场地面生地衣群落进行了数量分类;在此基础上,分析了各群丛的物种多样性和相似性,并应用典范对应分析(CCA)法探究了影响该林场地面生地衣群落种类分布的环境因子。结果表明:在调查区域内共鉴定出29种地面生地衣,隶属于5科9属;在科水平上,地卷科(Peltigeraceae)和石蕊科(Cladoniaceae)种类较多,分别有11和10种;在属水平上,石蕊属(Cladonia P.Browne)和地卷属(Peltigera Willd.)种类较多,均为10种。数量分类结果表明:调查区域内的地面生地衣群落可分成4个群丛,即土星猫耳衣+坚石蕊+雀石蕊群丛(Ass.Leptogium saturninum+Cladonia firma+Cladonia stellaris)(群丛1)、砖孢胶衣+坚石蕊+伴藓大孢衣群丛(Ass.Collema subconveniens+Cladonia firma+Physconia muscigena)(群丛2)、鸡冠胶耳衣+喇叭粉石蕊+尖头石蕊群丛(Ass.Lathagrium cristatum+Cladonia chlorophaea+Cladonia subulata)(群丛3)和犬地卷+雀石蕊+尖头石蕊群丛(Ass.Peltigera canina+Cladonia stellaris+Cladonia subulata)(群丛4),分别包含19、26、23和18种地面生地衣。群丛2和群丛3的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Patrick丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数明显高于群丛1和群丛4;群丛2与群丛4间的S?rensen相似性指数和Jaccard相似性指数均最大,分别为0.450和0.782。CCA排序结果显示:前3个排序轴的累计贡献率为76.2%,3个排序轴种类分布与环境因子的相关系数分别为0.948、0.917和0.844,说明排序结果能准确反映地面生地衣群落种类分布与环境因子的关系。9个环境因子中,郁闭度对地面生地衣种类分布的影响最大,光照度次之。研究结果显示:新疆米泉哈熊沟林场地面生地衣群落物种丰富度较低,不同群丛的物种多样性和相似性存在一定差异;郁闭度和光照度是影响该林场地面生地衣种类分布的重要环境因子。

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层碳库及养分库

通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的 33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量与季节动态、C库及养分库的研究表明 ,格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量分别为 8.99t· hm- 2 、7.5 6t· hm- 2 和 4 .81t· hm- 2 ;枯枝落叶层中叶占现存量的比例分别为 6 4 .96 %、6 1.38%和 38.0 5 % ,枝占比例分别为 31.5 9%、37.83%和 4 2 .6 2 %。格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层现存量最大值均出现在春季 ,而杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量最大值出现在夏季。格氏栲天然林枯枝落叶层 C贮量为 4 .0 2 t· hm- 2 ,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的 1.2 2倍和 1.77倍 ;格氏栲天然林和人工林枯枝落叶层 C库与杉木人工林的差异均达到显著水平 (P<0 .0 5 )。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层养分贮量分别为 138.4 2 kg· hm- 2 、113.5 6 kg· hm- 2 和 72 .39kg· hm- 2 ;除 Mg外 ,格氏栲天然林枯枝落叶层中各种养分贮量均最高。与人工林相比 ,天然林枯枝落叶层现存量、C和养分贮量均最大。枯枝落叶层对林地长期生产力维持具有重要作用。

川西亚高山箭竹群落枯枝落叶层生物化学特性

对川西亚高山 3个不同箭竹群落枯枝落叶层现存量及生物化学特性作了初步研究 ,结果表明 :(1)枯枝落叶层贮量 :箭竹 -冷云杉林 (4 6 .3× 10 3kg/hm2 ) >箭竹 -桦木 -冷云杉林 (2 5 .8× 10 3kg/hm2 ) >箭竹 -桦木林 (6 .5× 10 3kg/hm2 )。(2 )各林型枯枝落叶层营养元素贮量 (kg/hm2 ) :箭竹 -冷云杉林为 N 5 5 3.14 ,P 5 4 .6 3,K 16 4 .75 ,Ca 6 0 6 .12 ,Mg 12 5 .78,箭竹 -桦木 -冷云杉林为 N2 6 9.4 5 ,P 2 3.6 1,K 96 .31,Ca 36 7.0 4 ,Mg 79.0 8,箭竹 -桦木林为 N 6 8.6 9,P 7.73,K 2 7.6 4 ,Ca 2 1.6 6 ,Mg 11.4 5 ;各元素贮量分布规律箭竹 -冷云杉林和箭竹 -桦木 -冷云杉林为 Ca>N>K>Mg>P,箭竹 -桦木林则是 N>K>Ca>Mg>P。 (3)箭竹 -冷云杉林和箭竹 -桦木 -冷云杉林枯枝落叶层有机质 (如有机碳、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物等 )含量分布格局均为未分解凋落物层 (L ) >半分解层 (F) >腐殖质层 (H) ,有机质贮量分布格局为 H层 >F层 >L层 ,箭竹 -桦木林各亚层有机质含量及贮量均为 L - F层 >H层 ;箭竹 -桦木林、箭竹 -桦木 -冷云杉林和箭竹 -冷云杉林枯枝落叶层有机质平均分解率分别为38.15 %、2 3.5 4 %、19.14 %。 (4 )各林型枯枝落叶层微生物 (细菌、真菌、放线菌 )数量、酶 (酸性磷酸?

亚热带4种林分类型枯落物层和土壤层的碳氮磷化学计量特征

【目的】探讨亚热带森林恢复过程中枯落物层和土壤层的C,N,P含量及其化学计量比的变化规律,为阐明亚热带次生林恢复对土壤养分的影响及森林恢复提供科学依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间的方法,以湘中丘陵区杉木人工纯林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林和石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林作为1个恢复系列,分别在其1 hm^2的长期定位观测样地内,沿着坡面选择6块10 m×10 m小样地,每块小样地随机设置2个1.0 m×1.0 m样方,采集地表未分解层、半分解层、已分解层枯落物和0~10,10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤样品,测定C,N,P含量并计算C,N,P的化学计量比。【结果】随着森林恢复和阔叶树比例增大,同一分解层枯落物C含量呈下降趋势,而N和P(除已分解层外)含量大体呈增加趋势;C含量随枯落物分解而下降;马尾松+石栎针阔混交林N含量表现为半分解层>已分解层>未分解层,杉木人工林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林表现为半分解层>未分解层>已分解层;南酸枣落叶阔叶林P含量表现为未分解层>半分解层>已分解层,杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林和石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林均表现为半分解层最高,已分解层最低(除马尾松+石栎针阔混交林外);同一分解层枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值随森林恢复而下降;C∶N、C∶P比值随枯落物分解而下降,N∶P比值无明显变化规律;同一土层C,N,P含量随森林恢复而增加;4种林分0~30 cm土壤层C∶N和C∶P平均比值变化趋势基本一致,石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林最高,其次是马尾松+石栎针阔混交林,杉木人工林最低;4种林分0~30 cm土壤层N∶P平均比值无显著差异;未分解层枯落物C含量与0~10和0~30 cm土层C,N,P含量显著负相关,而N,P含量与0~10和0~30 cm土壤层C,N(除N外),P含量显著正相关;未分解层枯落物C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值与0~10和0~30 cm土壤层C(除N∶P比值外),N,P含量显著负相关;枯落物层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值与土壤层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值相关性不显著。【结论】随着森林恢复,阔叶树比例增大,枯落物层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值逐渐下降,土壤层C,N,P含量增加,未分解层枯落物C,N,P含量及其化学计量比对土壤层C,N,P含量影响显著。在森林恢复和森林经营过程中,如何调整林分树种组成,改变枯落物层的质量显得十分关键。

小兴安岭落叶松人工纯林近自然化改造对林下植物多样性的影响

对18年生落叶松人工纯林采用不同大小的林隙间伐,辅以不同的整地措施进行近自然化改造,同时以相同强度的常规均匀间伐处理为对照,分析改造后第1年和第2年林下植物多样性的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,改造后第1年和第2年林下草本植物种数、密度、盖度、平均高和多样性指数(Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数)均有较大幅度增加,改造后第2年差异达到显著水平(均匀度指数除外)(P<0.05);近自然化改造林下草本植物优势种中喜湿植物明显增加;无论是改造后第1年还是改造后第2年,不同大小林隙处理间林下草本植物种数、密度、盖度、平均高和多样性指数均无显著差异(P>0.05);改造后第1年,经整地的大林隙、中林隙和小林隙林下草本植物密度、盖度和平均高均显著高于不整地(P<0.05),第2年,整地措施对草本植物的影响效果下降;与对照相比,改造后第1年和第2年林下木本植物种数、密度、盖度、平均高和多样性指数均未发现显著差异(P>0.05)。近自然化改造有利于林下草本植物的发育和草本植物多样性的提高,但对林下木本植物的影响还有待深入研究。