公交-合乘车道优化设计的多目标双层规划模型

为提高公交专用道利用率,构建了公交-合乘车道(bus-HOV lanes)优化设计的多目标双层规划模型。该模型上层最小化交通总阻抗、公交运营成本和车辆排放;下层考虑非合乘车、合乘车和公交车实现多方式交通网络用户均衡;由快速非支配排序遗传算法求解,其下层由相继平均法和连续权重平均法求解;并使用Nguyen-Dupuis网络验证模型及其求解算法。结果表明:所给算法能有效获得公交-合乘车道设置方案的Pareto最优解集;合理的公交-合乘车道设置方案能有效促进合乘出行;相比不设置公交-合乘车道,全部和部分合乘车进入公交-合乘车道分别使交通总阻抗降低-0.007%~1.088%和0.038%~4.493%,使公交运营成本上升1.057%~3.864%和4.011%~5.611%,使车辆排放减少-7.598%~-1.111%和-0.677%~3.526%;当起讫点(OD)对客流量不低于其临界值,设置公交-合乘车道有利于增加公交车客流量。

Research progress and development trends of highway tunnels in China

The highway tunnel system in China has in recent years surpassed Europe, the United States, and other developed countries in terms of mileage, scale, complexity, and technical achievement. Much scientific research has been conducted, and the results have greatly facilitated the rapid development of China＇s highway tunnel building capacity. This article presents the historical development of highway tunneling in China, according to specific charac- teristics based on construction and operation. It provides a systematic analysis of the major achievements and chal- lenges with respect to construction techniques, operation, monitoring, repair, and maintenance. Together with future trends of highway tunneling in China, suggestions have been made for further research, and development prospects have been identified with the for a Chinese-style highway aim of laying the foundation tunnel construction method and technical architecture.

Effects of fundamental structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel under hydrodynamic loads

This paper investigates the effects of structure parameters on dynamic responses of submerged floating tunnel （SFT） under hydrodynamic loads. The structure parameters includes buoyancy-weight ratio （BWR）, stiffness coefficients of the cable systems, tunnel net buoyancy and tunnel length. First, the importance of structural damp in relation to the dynamic responses of SPT is demonstrated and the mechanism of structural damp effect is discussed. Thereafter, the fundamental structure parameters are investigated through the analysis of SFT dynamic responses under hydrodynamic loads. The results indicate that the BWR of SFT is a key structure parameter. When BWR is 1.2, there is a remarkable trend change in the vertical dynamic response of SFT under hydrodynamic loads. The results also indicate that the ratio of the tunnel net buoyancy to the cable stiffness coefficient is not a characteristic factor affecting the dynamic responses of SFT under hydrodynamic loads.

Experimental analysis of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the X^2-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions （pdf＇s） of the sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical com- ponents are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions, These pdf＇s depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.

An analytic study on the deflection of subway tunnel due to adjacent excavation of foundation pit

Predicting and estimating the response of sub- way tunnel to adjacent excavation of foundation pit is a research focus in the field of underground engineering. Based on the principle of two-stage method and incre- mental method, an analytic approach is suggested in this paper to solve this problem in an accurate and rapid way, and the upheavals of tunnel due to adjacent excavation are solved by analytic method. Besides, the presented method is used in the practical engineering case of Shenzhen Metro Line 11 and verified by numerical simulation and in situ measurement. Finally, a parametric analysis is performed to investigate the influence of different factors on tunnel＇s deflection. Some useful conclusions have been drawn from the research as below： The deflection results of tunnel obtained from analytic method are nearly consistent with the results getting from numerical analysis and measured data, which verified the accuracy and rationality of pre- sented method. The excavation size has a significant impact on both the displacement values and influenced range of tunnel. However, the relative distance only impacts the displacement values of tunnel, but not the influenced range of tunnel. It may provide certain reference to analyze the deflection of subway tunnel influenced by adjacent excavation.

Enhanced piezoresistivity in Ni-silicone rubber composites

This paper reports that the nickel-silicone rubber composites with enhanced piezoresistivity were synthesized with much reduced nickel concentration. A large piezosensitivity of 0.716/kPa and a gauge factor of 600 have been obtained for a composite sample with filler-polymer ratio of 2.7：1 by weight. Measurements of resistance as a function of uniaxial force reveal that the piezoresistance arises predominantly from the internal heterogeneity of the material and the effect of geometrical changes of samples under pressure is negleetably small. The nonlinear current-voltage characteristic of the composite depends strongly on the filler content, the initial compression and the electrical current flowing in the sample. Ohmic behaviour has been observed only in the highly compressed samples. The breakdown strength decreases with increasing filler content of the composite. Both I - V and R - f characteristics indicates that the resistivity of the composites decreases with electrical field, suggesting that the composite may also be used to make voltage sensitive resistors for protecting circuits. All the experimental results favour a quantum tunnelling mechanism of conductivity. It finds that the concept ＇negative resistance＇, often used to describe the phenomena that current decreases with increasing voltage, is not appropriate and should be avoided.

Aeroelastic modeling of wind loading on a cable-net supported glass wall

Wind loading study on a cable-net supported glass wall is conducted by means of wind tunnel tests. An equiva- lent aeroelastic model is designed and constructed. Response of displacements of the wall is measured and analyzed. In order to design a glass wall under wind loading, the ＂wind- vibration factor＂ is estimated and discussed. In fact, the mech- anism of wind acting on the wall is commonly known not only as positive pressure, but also as negative pressure caused by the flow separation on the corners of the building. Due to the diffidence in the mechanism of wind acting, two typi- cal response cases are classified. The results show that the dynamic response of the structure caused by the negative pressure is stronger than that of the positive pressure case. To determine the aerodynamic wind loading on a flexible part of structure on a building, wind tunnel study may be useful and play an important role.

Characteristics of lateral vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic with weak lane discipline

Heterogeneous traffic conditions prevail in developing countries. Vehicles maintain weak lane discipline which increases lateral interactions of vehicles significantly. It is necessary to study these interactions in the form of maintained lateral gaps for modeling this traffic scenario. This paper aims at determining lateral clearances maintained by different vehicle types while moving in a heterogeneous traffic stream during overtaking. These data were collected using an instrumented vehicle which runs as a part of the stream. Variation of obtained clearance with average speed of interacting vehicles is studied and modeled. Different instrumented vehicles of various types are developed using （1） ultrasonic sensors fixed on both sides of vehicle, which provide inter-vehicular lateral distance and relative speed; and （2） GPS device with cameras, which provides vehicle type and speed of interacting vehicles. They are driven on different roads in six cities of India, to measure lateral gaps maintained with different interacting vehicles at different speeds. Relationships between lateral gaps and speed are modeled as regression lines with positive slopes and beta-distributed residuals. Nature of these graphs （i.e., slopes, intercepts, residuals） are also evaluated and compared for different interacting vehicle-type pairs. It is observed that similar vehicle pairs maintain less lateral clearance than dissimilar vehicle pairs. If a vehicle interacts with two vehicles （one on each side） simultaneously, lateral clearance is reduced and safety of the vehicles is compromised. The obtained relationships can be used for simulating lateral clearance maintaining behavior of vehicles in heterogeneous traffic.

Experimental study on correlation between turbulence and sound in a subsonic wind tunnel

In this paper, the effects of turbulence on sound generation and velocity fluctuations due to pressure waves in a large subsonic wind tunnel are studied. A trip strip located at different positions in the contraction part or at one position in the diffuser of a large wind tunnel is used to investigate the aforementioned phenomenon, and the results indicate that the trip strip has significant effects on sound reduction. The lowest turbulence intensity and sound are obtained from a trip strip with a diameter of 0.91 mm located either at X/L = 0.79 or at X/L = 0.115 in the wide portion of the contraction. Furthermore, the effect of monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources of aerodynamic noise at different velocities is investigated, and it is demonstrated that the contribution of the monopole is dominant, while the shares due to the dipole and quadrupole remain less important. In addition, it is found that the sound waves have a modest impact on the measured longitudinal turbulence and are generated essentially by eddies.

Stabilization variation of organic conductor surfaces induced by π-π stacking interactions

The structures and stabilization of three crystal surfaces of TCNQ-based charge transfer complexes（CTCs） including PrQ（TCNQ） 2,MPM（TCNQ） 2,and MEM（TCNQ） 2,have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy（STM）.The three bulk-truncated surfaces are all ac-surface,which are terminated with TCNQ molecular arrays.On the ac-surface of PrQ（TCNQ） 2,the TCNQ molecules form a tetramer structure with a wavelike row behavior and a 纬 angle of about 18掳 between adjacent molecules.Moreover,the dimer structures are resolved on both ac-surfaces of MPM（TCNQ） 2 and MEM（TCNQ） 2.In addition,the tetramer structure is the most stable structure,while the dimer structures are unstable and easily subject to the STM tip disturbance,which results in changeable unit cells.The main reasons for the surface stabilization variation among the three ac-surfaces are provided by using the ＇蟺-atom model＇.

Formation and local electronic structure of Ge clusters on Si（111）-7×7 surfaces

We report the formation and local electronic structure of Ge clusters on the Si（111）-7×7 surface studied by using variable temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy （VT-STM） and low-temperature scanning tunnelling spectroscopy （STS）. Atom-resolved STM images reveal that the Ce atoms are prone to forming clusters with 1.0 nm in diameter for coverage up to 0.12 ML. Such Ce clusters preferentially nucleate at the centre of the faulted-half unit cells, leading to the ＇dark sites＇ of Si centre adatoms from the surrounding three unfaulted-half unit cells in filled-state images. Biasdependent STM images show the charge transfer from the neighbouring Si adatoms to Ce clusters. Low-temperature STS of the Ce clusters reveals that there is a band gap on the Ce cluster and the large voltage threshold is about 0.9 V.

Band Gap Opening of Graphene by Noncovalent π-π Interaction with Porphyrins

Graphene has been recognized as a promising 2D material with many new properties. However, pristine graphene is gapless which hinders its direct application towards graphene-based semiconducting devices. Recently, various ways have been proposed to overcome this problem. In this study, we report a robust method to open a gap in graphene via noncovalent functionalization with porphyrin molecules. Two type of porphyrins, namely, iron protoporphyrin (FePP) and zinc protoporphryin (ZnPP) were independently physisorbed on graphene grown on nickel by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) resulting in a bandgap opening in graphene. Using a statistical analysis of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements, we demonstrated that the magnitude of the band gap depends on the type of deposited porphyrin molecule.The π-π stacking of FePP on graphene yielded a considerably larger band gap value (0.45 eV) than physisorbed ZnPP (0.23 eV). We proposed that the origin of different band gap value is governed due to the metallic character of the respective porphyrin.

城市干路穿河隧道总体设计要点研究--以嘉兴市庆丰路隧道建设工程为例

对嘉兴市首条主干路穿河隧道--庆丰路隧道的总体设计及其分析、比选过程进行了详细介绍,结合该工程实例,并在《城市道路路线设计规范》(CJJ 193—2012)中关于总体设计要求的基础上,进一步总结城市干路穿河隧道总体设计要点。

高桥隧比条件下桥隧相连的隧道洞口联络道设计探讨——以重庆巫溪至陕西镇坪高速公路为例

为确定高桥隧比条件下高速公路桥隧相连的特长隧道洞口联络道的转换长度和结构形式,采用数值模拟方法,选用18.1 m的长头铰接列车为典型车辆,针对10 m~30 m五种左右幅间距及0°~45°四种行驶转换角度,模拟车辆行驶轨迹并计算联络道通行的最小长度。结果表明:1)在满足转换车道基本长度的前提下,模拟隧道洞口联络道推荐长度采用30 m或40 m;2)基于模拟结果推荐的联络道长度,为超高桥隧比的巫镇高速隧道洞口联络道设计提供了重要的基础依据;3)在运营期间,该高速的洞口联络道实现了养护维修或异常工况下的交通转换,有效提升了道路防灾减灾和运营养护能力,为类似工程的设计提供了有益参考。

城市连续隧道交织区主线交织车辆换道点选择行为研究

基于城市连续隧道交织区分析主线交织车辆换道点选择行为,以实地采集的车行轨迹数据为基础,利用随机森林模型分析主线车辆换道点选择行为特征及影响行为决策的影响因素,而后分别采用支持向量机模型与随机森林模型进行换道点选择行为决策建模和对比分析。研究结果表明:影响主线交织车辆换道点选择的主要因素为目标车辆状态以及本车道的后车状态,且经特征筛选之后建立换道决策模型的精度更高,其中支持向量机模型可以较好的刻画换道行为,模型的预测精度不低于85%。研究成果有助于在仿真模型中更准确描述换道点选择行为,同时为城市连续隧道交织区的优化和辅助驾驶策略制定提供支撑。

基于静力推覆试验的4车道公路隧道围岩压力计算模型研究

以典型4车道公路隧道为原型,开展缩尺模型的静力推覆试验,重点关注地层位移、地层裂缝、围岩压力随推覆位移的发展规律,并与2车道隧道的试验结果展开对比。试验结果表明:(1)地层以起拱线为界发生相反方向位移进而产生裂缝,因此计算模型中起裂点位置应由边墙底部修正为起拱线处。(2)地层在推覆作用下沿隧道环向平顺滑移且大角度偏转倾斜,因此计算模型中潜在滑移面应由恒定竖直修正为线性倾斜。在此基础上,探讨了围岩压力计算模型假定在4车道隧道中的适用性,提出适用于4车道公路隧道的围岩压力修正计算模型。研究成果可为4车道公路隧道的抗震计算/验算提供试验依据与技术支撑,为围岩压力计算模型的进一步完善提供参考。

神东矿区煤矿掘进工艺及装备智能化技术研究

为了实现神东煤炭集团煤矿巷道掘进由人控到数控、由自动到智能的全面提速,分析了神东矿区煤矿单巷掘进、双巷掘进、大断面切眼贯通的工艺及设备配套技术现状,研究了智能化掘锚一体机、智能化连续采煤机、智能掘锚一体机惯性导航技术、成套智能化掘进技术、近端AI识别和远程云控制技术等掘进设备智能化技术,同时研究了预埋孔钻进机器人、智能化管路抓举设备、智能化防爆柴油开槽机、电缆自动收放车辆、智能清仓机器人等掘进辅助作业设备及技术。在此基础上给出神东煤炭集团煤矿掘进智能化发展建议,即:加快推广掘锚一体化生产工艺、发展5G无线网络技术、完善透明地质保障系统等,从根源上解决智能设备自主可控、智能互联、安全可信等关键问题。

3车道瓦斯隧道通风流场及瓦斯运移规律研究

为有效进行大断面公路瓦斯隧道施工期通风降气,以古金高速公路大梁子隧道工程为依托,采用SCDM软件建立2台阶带仰拱的计算模型,使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,揭示在不同台阶长度、风筒出风口距掌子面距离、双风筒布设形式下,隧道掌子面及附近区域的通风流场特征和瓦斯运移规律,并结合现场监测数据进行验证。研究结果表明:1)流场在通风20 min后基本稳定,上台阶和仰拱段会形成涡流阻碍瓦斯的运移、扩散和稀释,在风筒非对称布设情况下,掌子面风筒对侧的墙角处出现瓦斯积聚现象;2)隧道内通风降气效果的敏感性影响因素排序为双风筒及布设形式>风筒出风口距掌子面距离>台阶长度,建议优先采用双风筒同侧布设送风,其次调整风筒出风口距掌子面距离为20~25 m和台阶长度为15~20 m;3)采用双风筒同侧布设通风时,掌子面及附近区域风速提高、瓦斯体积分数大幅降低,且施工现场开展的送风试验与数值计算结果吻合度高,验证了双风筒同侧送风的可靠性。

300 m^(2)级5车道隧道九硐室施工力学特性数值计算

针对深圳侨城东路宝鹏大型地下互通式立交涉及的300 m^(2)级5车道超大断面隧道,开展施工技术方案及结构受力研究.首先,提出一套“分硐室开挖+衬砌加强支护”的超大断面隧道九硐室开挖施工技术.然后,结合隧道几何尺寸及支护方案,建立Midas三维有限元数值计算模型探究5车道超大断面隧道开挖施工动态力学响应特性.最后,提取隧道各分部结构应力云图,统计特征测点应力及位移监测曲线.研究结果表明:施工期间需采用超前小导管+管棚注浆措施对围岩进行预加固;现场需通过双侧壁导坑+双临时横撑构成九硐室开挖工法,并采用双层初期支护+加强加厚二次衬砌支护方案;现场开挖施工后结构应力与位移呈现快速增加趋势,而后隧掌子面不断前移各统计曲线逐步趋于平稳;围岩压力峰值可达2.01 MPa,拱顶位置超前小导管内力值最大为10 kN,两侧拱腰位置管棚内力最高为20 kN,拱腰及拱脚位置钢拱架内力最大为113 kN,拱肩位置锁脚锚杆内力在第66开挖施工步达到18 kN;初支结构测点应力峰值为2.4 MPa;初支拱顶、拱肩部位沉降峰值分别为12.4、6.8 mm;管棚、锁脚锚杆等结构联合支护效果明显.

长隧道路段货车限道措施的数值模拟——以甬莞高速角洞岙隧道路段为例

基于实际交通录像分析得出的边界条件和货车影响距离,提出了含有长隧道的双车道元胞自动机交通流模型.模拟结果与实际交通数据对比,吻合较好,表明模型能够准确反映实际交通流的特性.数值模拟显示,货车的存在增加了隧道路段交通拥堵的发生概率,且这种影响随货车比增加而增强.为降低货车对隧道交通的影响,提出了货车限道措施,并开展数值模拟,结果表明,货车限道措施能显著提升左车道的车速,在大进车率时也能提升右车道的车速,在高货车比时流量提升效果显著.