A recent review on phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum(Polygonum minus Huds.)

Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases.Polygonum minus(Polygonaceae)locally known as kesuni is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies.The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity.It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff.The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims.This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.

Physicochemical properties and volatile components of hempseed oils in Bama region

A comparison study has been performed in hempseed oils (HSO) extracted from different cultivars in Bama region. Squeezing properties, chemical compositions, thermal stability and flavor profile of pressed HSO were determined in this study. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in crude fat, protein, fiber of different hempseeds and fatty acid composition in HSOs. Hempseeds with small size and dark-colored peel have lower squeezing oil yield than big ones. Average content of total phytosterol, tocopherol and phenol in HSO from small seeds were 872.0 mg/100 g, 124.1 mg/100 g and 15.5 mg SA/100 g respectively. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed three step oxidation of HSO with mean onset and oxidation temperature at 124oC and 135-315oC. Oxidation temperature of HSO from small seeds was higher than that from big seeds (big size and light-colored peel). Main volatile ingredients in HSO contained 11 kinds of monoterpene and 7 kinds of sesquiterpene. Volatile terpene content in HSO from small seeds was nearly 30% higher than that of big seeds. Quality of HSO with different peel feature has significant difference in squeezing yield, thermal stability and volatile flavors. This work may be useful to produce high quality hempseed oils through quality evaluation.

Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

“Astragali Radix−Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”herb pair in the treatment of liver cirrhosis and its pharmacological mechanisms

Objective:Liver cirrhosis is a disease that seriously damages human health.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)formulae have a good therapeutic effect on cirrhosis,and the herb pair is the smallest unit in formula compatibility,which is important for improving the therapeutic effect.Therefore,identifying core herb pairs among TCM formulae is key.Methods:We mined the data of TCM formulae for the treatment of cirrhosis in the China National Intellectual Property Administration for the first time and analyzed their herb characteristics and association rules.We screened 405 patented TCM formulae,including 953 herbs.Based on frequency statistics and association rules,we determined“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”as the core herb pair.Results:Six active compounds,Isorhamnetin,Formononetin,Calycosin,Cryptotanshinone,Dihydrotanshinone I,and Tanshinone II A,were screened out based on previous studies and network pharmacology.We found that SRC,TP53,HSP90AA1,MAPK3,MAPK1,and STAT3 played pivotal roles in treating cirrhosis.Interestingly,molecular docking indicated that MAPK3 might be a potential pharmacological target for cirrhosis.Conclusion:We preliminarily predicted and verified the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”in treating cirrhosis.This can expand the scope of TCM in the treatment of cirrhosis,guide people to use clinical formulae,and provide valuable insights for further drug discovery studies.

Volatile Flavor Components and the Body Weights of Rats in the Green Tea Added Miner Ingredients

In order to change for the good flavor in green tea of middle or low grade,roast naked barley(miner ingredient) was added to it.To make tea having functional property,mixed roast naked barley-green tea with one medicinal herb(MH,miner ingredient).This study was performed to investigate the effect of drinking extracts of naked barley- MH- green tea(A group) and adlay- Angelica gigas Nakai- green tea(B group) on the body weights of rats,and volatile flavor components of best effective extract on weight reduction.Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into six groups were fed five different green tea extracts for 8 weeks.The result obtained in the experiment indicated that the change of body weights of rats was affected by A group,B group and others.A group showed highest reduction rate of body weights(36.40%).Reduction rate of body weights on the B group(10.10%) was much lower than A group(36.40%).Aroma compounds were extracted by the SDE method.The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS.The main aroma components of the green tea blended with naked barley and MH were 12 pyrazines having roasty note,methyl butanals having sweet note,hexanal having briskness greenish note,and nerolidol and β-ionone having floral note.

不同初加工方法对咖啡豆风味化合物和感官特性的影响

本研究旨在探究不同初加工处理方法对阿拉比卡咖啡理化特性、风味和感官特性的影响。通过电子鼻和感官分析评价不同初加工咖啡样品的感官风味,主成分分析(PCA)对不同初加工方法进行区分,并利用皮尔逊相关系数分析初加工方法与产生的风味化合物之间的关系。结果表明,在理化指标方面,不同初加工方法对咖啡样品的总可滴定酸度(TA)、总可溶性固形物(TSS)和pH具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中,湿法加工(CS)的pH最高。初加工方法对咖啡样品中的生物碱、绿原酸和有机酸等风味化合物含量影响较大,干法处理Ⅰ(GA)的咖啡因含量最高(12.32 mg/g DW),蜜处理Ⅰ(MA)拥有最高的葫芦巴碱含量(3.71 mg/g DW),湿法加工(CS)导致咖啡样品具有最低的绿原酸含量和最高的有机酸含量。此外,电子鼻结果显示,不同初加工方法制备的咖啡香气化合物含量差异显著,相较于人工评测,电子感官分析可以更有效地对不同初加工方法进行区分。该研究结果明晰了不同初加工方法对咖啡的化学组成及感官风味的影响,对咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

Towards a scientific rationale for traditional properties of Chinese medicinal plants: “natures” and “flavors”

Objective: According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties(natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica(CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures and flavors. However, to date these observations have not been validated scientifically in the context of the whole flora of a region. The present study aims to address this gap.Methods: We collected geographical distributions of 3637 vascular plant species native to the Xinjiang region of northwest China, of which around 812 are medicinal plants. The CMM property characters of these medicinal plants were also collected. All medicinal plants were then analyzed in the occurrence of their natures(cold, cool, neutral, warm, and hot) and flavors(sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and pungent). Possible correlations between these properties and environmental factors, notably climate, as well as correlations with plant species richness of the wider native flora of Xinjiang were then investigated using permutation test and regression.Results: Cold species(38.5%) were more numerous than warm(21.0%) and neutral(22.3%), while bitter species(43.3%) were more numerous than pungent(25.6%), sweet(22.4%) and sour(6.7%) ones. Species with bitter flavor were most commonly also cold(48.6%) in nature, sour flavor usually coincided with cold(44.2%) or cool nature(26.0%), whereas pungent or sweet species tended to be warm(34.4%, 28.4%) or neutral(27.8%, 28.4%). The percentages of species of cold/cool nature, bitter flavor were higher in mountainous regions, and the percentages of warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour were higher in basins. The percentages of species of cold/cool, bitter were positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration(AET),and also plant species richness but had a bell-shaped relationship with potential evapotranspiration(PET),whereas the inverse situation was shown for warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour species.Conclusion: Analysis of the data in Xinjiang region of China supports the qualitative observations concerning natures and flavors in traditional theory of Chinese medicine property. Specifically,(i) certain natures and flavors co-occur more frequently than if randomly distributed;(ii) correlations between proportions of natures and flavors and climatic variables suggest a role for the environment in shaping the properties of CMM.

老面馒头风味物质和营养特性研究进展

老面富含丰富的微生物菌群,发酵过程中会产生复杂多样的风味物质以及营养因子,这赋予了老面馒头独特且浓郁的风味和营养功效。对老面中的主要微生物菌群结构(乳酸菌、酵母菌)、优势微生物菌种与风味物质间的对应关系,以及老面发酵对馒头风味物质和营养特性的影响进行了综述。目前对于老面中微生物菌群结构、风味物质及代谢产物与馒头中风味物质组成和营养特性之间的联系仍缺乏足够认识。为了挖掘老面馒头潜在价值,需要进一步对关键风味物质及其代谢产物营养方面进行深入研究。这将为揭示老面馒头中关键风味物质的形成机制以及明确微生物代谢产物的营养作用提供有力支持。

植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌复配对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CD101和模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)NJ201作为复配发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,以不接菌自然发酵香肠为空白对照。通过测定两组pH值、色差、质构等理化指标,游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质的种类与含量,测定从香肠中提取的多肽对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力,探究复配发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的改善作用。结果表明,植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201复配发酵能够迅速降低羊肉香肠在发酵期间的pH值,提高香肠的安全性;提高羊肉香肠的亮度与色泽、硬度和咀嚼性,改善其品质;增加游离氨基酸总量、挥发性风味物质种类,提升羊肉香肠的风味;显著提高羊肉香肠多肽对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基以及羟自由基的清除率,提升香肠多肽抗氧化活性。综上,接种发酵能对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽的抗氧化能力均有明显改善。本研究能够为发酵肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。

不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响

为了探究不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究分别采用干法、湿法和微波熬制三种工艺提取鸡油,并对不同工艺提取鸡油的理化性质进行综合比较,同时采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其挥发性风味物质构成,结合相对气味活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析明确不同提取工艺鸡油中的关键挥发性风味成分组成差异。结果表明,干法熬制的鸡油亮度最低,颜色更红、更黄,丙二醛含量较低;湿法熬制的鸡油亮度最高,颜色偏绿、偏黄,酸价较低;微波熬制的鸡油亮度稍暗,黄色和红色较浅,提取率较高,氧化稳定性较好且熬制时间短。不同提取工艺鸡油样品中共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质,其中干法、湿法和微波法三种不同工艺所提取的鸡油中挥发性风味物质分别有39种、41种和44种,共有挥发性风味物质30种。结合ROAV和PCA,确定了(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-戊醇、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、3-甲基丁醛为鸡油的主要特征风味物质。微波法提取鸡油的特征性风味物质含量较高且种类较多。本研究表明微波工艺相对而言具有耗时短、得率高、氧化稳定好以及鸡油特征性风味物质含量较高且种类多等优点,是一种值得深入研究与探索的鸡油提取工艺。

两种不同加工方式杨梅汤抗氧化及风味品质比较

杨梅汤是贵州特色的杨梅加工产品。该文以贵州本地产杨梅汤为主要试材,研究了两种不同生产方式生产的杨梅汤的品质,主要测定了维生素C(Vc)、花色苷、总酚、类黄酮以及采用2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(DPPH)和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法测定了杨梅汤的抗氧化性,并对风味及挥发性成分进行了初步探究。结果表明,采用铝罐包装的杨梅汤中Vc,花色苷,总酚,类黄酮,含量在贮藏期间均高于聚丙烯塑料(Polypropylene,pp)罐。在贮藏末期,Vc和花色苷比pp罐高126.50%和37.36%,差异显著。铝罐杨梅汤DPPH清除率及ABTS清除率均强于pp罐。电子鼻风味显示,两者风味基本一致,在贮藏120 d后气味特征完全重叠。铝罐挥发性成分α-石竹烯较pp罐多16.09%,但整体种类略少于pp罐。综上,铝罐包装更有利于杨梅汤贮藏品质的提升。该文研究结果为杨梅汤的生产加工提供理论参数,为提升品质,延长货架期提供理论指导。

湿热处理对杂豆馒头淀粉消化特性及风味品质的影响

目的研究湿热处理对杂豆馒头消化特性及风味品质的影响。方法选取湿热处理豌豆、红豆、白芸豆3种杂豆制作杂豆馒头,对湿热杂豆馒头的色度、比容、感官评分等进行评价,通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)分析湿热粉杂豆馒头挥发性风味物质变化规律,并对馒头进行体外淀粉消化实验。结果湿热处理杂豆粉的添加降低了馒头的比容,改变了馒头的色度。对豌豆馒头和白芸豆馒头感官评分没有影响,但可显著提高红豆馒头的感官评分(P<0.05)。SPME-GC-MS从湿热杂豆馒头中共检出47种挥发性成分,主要为醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类、芳香族类、烷烃类及杂环类。淀粉体外消化特性表明3种杂豆馒头的抗性淀粉含量显著高于小麦馒头,淀粉水解率低于小麦馒头。结论湿热处理可使杂豆馒头风味品质改善,使红豆馒头和白芸豆馒头抗性淀粉含量提高和淀粉水解率降低,但对豌豆馒头没有影响。研究结果为淀粉基杂豆营养健康食品的加工提供数据支撑。

《神农本草经》与《中国药典》2020年版对中药四气五味表述异同分析

目的明确《神农本草经》与现代中药四气五味表述的差异,为进一步指导临床合理用药提供参考。方法以《神农本草经》收载的365种中药为来源进行统计,《中国药典》2020年版和《临床用药须知》(2015版)收录《神农本草经》记载的药物为研究对象,建立数据库,对比分析中药“四气”“五味”的表述差异。结果本研究共统计203种中药,其中中药四气表述完全不相同的有66种,占32.51%;中药五味表述完全不一致的有20种,占9.85%。结论通过对比《中国药典》《临床用药须知》与《神农本草经》中药“四气”“五味”,大部分中药表述一致,表述不一致的中药值得进一步深入研究。

响应面法优化草本风味核桃加工工艺

为研制草本风味即食手剥核桃,以新疆纸皮核桃为原料,着重对杀青条件、浸泡和烘烤条件进行研究。以单因素试验为基础,选择浸泡时间、烘烤温度和烘烤时间3个影响因素的水平,根据BoxBenhnken试验设计,以感官评分为响应值,运用响应面法确定草本风味手剥核桃最优工艺条件。结果表明,核桃的最佳杀青条件为80℃杀青8 h。通过响应面分析建立的回归模型显著,各因素对核桃感官评分的影响顺序为烘烤温度>烘烤时间>浸泡时间。确定草本手剥核桃最佳工艺条件为:烘烤温度80℃,烘烤时间7 h,浸泡时间2.5 min。按照优化的工艺条件加工的草本风味核桃感官品质最佳,核桃色泽美观,核桃仁金黄,草本风味佳,无苦涩味,口感酥脆。研究结果为核桃制品的开发及其产业化利用提供了技术支撑。

布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮对饼干品质及风味的影响

研究添加布拉迪酵母(Saccharomyces boulardii)发酵麸皮对面团和饼干质量的影响,进而提高益生菌发酵麸皮在食品中的应用价值。对发酵麸皮与低筋粉复配的面团质构及饼干的质构、比容、抗氧化特性、感官品质与挥发性风味物质进行分析。研究结果表明:与原麸皮(RWB)组相比,布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮(SBWB)组面团的弹性及黏聚性有所提升,其饼干的脆性、弹性、回复性及咀嚼性均有所提升,比容无显著差异;SBWB组饼干的抗氧化能力显著提升(P<0.05);SBWB组饼干的感官评分较RWB组有所提高;GC-MS检测出饼干中有44种挥发性风味物质,其中SBWB组饼干中醇类、酯类的相对含量是RWB组的3.31、2.33倍,其特征挥发性风味物质含量提升较多的主要是苯乙醇、苯甲醛、己二酸二甲酯、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪等,这些风味物质呈现玫瑰花香、水果香及坚果焙烤香气,赋予饼干浓郁风味。发酵麸皮的添加对麸皮面制品的品质改善具有较好的效果。

新外来中药香蜂草的药性探讨

香蜂草为唇形科植物Melissa officinalis L.的叶。原产于欧洲地中海地区,欧洲、北美、亚洲各大洲均有分布,我国的中南、西南部以及台湾也有野生种分布。香蜂草在国外有长久的应用历史,被广泛应用于治疗精神和中枢神经系统疾病、心血管疾病等。也作为抗焦虑药、睡眠辅助剂以及解毒剂。目前香蜂草在我国作为香料使用,并有多种以香蜂草为原料的专利。中医药学自古就广泛吸收外来药物不断扩大我国中药资源,如藿香、丁香、木香等源自域外的“香药”至今也是我国的常用中药。将香蜂草列入中药潜在的引入对象进行研究,以其临床研究和应用文献为基础,结合中医药理论对香蜂草的中药药性进行理论分析。结果为香蜂草药性辛、凉,归心、肝经,具有宁心安神益智、疏肝解郁、缓急止痛的功效,用于治疗心神不宁,失眠,健忘,心悸;情志抑郁,烦躁多虑;腹痛、牙痛等症状。

发酵对蛋白质组成、结构与功能特性及风味影响的研究进展

发酵作为最古老的食品加工技术之一,不仅可对食品进行加工和处理,也可调节其内部结构及成分,从而优化食品质量。伴随着科学技术的进步,发酵工艺对食品中蛋白质影响的研究也逐步深入。文章总结了发酵对蛋白质组成成分、结构、功能特性的影响,进一步探究其在营养风味方面的影响,并对发酵影响蛋白质变化的机理及相应检测指标的测定方法进行简单表述。旨在阐明发酵过程中蛋白质的变化,为进一步提高食品发酵工艺提供新的思路和理论指导。

甜瓜酸奶发酵工艺优化及其品质分析

该研究以纯牛奶和甜瓜汁为原料制备甜瓜酸奶,以酸度、持水力和感官评分为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法对甜瓜酸奶的发酵工艺进行优化,并对其贮藏特性、抗氧化活性、流变特性、微观结构以及挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明,甜瓜酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为:甜瓜汁添加量7%,赤藓糖醇添加量7%,发酵时间8 h,接种量0.3%。在此优化条件下,甜瓜酸奶酸度为82.62°T,持水力为81.13%,感官评分为90.70分。在贮藏21 d后,甜瓜酸奶的感官评分、酸度、持水力分别为73.0分、88.4°T、68.2%;甜瓜酸奶具有均一、连续、紧密蛋白质网络结构和更好的流变性能;共检出33种挥发性风味成分,包括7种醇类、9种酯类、7种醛类、4种酮类、2种酸类和4种其他类化合物,相对含量分别为19.64%、28.43%、27.70%、11.69%、9.18%、3.36%。甜瓜汁的添加能改善酸奶的品质,赋予酸奶甜瓜香气。

黄羽肉鸡肉质研究进展

随着国内经济的高速发展,消费者对肉类的品质、新鲜度、风味要求日益提高。黄羽肉鸡因肉质细嫩、滋味鲜美,富含人体生长发育所需的营养物质,在国内肉鸡市场占据重要位置。通常采用肉色、pH、嫩度和系水力等物理指标评定肉品优劣。肉品的风味也是消费者选购时的关注重点,风味包括肉品中氨基酸、脂肪酸、肌苷酸等风味前体物质在高温加热下经过化学反应产生的可溶性滋味化合物和挥发性香气化合物。文章从肉质的物理评定指标以及风味前体物质角度简述了我国黄羽肉鸡肉质研究进展,分析了挥发性香气化合物对肉质的影响,为探究鸡肉风味的调控机制以及肉质改良提供理论基础和研究思路。

不同比例黑青稞麦芽汁中酵母的发酵性能及啤酒品质

黑青稞富含多种营养物质和生物活性成分,具有重要的研究意义和开发价值。该文探究了不同配比大麦芽与黑青稞麦芽(10:0、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8、0:10 m/m)麦汁(HA、HB、HC、HD、HE、HF)中酵母的发酵特性及其啤酒的营养成分、品质和感官特性。结果表明:黑青稞麦芽的增加影响了酵母的发酵性能,其中显著降低了pH值、发酵度和乙醇产量(P<0.05);随着黑青稞麦芽比例的增加,啤酒的β-葡聚糖、浊度、花色苷和色度显著增大(P<0.05),而HB啤酒中多酚含量最高105.31 mg/L;HD和HE啤酒的起泡性最好;HB、HC、HD和HE啤酒持泡性均较好;6组啤酒样品中共检出54种风味物质,黑青稞麦芽的添加导致啤酒中醇类物质的种类和含量有所减少,但增加了酯类物质的种类,HB和HC啤酒中酯类最多有32种;PCA分析显示各组风味成分呈现明显差异,表明黑青稞麦芽的添加可显著改变啤酒的风味组成;感官分析中HB和HC展现出较好评分。综合来看,黑青稞麦芽占比20%~40%(m/m)时,啤酒展现出较好的品质、风味和感官特性。