Research on Vehicle Control Technology Using Four-Wheel Independent Steering System

The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehide is introduced briefly. Then the concrete overall design of the electronic controllers of four wheel independent steering system （4WIS） is formulated in details. Under the control strategy of zero sideslip angle at mass center, the mathematical model of 4WIS is established to deduce the equations of separated rear wheel steering angles. According to these equations, simulation analysis for 4WIS vehicle performances is finished to show that 4WIS vehicle can improve the maneuverability greatly at low speed and increase the handling stability at high speed. Finally, the road test of 4WIS vehide has performed to verify the correctness of simulation and show that compared with the conventional four wheel steering （4WS） vehicle, the 4WIS vehicle not only improves the kinematical harmony but also decreases steering resistance and lighten abrasion of tires.

All-Electric Aircraft Nose Wheel Steering System with Two Worm Gears

As all-electric aircraft has many advantages,an aircraft nose wheel steering system would be developed to the all-electric direction.Concerning the control demand of the nose wheel steering system,based on the basic principles of nose wheel steering system and the design technique of mechanotronics,an all-electric aircraft nose wheel steering system,composed of a nose wheel steering mechanism of two worm gear and a control servo system of fly-by-wire with both steering and anti-shimmy functions is designed to meet the demand for operation control in the nose wheel steering system.Then,based on the LMS-AMESim software,the simulation model of the system is established to simulate the dynamics for the verification of its steering function.The simulation results indicate that the nose wheel steering system is reasonable,and can meet the requirements of the general project.Furthermore,the prototypes of the steering mechanism and control system are studied to validate the design,and the steering test bench is prepared to test the designed system.The test results,such as steer angle,rotate speed of motor are analyzed in details and compared with the theoretical results.The analysis and comparison results show that the design is reasonable and the property of the prototype can achieve the design objectives.

Multi-objective Optimization of Differential Steering System of Electric Vehicle with Motorized Wheels

A differential steering system is presented for electric vehicle with motorized wheels and a dynamic model of three-freedom car is built.Based on these models,the quantitative expressions of the road feel,sensitivity,and operation stability of the steering are derived.Then,according to the features of multi-constrained optimization of multi-objective function,a multi-island genetic algorithm(MIGA)is designed.Taking the road feel and the sensitivity of the steering as optimization objectives and the operation stability of the steering as a constraint,the system parameters are optimized.The simulation results show that the system optimized with MIGA can improve the steering road feel,and guarantee the operation stability and steering sensibility.

Research on the Variable Steering Ratio of Four-Wheel-Steering Vehicle

The steering characteristic of a four-wheel-steering vehicle is numerically simulated for in-depth research of the handling stability of four-wheel steering. The research results show that the deteriorating tendency of the steering stability due to the increase of the vehicle speed is improved obviously in the case of four-wheel steering. The approach of variable steering ratio is discussed. The use of the variable steering ratio can not only raise the steering stability of vechicles at high vehicle speed, but also reduce the dicomfort and steering burden of drivers; and hence is helpful for the subjective evaluation of four-wheel steering vehicles.

Disturbance Observer Based Control for Four Wheel Steering Vehicles With Model Reference

This paper presents a disturbance observer based control strategy for four wheel steering systems in order to improve vehicle handling stability. By combination of feedforward control and feedback control, the front and rear wheel steering angles are controlled simultaneously to follow both the desired sideslip angle and the yaw rate of the reference vehicle model.A nonlinear three degree-of-freedom four wheel steering vehicle model containing lateral, yaw and roll motions is built up, which also takes the dynamic effects of crosswind into consideration.The disturbance observer based control method is provided to cope with ignored nonlinear dynamics and to handle exogenous disturbances. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out,which shows that the proposed four wheel steering vehicle can guarantee handling stability and present strong robustness against external disturbances.

Analysis of steering performance of differential coupling wheelset

In order to improve the curving performance of the conventional wheelset in sharp curves and resolve the steering ability problem of the independently rotating wheel in large radius curves and tangent lines, a differential cou- pling wheelset （DCW） was developed in this work. The DCW was composed of two independently rotating wheels （IRWs） coupled by a clutch-type limited slip differential. The differential contains a static pre-stress clutch, which could lock both sides of IRWs of the DCW to ensure a good steering performance in curves with large radius and tangent track. In contrast, the clutch could unlock the two IRWs of the DCW in a sharp curve to endue it with the characteristic of an IRW, so that the vehicles can go through the tight curve smoothly. To study the dynamic performance of the DCW, a multi-body dynamic model of single bogie with DCWs was established. The self-centering capability, hunting stability, and self-steering performance on a curved track were analyzed and then compared with those of the conventional wheelset and IRW. Finally, the effect of coupling parameters of the DCW on the dynamic performance was investigated.

Steering Control of Wheeled Armored Vehicle with Brushless DC Motor

Considering the steering characters of one type of wheeled armored vehicle, a brushless direct current （DC） motor is adapted as the actuator for steering control. After investigating the known algorithms, one kind of algorithm, which combines the fuzzy logic control with the self-adapting PID control and the startup and pre-hrake control, is put forward. Then a test-bed is constructed, and an experiment is conducted. The result of experiment confirms the validity of this algorithm in steering control of wheeled armored vehicle with brushless DC motor.

Fatigue behavior of magnesium alloy and application in auto steering wheel frame

The low-cycle fatigue behaviors of AZ91HP-F,AZ91HP-T6,AZ91HP-T4 and AM50HP-F were investigated,and the potential application of AM50HP-F in steering wheel frame was studied.The steering wheel properties were characterized by bend fatigue and tensile testing,and the fatigue fracture was analyzed by SEM.The results show that the fatigue lives of AZ91HP-F and AZ91HP-T6 have little difference by comparing the low-cycles fatigue properties of different heat treatment states.The crack propagation velocity of AZ91HP-T4 is lower than that of AZ91HP-F and AZ91HP-T6.The die casting technological parameters of the magnesium steering wheel have been optimized with the aid of flow-3D software.The tensile testing results of the different part of magnesium steering wheel show that the ultimate tensile strength and elongation in the wheel arm and wheel rim have no difference and the average value are 220 MPa and 5%,respectively.The fracture is in the brittleness mode and the fatigue crack initiates at the outside of the wheel rim.

Steering mechanical analysis for lunar rover wheel

Facing the requirement of establishing a steering mechanical model for the wheel configuration design,selection of steering motors, dynamic analysis and simulation of the lunar rover, shear force beneaththe steering wheel, bulldozing resistance acting on steering wheel rims and side surfaces respectively areconducted on the basis of the wheel-loose soil interaction. The quantitative relation between steering resistancemoment (SRM) and steering radius, dimension of the wheel, soil parameters is established. Tovalidate the model, a single-wheel test bed is employed to test the steering performance of a wheel with0.15735m radius and 0.165m width when the steering radius is 0.00m, 0.04m, 0.08m, 0.12m and0.16m, respectively. The SRM is approached asymptotically with the increasing steering angle and almostproportional to the steering radius. The theoretical results of SRM are compact with the experimental results,which shows that the steering model can predict the experimental results well.

Research on Steering Resistance Moment of Wheel Loader

The wheel loader as the research object in present article,its steering mechanism is analyzed for the relationship between the steering cylinder displacement and the steering angle,which means,the relationship between the arm of steering resistance moment and the steering angle.In addition,the relationship between the in-situ steering resistance moment and the wheel angle is also be analyzed by integrating the interaction between the tire and the ground.The Matlab will help to build the mathematical modeling for verification.

An improved constrained steering law for SGCMGs with DPC

An improved constrained （IC） steering law for single gimbal control moment gyros （SGCMGs） with deformed pyramid configuration （DPC） is proposed, First of all, the original system with five pyramid configuration （FPC） whose two adjacent gyros are in failure state is reconfigured as a degraded system with DPC. Then, the singular angular momentum hypersurfaces of the original and the degraded systems are plotted via the singular angular momentum equa- tion of SGCMGs. Based on singular surfaces, the differences between FPC and DPC in singularity and momentum envelope are obtained directly, which provide an important reference for steering law design of DPC. Finally, an IC steering law is designed and applied to DPC. The simulation results demonstrate that the IC steering law has advantages in simplicity of calculation, avoidance of singularity and exactness of output torque, which endow the degraded system with fine controllability in a restricted workspace.

基于ARMAX-KF与速度补偿的拖拉机无前轮传感器转角估计方法

为了解决传统农机导航系统中前轮转角测量传感器不易安装、维护困难以及转角估计不准确等问题,本文提出了一种基于受控自回归滑动平均模型和卡尔曼滤波器的组合模型(Auto-regressive moving average with exogenous input-Kalman filter,ARMAX-KF)与速度补偿的拖拉机无前轮传感器转角估计方法。首先,利用Hammerstein非线性系统对拖拉机的转向系统建模,并采用递归最小二乘法(Recursive least squares method,RLS)将其辨识为ARMAX模型;其次,对后轮轴中心接地点速度进行杆臂误差补偿;最后,提出了ARMAX-KF方法,利用卡尔曼滤波器的校正特性,以拖拉机的运动学转角作为观测值,修正ARMAX模型预测的转角速度积分值,从而估计拖拉机的前轮转角。在速度杆臂补偿测量方法试验验证中,补偿后运动学转角平均绝对误差为1.110°,标准差为1.727°,相比补偿前分别减少61.13%和31.55%;在动态转角试验中,ARMAX模型预测的转角速度标准差为2.439(°)/s,相比采用固定传动比方法误差减少56.58%;采用基于ARMAX-KF的前轮转角估计绝对平均误差为0.649°,标准差为0.371°,相比采用固定传动比和卡尔曼滤波器的方法分别减少56.9%和78.82%;在直线导航跟踪试验中,采用基于ARMAX-KF的前轮转角估计标准差为0.649°,本文提出的方法提高了转角估计精度和农机导航作业质量。

Microstructural Characteristics and Wear Performance of Plasma Sprayed Al_2O_3-13 wt. % TiO_2 Coating on the Surface of Extrusion Wheel

The conventional Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 composite ceramic coatings are fabricated by plasma spraying on the surface of extrusion wheel. The microstrueture, morphology and phase compositions of the substrate and coat- ing are investigated by using X-ray diffractometry （XRD） , scanning electron microsopy （SEM） and energy dis- persive spectroscopy （EDS）. Moreover, the microhardness of the substrate and the coating are investigated using Vickers mierohardness tester, the friction and wear behaviors of the substrate and the coating are investigated by using a block-on-ring tribometer under dry sliding conditions with the load of 245 N. The results show that both γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 phases are observed in the as-sprayed coatings, the mian phase is γ-Al2O3. There are white particulates Al2O3 on its surface. The Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 coating possesses higher mierohardness which is about 1018HV and 1.6 times that of the substrate. The wear performance of coating is better than that of the substrate. In a practical application, the life of the extrusion wheel which is plasma sprayed Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 coating on the surface is 1.2 times that of the conventional extrusion wheel, and the life is about 330 h.

轮-履式移动机器人履带转向运动

针对室内外不同工作环境对移动机器人的结构有不同的要求,本文设计了一种的模块化的轮-履式移动机器人,描述了该轮-履式移动机器人纯轮式、纯履带式及轮履混合式等不同的运动模式;基于该机器人模块化的履带式结构特性,依据刚体平面运动理论,分析了该机器人的转向运动条件;基于转向阻力矩模型,建立了该轮-履式移动机器人完成履带式转向运动的约束方程。仿真和实验证明,此种轮-履式移动机器人地形适应能力强,在履带运动模式下,采取大的转向半径及小的转向比可有效减少机器人的转向阻力矩,能很好地完成转弯运动。

双横臂悬架-扭杆弹簧-电动轮模块的开发与应用

减少四轮驱动电动汽车关键零部件的种类,简化整车结构,是降低其批量化制造成本的有效途径。为此, 在对悬架导向机构和转向机构进行优化设计的基础上,提出双横臂悬架-扭杆弹簧-电动轮模块化设计概念和一 种零前束变化非转向轮双横臂悬架导向机构,实现了前后悬架-电动轮模块的通用化,并成功应用于国内第一台 线控转向四轮驱动燃料电池微型汽车“春晖三号”底盘系统的开发。

基于遗传算法和MATLAB-ADAMS的汽车转向节优化计算

针对某微型汽车转向沉重、前轮摆振和前轮磨耗严重的问题,首先建立了麦弗逊前悬架数学模型,依照给定的前轮定位目标参数,在Matlab环境下,优化计算得出转向节关键点静平衡位置坐标,然后根据计算结果在ADAMS软件中建立麦弗逊前悬架虚拟样机模型,最后采用遗传算法联合ADAMS仿真优化的方法,以前轮上下跳动时4个前轮定位参数值相对于给定值变化量绝对值加权之和最小为综合目标,对其进行优化.优化后4个前轮定位参数值都是围绕目标值上下变化,其中后倾角变化幅度减少32%,内倾角变化幅度减少24%,前束角变化减少34%,外倾角的变化也一直处于外张状态,悬架运动特性得到改善,同时也证明了联合仿真优化方法方便可行.

4WID-4WIS智能车阿克曼转向轨迹规划及位置估算

针对四轮独立驱动与四轮独立转向(four-wheel independent drive and four-wheel independent steering, 4WID-4WIS)智能车的转向行驶工况,基于阿克曼转向原理,提出一种利用三阶贝塞尔曲线进行轨迹规划的新方法。首先,采用最优函数获取一条满足智能车初始状态约束、目标状态约束和曲率连续约束且曲率差值最小的最优轨迹。然后,提出一种位置估算算法,即基于惯性导航系统测量的航向角和编码器的脉冲数对智能车的位置增量进行计算,从而估算其行驶时的位置,并推算运行轨迹的长度。最后,在MATLAB软件中对所规划的智能车轨迹进行仿真计算,并在实车试验平台上验证轨迹规划方法和位置估算算法的合理性和可行性。结果表明,4WID-4WIS智能车能够按规划的轨迹行驶到给定终点,其横向位置估算误差为0.19%,纵向位置估算误差为0.20%,运行轨迹长度推算误差为0.22%;相比于其他里程计算法、测距法等单一算法,所提出的位置估算算法的精度高,可为其他移动机器人的轨迹规划和位置估算提供参考。

基于遗传算法的四轮转向-驱动汽车时变LQR控制

四轮转向-驱动汽车相较于传统车辆能保证四轮转角/转矩独立可控,具有十分优异的主动动力学控制性能。文中针对四轮转向-驱动汽车转角转矩的协调控制提出了一种基于遗传算法的时变LQR控制系统。该系统区别于传统的线性化轮胎参考模型,考虑轮胎的变刚度特性建立线性时变系统,并利用遗传算法对状态量的控制权重矩阵进行优化。仿真结果表明,在给定的转角阶跃输入下,考虑轮胎非线性特性的时变LQR控制系统相较于线性化模型控制系统,对质心侧偏角的零化效果更优异,横摆角速度对理想值的跟踪精度提升3.01%。在高速低附路面下的双移线工况仿真表明,基于遗传算法的时变LQR控制系统能确保车辆具有较好的轨迹跟踪能力,最大侧向位移误差控制效果相较于前轮转向车辆提升44%。

高速4WID-4WIS自主车路径跟踪控制

高4WID-4WIS自主车采用独立悬挂结构,所有车轮均可独立驱动、制动和转向.对自主车路径跟踪问题进行几何和运动学上的描述,结合Burckhardt非线性轮胎模型建立自主车作路径跟踪运动时的2阶动力学模型.提出自主车进行路径跟踪的协调控制体系结构,利用白抗扰控制方法设计路径跟踪系统纵向速度、侧向位移和横摆角运动3个动力学通道上的解耦控制器,使用非线性规划方法设计基于轮胎模型的控制分配求解器,并讨论了含系统参数误差的控制扰动问题.在大加速度条件下的双移线路径跟踪仿真结果表明,4WID-4WIS自主车能够快速、准确地跟踪路径,证明了本文路径跟踪控制方法的有效性.