There is a worldwide consensus that excessive anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will lead to global warming and other environmental problems.Supports from regulations and policies have gradually implemented in th...There is a worldwide consensus that excessive anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will lead to global warming and other environmental problems.Supports from regulations and policies have gradually implemented in this area.As one of the most discussed policies,the carbon emissions trading schemes(CETS)has an advantage in its price-oriented and cost-saving characteristics.In this paper,we analyze and assess the CETS effect from static and dynamic perspectives by applying provincial panel data covering a period ranging from 2004 to 2017.The CETS policy has a significant constraining effect on both carbon emissions and primary energy consumption.Compared to the other two uncertainties,namely the energy price uncertainty and the technology uncertainty,the carbon permit price uncertainty has a relatively smooth impact on the economy,which is being pursued consistently by the policymakers.展开更多
Novel technologies in consideration of industrial sustainability(IS)are in urgent need to satisfy the increasing demands from the society.IS realizes the production of materials while maintaining environmental and res...Novel technologies in consideration of industrial sustainability(IS)are in urgent need to satisfy the increasing demands from the society.IS realizes the production of materials while maintaining environmental and resource sustainability.The chemical materials used in CO2 capture and storage(CCS)technologies play a significant role in the disposal of greenhouse gas emissions coming from large stationary fossil-fired power plants,which breaks the principle of IS and brings severe environmental problems.This study aims at providing a detailed review of first-principles modeling(density functional theory,DFT)of materials in CO2 capture technologies.DFT analysis provides insight into the atomic properties of the studied systems and builds an efficient guidance of the future design of the materials used in CO2 capture technologies.Major materials including oxygen carriers,metal organic frameworks,membranes,zeolites,ionic liquids and some other promising candidates are considered.The computational studies bring the outcomes of the adsorption behaviors,structural characteristics and accurate force fields of the studied materials in short turn-around times at low cost.This review can stimulate the design of novel materials with specific target of CO2 capture and promote the industrial sustainability of fossil fuel combustion technologies.展开更多
Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries...Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries.Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))in the atmosphere.For the first time,we have presented a detailed analysis on the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))over India using radiocarbon(Δ14C)measurements during three-year period.Analysis shows that theΔ14C values are varying between 29.33‰ to-34.06‰ across India in the year 2017,where highest value belongs to a location from Gujarat while lowest value belongs to a location from Chhattisgarh.Based on the14C patterns,spatial distributions of CO_(2ff) mole fractions have been determined over India and the calculated values of CO_(2ff) mole fractions are varying between 4.85 ppm to 26.59 ppm across India.It is also noticed that the highest CO_(2ff) mole fraction is observed as 26.59 ppm from a site in Chhattisgarh.CO_(2ff) mole fraction values from four high altitude sites are found to be varied between 4.85 ppm to 14.87 ppm.Effect of sampling different crop plants from the same growing season and different crop plant organs(grains,leaves,stems)on theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) have been studied.Annual and intra seasonal variations in theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) mole fractions have also been analyzed from a rural location(Dholpur,Rajasthan).展开更多
Carbon dioxide rise, swing and spread (seasonal fluctuations) are addressed in this study. Actual CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were used rather than dry values. The dry values are artificially higher beca...Carbon dioxide rise, swing and spread (seasonal fluctuations) are addressed in this study. Actual CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were used rather than dry values. The dry values are artificially higher because water vapor must be removed in order for the NDIR instrument to work and is not factored back into the reported numbers. Articles addressing these observations express opinions that are divergent and often conflicting. This investigation resolves many of those inconsistencies. The data were obtained from many measuring stations at various latitudes since 1972 and then graphical compared to changes in sea temperatures, fossil fuel emissions, humidity, and seasonal ice and snow changes. In analyzing the data, various parameters were addressed including: variability, R squared curve values, correlations between curves, residence times, absorption percentages, and Troposphere effects. Mass balance calculations were also made to corroborate viability. The CO<sub>2</sub> “rise” over a 33-year period from a slight ocean temperature increase (0.7°F) contributed 2.3 percent of the total rise while fossil fuel emissions contributed 1.5 percent. The overwhelming majority (60 ppmv, 96%+) was caused by other factors including ocean and land biology as well potential errors in fundamental hypotheses. With respect to “spread” (seasonal CO<sub>2</sub> fluctuations) at the Polar Circles, graphical analysis with high correlations supported by mass balance calculations confirm that ice and snow are the primary cause and explain why the concentrations are the highest at these cold locations. The global variations in “swing” remain uncertain.展开更多
If substantial amounts of CO_(2),which according to actual scenarios may in the future be captured from industrial processes and power generation,shall be utilized effectively,scalable energy efficient technologies wi...If substantial amounts of CO_(2),which according to actual scenarios may in the future be captured from industrial processes and power generation,shall be utilized effectively,scalable energy efficient technologies will be required.Thus,a survey was performed to assess a large variety of applications utilizing CO_(2) chemically(e.g.,production of synthesis-gas,methanol synthesis),biologically(e.g.,CO_(2) as fertilizer in green houses,production of algae),or physically(enhancement of fossil fuel recovery,use as refrigerant).For each of the processes,material and energy balances were set up.Starting with pure CO_(2) at standard conditions,expenditure for transport and further process specific treatment were included.Based on these calculations,the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions by applying the discussed technologies was evaluated.Based on the currently available technologies,applications for enhanced fossil fuel recovery turn out to be most attractive regarding the potential of utilizing large quantities of CO_(2)(total capacity>1000 Gt CO_(2))and producing significant amounts of marketable products on one hand and having good energy and material balances on the other hand(t_(CO_(2)-emitted)/t_(CO_(2)-utilized)<0.2-0.4).Nevertheless,large scale chemical fixation of CO_(2)providing valuable products like fuels is worth considering,if carbon-free energy sources are used to provide the process energy and H2 being essential as a reactant in a lot of chemical processes(e.g.,production of DME:t_(CO_(2)-emitted)/t_(CO_(2)-utilized)>0.34).Biological processes such as CO_(2) fixation using microalgae look attractive as long as energy and CO_(2) balance are considered.However,the development of effective photobioreactors for growing algae with low requirements for footprint area is a challenge.展开更多
基金The authors are grateful for the financial supportive from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71473010)and(41701635).
文摘There is a worldwide consensus that excessive anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will lead to global warming and other environmental problems.Supports from regulations and policies have gradually implemented in this area.As one of the most discussed policies,the carbon emissions trading schemes(CETS)has an advantage in its price-oriented and cost-saving characteristics.In this paper,we analyze and assess the CETS effect from static and dynamic perspectives by applying provincial panel data covering a period ranging from 2004 to 2017.The CETS policy has a significant constraining effect on both carbon emissions and primary energy consumption.Compared to the other two uncertainties,namely the energy price uncertainty and the technology uncertainty,the carbon permit price uncertainty has a relatively smooth impact on the economy,which is being pursued consistently by the policymakers.
基金support provided by the Chinese Scholarship Council to develop this research
文摘Novel technologies in consideration of industrial sustainability(IS)are in urgent need to satisfy the increasing demands from the society.IS realizes the production of materials while maintaining environmental and resource sustainability.The chemical materials used in CO2 capture and storage(CCS)technologies play a significant role in the disposal of greenhouse gas emissions coming from large stationary fossil-fired power plants,which breaks the principle of IS and brings severe environmental problems.This study aims at providing a detailed review of first-principles modeling(density functional theory,DFT)of materials in CO2 capture technologies.DFT analysis provides insight into the atomic properties of the studied systems and builds an efficient guidance of the future design of the materials used in CO2 capture technologies.Major materials including oxygen carriers,metal organic frameworks,membranes,zeolites,ionic liquids and some other promising candidates are considered.The computational studies bring the outcomes of the adsorption behaviors,structural characteristics and accurate force fields of the studied materials in short turn-around times at low cost.This review can stimulate the design of novel materials with specific target of CO2 capture and promote the industrial sustainability of fossil fuel combustion technologies.
文摘Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries.Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))in the atmosphere.For the first time,we have presented a detailed analysis on the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))over India using radiocarbon(Δ14C)measurements during three-year period.Analysis shows that theΔ14C values are varying between 29.33‰ to-34.06‰ across India in the year 2017,where highest value belongs to a location from Gujarat while lowest value belongs to a location from Chhattisgarh.Based on the14C patterns,spatial distributions of CO_(2ff) mole fractions have been determined over India and the calculated values of CO_(2ff) mole fractions are varying between 4.85 ppm to 26.59 ppm across India.It is also noticed that the highest CO_(2ff) mole fraction is observed as 26.59 ppm from a site in Chhattisgarh.CO_(2ff) mole fraction values from four high altitude sites are found to be varied between 4.85 ppm to 14.87 ppm.Effect of sampling different crop plants from the same growing season and different crop plant organs(grains,leaves,stems)on theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) have been studied.Annual and intra seasonal variations in theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) mole fractions have also been analyzed from a rural location(Dholpur,Rajasthan).
文摘Carbon dioxide rise, swing and spread (seasonal fluctuations) are addressed in this study. Actual CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were used rather than dry values. The dry values are artificially higher because water vapor must be removed in order for the NDIR instrument to work and is not factored back into the reported numbers. Articles addressing these observations express opinions that are divergent and often conflicting. This investigation resolves many of those inconsistencies. The data were obtained from many measuring stations at various latitudes since 1972 and then graphical compared to changes in sea temperatures, fossil fuel emissions, humidity, and seasonal ice and snow changes. In analyzing the data, various parameters were addressed including: variability, R squared curve values, correlations between curves, residence times, absorption percentages, and Troposphere effects. Mass balance calculations were also made to corroborate viability. The CO<sub>2</sub> “rise” over a 33-year period from a slight ocean temperature increase (0.7°F) contributed 2.3 percent of the total rise while fossil fuel emissions contributed 1.5 percent. The overwhelming majority (60 ppmv, 96%+) was caused by other factors including ocean and land biology as well potential errors in fundamental hypotheses. With respect to “spread” (seasonal CO<sub>2</sub> fluctuations) at the Polar Circles, graphical analysis with high correlations supported by mass balance calculations confirm that ice and snow are the primary cause and explain why the concentrations are the highest at these cold locations. The global variations in “swing” remain uncertain.
文摘If substantial amounts of CO_(2),which according to actual scenarios may in the future be captured from industrial processes and power generation,shall be utilized effectively,scalable energy efficient technologies will be required.Thus,a survey was performed to assess a large variety of applications utilizing CO_(2) chemically(e.g.,production of synthesis-gas,methanol synthesis),biologically(e.g.,CO_(2) as fertilizer in green houses,production of algae),or physically(enhancement of fossil fuel recovery,use as refrigerant).For each of the processes,material and energy balances were set up.Starting with pure CO_(2) at standard conditions,expenditure for transport and further process specific treatment were included.Based on these calculations,the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions by applying the discussed technologies was evaluated.Based on the currently available technologies,applications for enhanced fossil fuel recovery turn out to be most attractive regarding the potential of utilizing large quantities of CO_(2)(total capacity>1000 Gt CO_(2))and producing significant amounts of marketable products on one hand and having good energy and material balances on the other hand(t_(CO_(2)-emitted)/t_(CO_(2)-utilized)<0.2-0.4).Nevertheless,large scale chemical fixation of CO_(2)providing valuable products like fuels is worth considering,if carbon-free energy sources are used to provide the process energy and H2 being essential as a reactant in a lot of chemical processes(e.g.,production of DME:t_(CO_(2)-emitted)/t_(CO_(2)-utilized)>0.34).Biological processes such as CO_(2) fixation using microalgae look attractive as long as energy and CO_(2) balance are considered.However,the development of effective photobioreactors for growing algae with low requirements for footprint area is a challenge.
