Estimating the productive potential of five natural forest types in northeastern China

Background: There is a serious lack of experience regarding the productive potential of the natural forests in northeastern China, which severely limits the development of sustainable forest management strategies for this most important forest region in China. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to develop a first comprehensive system for estimating the wood production for the five dominant forest types.Methods: Based on a network of 384 field plots and using the state-space approach, we develop a system of dynamic stand models, for each of the five main forest types. Four models were developed and evaluated, including a base model and three extended models which include the effects of dominant height and climate variables. The four models were fitted, and their predictive strengths were tested, using the "seemingly unrelated regression"(SUR) technique.Results: All three of the extended models increased the accuracy of the predictions at varying degrees for the five major natural forest types of northeastern China. The inclusion of dominant height and two climate factors(precipitation and temperature) in the base model resulted in the best performance for all the forest types. On average, the root mean square values were reduced by 13.0% when compared with the base model.Conclusion: Both dominant height and climate factors were important variables in estimating forest production. This study not only presents a new method for estimating forest production for a large region, but also explains regional differences in the effect of site productivity and climate.

Spatial pattern of tree diversity and evenness across forest types in Majella National Park,Italy

Background:Estimation of tree diversity at broader scale is important for conservation planning.Tree diversity should be measured and understood in terms of diversity and evenness,two integral components to describe the structure of a biological community.Variation of the tree diversity and evenness with elevation,topographic relief,aspect,terrain shape,slope,soil nutrient,solar radiation etc.are well documented.Methods:Present study explores the variation of tree diversity(measured as Shannon diversity and evenness indices)of Majella National Park,Italy with five available forest types namely evergreen oak woods,deciduous oak woods,black/aleppo pine stands,hop-hornbeam forest and beech forest,using satellite,environmental and field data.Results:Hop-hornbeam forest was found to be most diverse and even while evergreen Oak woods was the lowest diverse and even.Diversity and evenness of forest types were concurrent to each other i.e.forest type which was more diverse was also more even.As a broad pattern,majority portion of the study area belonged to medium diversity and high evenness class.Conclusions:Satel ite images and other GIS data proved useful tools in monitoring variation of tree diversity and evenness across various forest types.Present study findings may have implications in prioritizing conservation zones of high tree diversity at Majel a.

STUDY ON SPECIES DIVERSITY OF RUST FUNGUS IN FIVE FOREST TYPES

The species diversities of rust fungus in live forest types was investigated and discussed according to the methods of fungi taxonomy and foresny ecology in Maorshan area. The results show the speies diversity index of rust fungus is the highest in the mixed forest type, mendiun in Birch-poplar forest, Larch plantation and Korean pine plantation, and the lowest in Oak forest. The results also show that the vegetation succession can cause the fungus population succession.

Nitrous oxide emissions from three temperate forest types in the Qinling Mountains,China

To understand soil N2O fluxes from temperate forests in a climate-sensitive transitional zone,N2O emissions from three temperate forest types(Pinus tabulaeformis,PTT;Pinus armandii,PAT;and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,QAT)were monitored using the static closed-chamber method from June 2013 to May 2015 in the Huoditang Forest region of the Qinling Mountains,China.The results showed that these three forest types acted as N2O sources,releasing a mean combined level of 1.35±0.56 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1,ranging from0.98±0.37 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in PAT to 1.67±0.41 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in QAT.N2O emission fluctuated seasonally,with highest levels during the summer for all three forest types.N2O flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm or in the water-filled pore space,where the correlation was stronger for temperature than for the water-filled pore space.N2O flux was positively correlated with available soil nitrogen in QAT and PAT.Our results indicate that N2O flux is mainly controlled by soil temperature in the temperate forest in the Qinling Mountains.

Contrasting responses of net primary productivity to inter-annual variability and changes of climate among three forest types in northern China

Aims A lack of explicit information on differential controls on net primary productivity(NPP)across regions and ecosystem types is largely responsible for uncertainties in global trajectories of terrestrial carbon balance with changing environment.The objectives of this study were to determine how NPP of different forest types would respond to inter-annual variability of climate and to examine the responses of NPP to future climate change scenarios across contrasting forest types in northern China.Methods We investigated inter-annual variations of NPP in relation to climate variability across three forest types in northern China,including a boreal forest dominated by Larix gmelinii Rupr.,and two temperate forests dominated by Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.and Quercus wutaishanica Mayr.,respectively,and studied the responses of NPP in these forests to predicted changes in climate for the periods 2011–40,2041–70 and 2070–100 under carbon emission scenarios A2 and B2 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.We simulated the responses of NPP to predicted changes in future climate as well as inter-annual variability of the present climate with the Biome-BGC version 4.2 based on site-and species-specific parameters.The modeled forest NPP data were validated against values in literature for similar types of forests and compared with inter-annual growth variations reflected by tree-ring width index(RWI)at the study sites.Important Findings Inter-annual variations in modeled NPP during the period 1960–06 were mostly consistent with the temporal patterns in RWI.There were contrasting responses of modeled NPP among the three forest types to inter-annual variability of the present climate as well as to predicted changes in future climate.The modeled NPP was positively related to annual mean air temperature in the L.gmelinii forest(P<0.001),but negatively in the P.tabulaeformis forest(P=0.05)and the Q.wutaishanica forest(P=0.03),while the relationships of modeled NPP with annual precipitation for the three forest types were all positive.Multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that temperature was a more important constraint of NPP than precipitation in the L.gmelinii forest,whereas precipitation appeared to be a prominent factor limiting the growth in P.tabulaeformis and Q.wutaishanica.Model simulations suggest marked,but differential increases in NPP across the three forest types with predicted changes in future climate.

Study on Water Conservation Capacity of Litter from Different Types of Forest in Caohai Basin

[Objective]The research aimed to understand water conservation capacity of litter from different forest types in Caohai basin. [Method] Current storage amount,water holding capacity and precipitation interception ability of litter from 4 types of forest were investigated and studied. [Result]The order of exist litter amount was grass slope >shrub forest >mixed broad leaf-conifer forest >coniferous forest. The order of natural water holding capacity was mixed broad leafconifer forest > coniferous forest > grass slope > shrub forest. The relevance between water holding capacity of litter and soaking time was in line with this formula: y = kln( x) + b. During 0-120 min of litter soaking,water holding capacity increased rapidly. After 120 min,the increasing trend remained flat until closing to the maximum water holding capacity. The relevance between water absorption rate of litter and soaking time was in line with this formula: y = a + bx-1. In the beginning of soaking,water absorption rates of litter from different woodlands showed great difference. As soaking time went by,water absorption rates of litter from different woodlands all declined sharply. During 0-120 min,declining velocity of water absorption rate was quicker. After 120 min,the declining trend tended to be slow. The maximum water holding capacity of litter presented the order of shrub forest > mixed broad leafconifer forest > grass slope > coniferous forest. The maximum precipitation interception amount of litter presented the order of shrub forest > grass slope > mixed broad leafconifer forest > coniferous forest. Effective impounding capacity of litter presented the order of shrub forest > mixed broad leafconifer forest > grass slope > coniferous forest. [Conclusion]The research could provide support for the construction of water conservation forest in Caohai basin.

Assessing impact of climate change on forest cover type shifts in Western Himalayan Eco-region

Climate is a critical factor affecting forest ecosystems and their capacity to produce goods and services. Effects of climate change on forests depend on ecosystem-specific factors including dimensions of climate (temperature, precipitation, drought, wind etc.). Available information is not sufficient to support a quantitative assessment of the ecological, social and economic consequences. The present study assessed shifts in forest cover types of Western Himalayan Eco-region (700?4500 m). 100 randomly selected samples (75 for training and 25 for testing the model), genetic algorithm of rule set parameters and climatic envelopes were used to assess the distribution of five prominent forest cover types (Temperate evergreen, Tropical semi-evergreen, Temperate conifer, Subtropical conifer, and Tropical moist deciduous forests). Modelling was conducted for four different scenarios, current scenario, changed precipitation (8% increase), changed temperature (1.07°C increase), and both changed temperature and precipitation. On increasing precipitation a downward shift in the temperate evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen was observed, while sub-tropical conifer and tropical moist-deciduous forests showed a slight upward shift and temperate conifer showed no shift. On increasing temperature, an upward shift in all forest types was observed except sub-tropical conifer forests without significant changes. When both temperature and precipitation were changed, the actual distribution was maintained and slight upward shift was observed in all the forest types except sub-tropical conifer. It is important to understand the likely impacts of the projected climate change on the forest ecosystems, so that better management and conservation strategies can be adopted for the biodiversity and forest dependent community. Knowledge of impact mechanisms also enables identification and mitigation of some of the conditions that increase vulnerability to climate change in the forest sector.

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura,Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura.Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family,103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH(diameter at breast height) using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha(10 m × 1000 m).Four different tree communities were identified.The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta(mean density 464.77 trees ha-1,105 species) and Schima wallichii(336.25 trees ha-1,82 species),while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis(333.88 trees ha-1,105 species) and Hevea brasiliensis(299.67 trees ha-1,82 species).Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m 2 ·ha-1 ;the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest(26.21 m 2 ·ha-1).Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities.No significant differences were observed in number of species,genera,family and tree basal cover area.Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities.Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumulation of native oligarchic small tree species.Seventeen species were recorded with <2 individuals of which Saraca asoka(Roxb.) de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides(L.) Merr.etc.extensively used in local ethno-medicinal formulations.The present S.robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer(105 species) than other reported studies.Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests.Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur.The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T.grandis L.dominated community.

Stand development patterns of forest cover types in the natural forests of northern Baekdudaegan in South Korea

The purpose of this study was to classify current forest cover types,and to investigate stand development patterns for natural forests in six areas in northern Baekdudaegan,South Korea.Twenty-eight independent forest communities were aggregated into eight forest cover types by species composition in the overstory of each forest community.The forest cover types were of mixed mesophytic,‘‘others' ' deciduous,Quercus mongolica dominant,Q.mongolica pure,Pinus densiflora–Q.mongolica,P.densiflora,Betula ermanii,and Q.mongolica–P.koraiensis.The ecological information was organized by importance value and species diversity for each forest type.Based on the correlation between species diversity index and the abundance of Q.mongolica plus P.densiflora for corresponding forest cover types,we compared the developmental process and approximate successional pathway between each cover type.The P.densiflora forest cover type changes into the P.densiflora–Q.mongolica cover type,followed by the Q.mongolica dominant cover type through continuous invasion of the oak trees.Furthermore,the Q.mongolica pure cover type would spread toward the Q.mongolica dominant cover type with a mixture of various deciduous tree species.The Q.mongolica dominant cover type progresses through the other deciduous cover types to the mixed mesophytic cover type with diversified composition and structure.On the mid to lower slopes,with loamy soils and good moisture conditions,various deciduous forest types should progress,by ecological succession,toward the mixed mesophytic cover type without any further disturbance.

The Relationships among Community Type, Peat Layer Thickness, Belowground Carbon Storage and Habitat Age of Mangrove Forests in Pohnpei Island, Micronesia

This paper quantifies the relationships among community type, peat layer thickness and habitat age of the mangrove forests in Pohnpei Island, Micronesia and provides a discussion concerning the primary succession and the belowground carbon storage of the main mangrove community types. The ages of the habitat were estimated from a relationship between the thickness of the mangrove peat layer and the formative period, which was decided by calibrated radiocarbon ages. Mangrove communities in the coral reef type habitat were generally arranged in the following order, from seaward to landward: 1) the Rhizophora stylosa or Sonneratia alba community (I or II communities), 2) the typical subunit of the S. alba subcommunity of the Rhizophora apiculata— Bruguiera gymnorrhiza community (III(2)a subunit) and 3) the Xylocarpus granatum subunit of the same subcommunity of the same community (III(2)b subunit). Their habitat ages were estimated to be younger than 460 years, between 360 and 1070 years and between 860 and 2300 years, respectively. Based on these results and other evidences such as photosynthetic characteristics and pollen analysis derived from the previous studies, the primary succession was inferred to have progressed in the order mentioned above. Belowground stored carbon for the main community types in the coral reef type habitat were estimated to be less than 370 t C ha-1 for the I and the II communities, between 290 and 860 t C ha-1 for the III(2)a subunit and between 700 and 1850 t C ha-1 for the III(2)b subunit.

Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest,Northeast China

Snow/wind damage is one of the important natural disturbances in forest ecosystems,especially in a montane secondary forest.However,the effects of snow/wind damage remain unclear which affects the management of these forests.Therefore,we investigated the responses of species,individual tree traits and stand structure to snow/wind damage in a montane secondary forest.Results show that,amongst the canopy trees,Betula costata exhibited the most uprooting,bending and overall damage ratio(the number of damaged stems to the total number of stems in a plot); Quercus mongolica showed the highest breakage ratio and Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica the least overall damage ratios.Among the subcanopy trees,Carpinus cordata,Acer mono,Acer tegmentosum and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the least uprooting and breakage,and the most bending damage.A.pseudo-sieboldianum demonstrated the lowest breakage and highest bending damage ratios.Thesefindings indicate that different species have various sensitivities to snow/wind damage.Larger trees(taller,wider crowns) tend to break and become uprooted,while smaller trees are bent or remain undamaged,suggesting that tree characteristics significantly influence the types of damage from snow and wind.Stands of Q.mongolica and B.costata had the highest damage ratios,whereas A.pseudosieboldianum had the lowest snapping ratio.In summary,the severity and type of snow/wind damage are related to individual tree attributes and stand-level characteristics.Therefore,selection of suitable species(e.g.,shorter,smaller with deep root systems,hard wood,bending resistance and compression resistance) and appropriate thinning are recommended for planting in the montane secondary forests.

Community structure and regeneration types of Betula dahurica forest in Badaling forest center of Beijing

Using plant community analysis methods, we analyzed the floristic characteristics, species composition, community structure, population structure, and spatial distribution patterns of a Betula dahurica forest on the “1238” mountain of Badaling in Beijing, China. The results show that: 1) There are 33 plant species in the B. dahurica community, including 18 woody plant spe- cies. The B. dahurica forest is a monodominant community with 75.9% dominance. 2) Based on diameter at breast height (DBH) size class distribution, the population structure of B. dahurica and Acer mono—two heliophyllous and pioneer tree species—is cascade-type, with both in an increasing stage. The population structure of Tilia mandshurica and T. mongolica, two shade-tolerant tree species, is inverse-J type, and they have more young seedling individuals and regenerate more stably. They are associated species of the pioneer tree species. The population structure of Quercus mongolica, as the associated species of climax species in the community, is sporadic, and its regeneration is fluctuating and random. Fraxinus rhynchophylla is a shade-tolerant tree species which has a unibar population structure and climax characteristics of pioneer tree species. The relative frequency of young seedlings reached 0.4. 3) The dominant species B. dahurica is still in an increasing stage, and the regeneration of other species is steady or partly influences the community, putting the community in the pioneer species stage. From the population structure and distribution frequency of F. rhynchophylla, the B. dahurica forest will approach to a climax state in the future.

Analysis and Assessment on the Heavy Metals in a Severely Degraded Subtropical Red Soil Region

5 different forests of Pinus massoniana, Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, P. massoniana × S. superba, P. massoniana × L. formosana as the research object were set up to study the Cr, Cu and Zn content of degraded red soil region in subtropics. The soil heavy metal pollution degree was evaluated by national environmental quality standard (II class). The results showed that three soil metals of P. massoniana × S. superba were the highest, and the soil metals enrichment ability was strong. The order of single factor pollution index of metal elements was Cu (1.38) > Cr (0.81) > Zn (0.42), and moderately pollution, pollution warning and no pollution, respectively. There was no significant correlation between three soil heavy metals and soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). These results suggested that the accumulation of heavy metal elements was not derived from the parent material of soil. There was a significant positive correlation between the three metal elements which indicated that the sources of the three elements were similar. The structural equation model showed that the direct and indirect effects among the influencing factors ultimately affected the activity of heavy metals by cascade effects.

三湖自然保护区不同林型葬甲科昆虫多样性

通过固定样地,采用地表陷阱法与拦截式诱捕器诱捕法相结合的方式连续采集葬甲科昆虫,了解吉林松花江三湖国家级自然保护区(以下简称“三湖自然保护区”)不同林型葬甲科昆虫多样性特征,对葬甲科昆虫群落与林型进行典范对应分析。结果显示:在三湖自然保护区共采集到葬甲科昆虫6属17种,其中,覆葬甲属(Nicrophorus)为优势属,优势种有5种;四星覆葬甲(Nicrophorus quadripunctatus)、尼覆葬甲(Nicrophorus nepalensis)和红带花葬甲(Nicrophorus investigator)对不同生境具有较强的适应性;葬甲科昆虫的物种数、个体数和α多样性特征指数在不同林型间均存在显著差异,表现为阔叶红松林>白桦林>阔叶混交林;阔叶红松林和白桦林中葬甲科昆虫的相似性最高,其他各林型间相似性较低。典范对应分析结果表明:葬甲科昆虫对阔叶红松林和白桦林的选择倾向性高于阔叶混交林,不同种类对林型的选择倾向性不同。

重庆四面山不同林分土壤抗蚀抗冲特征

为探讨重庆四面山地区不同林分土壤抗蚀抗冲特征,采用水浸试验和冲刷试验,计算土壤抗蚀指数与抗冲系数,对四面山4种林分类型(针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和楠竹林),共9个不同植物组成的林地土壤抗蚀抗冲特征进行研究。结果表明:1)阔叶林的抗蚀指数最大,楠竹林抗蚀指数最小,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤抗蚀性能减弱,天然针阔混交林土壤抗蚀指数上下层差异最大(1.92倍)。2)二次多项式函数能高度拟合不同林分土壤抗蚀指数与水浸时间的关系(R2>0.95),随着水浸时间的增加,不同林分土壤抗蚀性能下降。3)土层越深,土壤抗冲系数越大,抗冲性能越强,坡面上层土壤抗冲系数为下层的1.05~5.79倍。阔叶林的抗冲性优于其他林分。4)≤1和>1~3 mm根径的根系总根长与根长密度与土壤抗蚀指数显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤抗冲性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。土壤抗蚀性和抗冲系数与总根质量、根质量密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究结果可为重庆四面山水土保持措施布设、选择合理的植被恢复模式及配置方式提供理论依据。

滇中地区主要森林凋落物有效截留量及其影响因素

[目的]研究滇中地区主要森林类型凋落物有效截留量差异及其影响因素,为该地未来植被恢复和森林管理提供科学支撑。[方法]利用样方调查法、烘干法和浸泡法分析了昆明市双河—磨南德水源林自然保护区内的地带性次生常绿阔叶林(SF)、针阔混交林(TF)、旱冬瓜林(ACF)、华山松林(PA)、成熟云南松林(OPY)、幼龄云南松林(YPY)、银荆林(AD)7种主要森林类型凋落物未分解层(OL)和半分解层(OF)的有效截留量及其影响因素。[结果](1) 7种森林类型凋落物厚度为2.06~7.57 cm,其中OL层1.10~4.30 cm, OF层0.83~3.93 cm,凋落物层厚度排序为TF>ACF>PA>OPY>SF>AD>YPY,凋落物蓄积量为4.75~17.45 t/hm^(2),其中OL层占比为32.02%~62.48%,OF层占比为37.52%~67.98%,凋落物层蓄积量排序为TF>PA>SF>OPY>ACF>AD>YPY。(2)凋落物最大持水率为115.3%~170.7%,初始吸水速率为3.65~5.62 g/(g·h),凋落物持水率和浸水时间的关系可用对数函数y=aln(x)+b表示,吸水速率与浸水时间可用幂函数y=kt~n表示。(3)凋落物最大持水量为7.05~32.19 t/hm^(2),排序为PA>TF>SF>OPY>ACF>AD>YPY,有效截留量为5.45~25.34 t/hm^(2),以TF最高(25.34t/hm^(2)),PA(24.99 t/hm^(2))和SF(24.62 t/hm^(2))次之,YPY最低(5.45t/hm^(2)),影响有效截留量的场地特征主要为蓄积量、自然含水率、分解强度以及厚度,影响有效截留量的水动力过程主要是最大失水量、前6.0 h平均吸水速率和前2.0 h平均吸水速率。[结论]滇中地区未来植树造林应以针阔混交林为主,注重对地带性次生常绿阔叶林的保育,采取辅助自然更新的措施促进人工纯林向混交林演化,同时减少踩踏、收集凋落物等人类活动的干扰,从而增加森林生态系统凋落物的水源涵养能力。

联合多时相GF-6 WFV和Sentinel-2的森林类型识别

【目的】我国南方地区多云雨,地型较破碎,森林类型精细识别较为困难,探讨联合多源、多时相的遥感数据对森林类型识别具有重要意义。【方法】以江西省信丰县为研究区,基于2019年森林资源二类调查数据,将森林划分为松林、杉木林、阔叶林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林和其他林地等8种类型,利用随机森林算法比较GF-6 WFV和Sentinel-2最佳时相相同波段(紫/深蓝、蓝、绿、红、近红外、红边)和不同波段(黄边、短波红外)的森林类型识别能力,构建联合光谱特征集。联合多时相GF-6 WFV和Sentinel-2,构建多时相植被指数特征集,结合联合光谱特征集、纹理特征和地形特征,通过随机森林和递归消除法构建特征变量优选数据集进行森林类型识别,利用混淆矩阵和森林类型的实际分布对识别结果进行精度验证。【结果】(1)GF-6 WFV蓝、绿和红波段组合的总体精度为58.31%,分别加入紫、近红外、红边、黄边和Sentinel-2短波红外波段后,其总体精度分别提高1.99%、8.90%、10.71%、1.50%和14.10%;Sentinel-2蓝、绿和红波段组合的总体精度为54.68%,分别加入深蓝、近红外、红边、短波红外和GF-6 WFV黄边波段后,其总体精度分别提高3.30%、10.82%、12.92%、17.31%和3.97%。(2)特征变量优选数据集的总体精度和Kappa系数为80.80%和75.56%,贡献程度大小依次为GF-6 WFV多时相植被指数、Sentinel-2多时相植被指数、GF-6 WFV光谱特征、Sentinel-2光谱特征、地形特征和纹理特征,贡献率分别为40.44%、23.23%、18.12%、10.21%、4.61%和3.39%。(3)松林、杉木林、阔叶林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林和其他林地的制图精度分别为86.97%、85.60%、88.61%、9.43%、19.01%、53.60%、86.90%和82.56%,用户精度分别为81.42%、79.79%、77.57%、71.43%、81.82%、67.00%、87.74%和82.88%,识别结果与研究区实际森林类型分布较吻合。【结论】联合多时相GF-6 WFV和Sentinel-2可以综合多时相、多源影像的优点,能够有效提高森林类型的识别精度。

喀斯特林地细根碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的季节变化及其影响因子

植物细根养分生态化学计量特征是植被适应土壤环境的一种策略。为了解喀斯特地区不同林地类型细根碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)的生态化学计量比值的季节变化及其影响因素,该文研究了喀斯特地区灌木林和乔木林活细根和死细根的C、N、P含量和比值及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)总体上乔木林两类细根C、N、P含量高于灌木林,表明乔木物种细根对养分的吸收和储存比灌木物种更强。另外,两种林地类型活细根C含量显著高于死细根(P<0.05),而活细根N、P含量则低于死细根。(2)两种林地类型的两类细根C含量在雨季均低于旱季;灌木林活细根N、P含量在雨季高于旱季,而乔木林相反。灌木林活细根C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值在雨季均低于旱季;乔木林两类细根的C∶N和C∶P比值在雨季高于旱季,而N∶P比值则是雨季低于旱季。雨季较低的活细根N∶P比值,表明灌木林和乔木林的植物在雨季的P限制程度较低。(3)两种林地类型上坡两类细根的C含量均高于中坡和下坡,而灌木林下坡N、P含量相对较高,乔木林中坡N、P含量相对较高;灌木林上坡两类细根C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比值相对较高,乔木林下坡两类细根的C∶N比值高于其他坡位而C∶P和N∶P比值是上坡高于其他坡位,表明两种林地中的植物在上坡受P限制影响较强,在中下坡受影响较弱。(4)冗余分析表明,林地类型、有效磷、季节是细根C、N、P养分含量及比值的主要影响因子,它们的单独解释量分别为18.8%、6.6%、6.5%。上述结果表明,在人工促进植被恢复时应考虑适当的林地类型、季节以及坡位差异造成的N∶P比值变化的影响,以便加快喀斯特生态系统的恢复。

中国森林生态系统林冠层降雨截留特征

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,其发达的林冠层通过调节降水量、改变降水强度等深刻影响着流域全过程水文通量及水分输出。以中国广泛开展的典型森林降雨再分配过程的年尺度监测数据为基础,揭示中国不同类型森林生态系统的降雨再分配及林冠层降雨截留特征,阐明森林生态系统林冠层截留特征与降雨、植被要素的关系。结果表明:我国不同森林生态系统年穿透雨量处于141.4—2450.0 mm之间,年穿透雨率为36.3%—92.3%。5种典型森林生态系统多年平均穿透雨量((445.3±252.9)—(1230.6±479.6)mm)占同期多年平均降雨量的(72.6±9.2)%—(77.4±8.9)%。不同森林生态系统年树干茎流量介于0—508.2 mm之间,占同期年降雨量的0—25.8%。5种典型森林生态系统树干茎流量多年平均值((9.8±17.3)—(87.8±81.6)mm)占同期多年平均降雨量的(1.4±1.9)%—(5.4±4.6)%。不同森林生态系统林冠层年降雨截留范围在25.7—812.9 mm之间,占年降雨量的4.2%—55.6%。5种典型森林生态系统多年平均林冠截留量((154.2±81.6)—(392.2±203.5)mm)占同期年平均降雨量的(18.7±7.4)%—(25.9±8.3)%。进一步分析表明,我国森林生态系统穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠层截留量随观测区年降雨量的增加而呈显著增大(P<0.05),年穿透雨率、年树干茎流率随年降雨量的增加呈显著线性上升趋势(P<0.05),而年林冠截留率与年降雨量呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),降雨量、叶面积指数是深刻影响森林生态系统林冠层降雨截留率等特征的重要因素。整体上,不同类型森林生态系统林冠截留降雨能力存在明显差异,林冠层截留率突出表现为:落叶林大于常绿林、针叶林大于阔叶林。