Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

“Astragali Radix−Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”herb pair in the treatment of liver cirrhosis and its pharmacological mechanisms

Objective:Liver cirrhosis is a disease that seriously damages human health.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)formulae have a good therapeutic effect on cirrhosis,and the herb pair is the smallest unit in formula compatibility,which is important for improving the therapeutic effect.Therefore,identifying core herb pairs among TCM formulae is key.Methods:We mined the data of TCM formulae for the treatment of cirrhosis in the China National Intellectual Property Administration for the first time and analyzed their herb characteristics and association rules.We screened 405 patented TCM formulae,including 953 herbs.Based on frequency statistics and association rules,we determined“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”as the core herb pair.Results:Six active compounds,Isorhamnetin,Formononetin,Calycosin,Cryptotanshinone,Dihydrotanshinone I,and Tanshinone II A,were screened out based on previous studies and network pharmacology.We found that SRC,TP53,HSP90AA1,MAPK3,MAPK1,and STAT3 played pivotal roles in treating cirrhosis.Interestingly,molecular docking indicated that MAPK3 might be a potential pharmacological target for cirrhosis.Conclusion:We preliminarily predicted and verified the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”in treating cirrhosis.This can expand the scope of TCM in the treatment of cirrhosis,guide people to use clinical formulae,and provide valuable insights for further drug discovery studies.

A recent review on phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum(Polygonum minus Huds.)

Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases.Polygonum minus(Polygonaceae)locally known as kesuni is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies.The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity.It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff.The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims.This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.

Influences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on the nutritional components,flavor property and lipid-lowering effect of highland barley

Highland barley is a well-known cereal in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area with high nutritional value,which has been reported to be a health-promoting grain for the obesity and the diabetes.Fermentation by certain microbiota can improve the flavor property and nutritional characteristics.In the present study,Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were singly or jointly applied to ferment highland barley,and the profile of volatile substances and lipid-lowering effects of the respective extracts were analyzed.Results indicated that either L.plantarum or S.cerevisiae or co-fermentation could consume the polysaccharides of highland barley to provide energy,and dramatically increase the contents of total protein and polyphenol.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis revealed that the presence of S.cerevisiae was critical for production of the pleasant flavors,especially for the ethyl ester substances including hexadecanoic acid ethyl,hexanoic acid ethyl ester and so on.Meanwhile,we found that fermented highland barley extracts by L.plantarum exhibited stronger lipid-lowering effects in Caenorhabditis elegans than that by S.cerevisiae,while the co-fermentation not only emitted pleasant odors but also exerted high hypolipidemic function.In all,co-fermentation by L.plantarum and S.cerevisiae was proposed to be a promising processing to improve the flavor and functional properties of highland barley.

Physicochemical properties and volatile components of hempseed oils in Bama region

A comparison study has been performed in hempseed oils (HSO) extracted from different cultivars in Bama region. Squeezing properties, chemical compositions, thermal stability and flavor profile of pressed HSO were determined in this study. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in crude fat, protein, fiber of different hempseeds and fatty acid composition in HSOs. Hempseeds with small size and dark-colored peel have lower squeezing oil yield than big ones. Average content of total phytosterol, tocopherol and phenol in HSO from small seeds were 872.0 mg/100 g, 124.1 mg/100 g and 15.5 mg SA/100 g respectively. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed three step oxidation of HSO with mean onset and oxidation temperature at 124oC and 135-315oC. Oxidation temperature of HSO from small seeds was higher than that from big seeds (big size and light-colored peel). Main volatile ingredients in HSO contained 11 kinds of monoterpene and 7 kinds of sesquiterpene. Volatile terpene content in HSO from small seeds was nearly 30% higher than that of big seeds. Quality of HSO with different peel feature has significant difference in squeezing yield, thermal stability and volatile flavors. This work may be useful to produce high quality hempseed oils through quality evaluation.

Volatile Flavor Components and the Body Weights of Rats in the Green Tea Added Miner Ingredients

In order to change for the good flavor in green tea of middle or low grade,roast naked barley(miner ingredient) was added to it.To make tea having functional property,mixed roast naked barley-green tea with one medicinal herb(MH,miner ingredient).This study was performed to investigate the effect of drinking extracts of naked barley- MH- green tea(A group) and adlay- Angelica gigas Nakai- green tea(B group) on the body weights of rats,and volatile flavor components of best effective extract on weight reduction.Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into six groups were fed five different green tea extracts for 8 weeks.The result obtained in the experiment indicated that the change of body weights of rats was affected by A group,B group and others.A group showed highest reduction rate of body weights(36.40%).Reduction rate of body weights on the B group(10.10%) was much lower than A group(36.40%).Aroma compounds were extracted by the SDE method.The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS.The main aroma components of the green tea blended with naked barley and MH were 12 pyrazines having roasty note,methyl butanals having sweet note,hexanal having briskness greenish note,and nerolidol and β-ionone having floral note.

植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌复配对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CD101和模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)NJ201作为复配发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,以不接菌自然发酵香肠为空白对照。通过测定两组pH值、色差、质构等理化指标,游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质的种类与含量,测定从香肠中提取的多肽对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力,探究复配发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的改善作用。结果表明,植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201复配发酵能够迅速降低羊肉香肠在发酵期间的pH值,提高香肠的安全性;提高羊肉香肠的亮度与色泽、硬度和咀嚼性,改善其品质;增加游离氨基酸总量、挥发性风味物质种类,提升羊肉香肠的风味;显著提高羊肉香肠多肽对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基以及羟自由基的清除率,提升香肠多肽抗氧化活性。综上,接种发酵能对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽的抗氧化能力均有明显改善。本研究能够为发酵肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。

老面馒头风味物质和营养特性研究进展

老面富含丰富的微生物菌群,发酵过程中会产生复杂多样的风味物质以及营养因子,这赋予了老面馒头独特且浓郁的风味和营养功效。对老面中的主要微生物菌群结构(乳酸菌、酵母菌)、优势微生物菌种与风味物质间的对应关系,以及老面发酵对馒头风味物质和营养特性的影响进行了综述。目前对于老面中微生物菌群结构、风味物质及代谢产物与馒头中风味物质组成和营养特性之间的联系仍缺乏足够认识。为了挖掘老面馒头潜在价值,需要进一步对关键风味物质及其代谢产物营养方面进行深入研究。这将为揭示老面馒头中关键风味物质的形成机制以及明确微生物代谢产物的营养作用提供有力支持。

两种不同加工方式杨梅汤抗氧化及风味品质比较

杨梅汤是贵州特色的杨梅加工产品。该文以贵州本地产杨梅汤为主要试材,研究了两种不同生产方式生产的杨梅汤的品质,主要测定了维生素C(Vc)、花色苷、总酚、类黄酮以及采用2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(DPPH)和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法测定了杨梅汤的抗氧化性,并对风味及挥发性成分进行了初步探究。结果表明,采用铝罐包装的杨梅汤中Vc,花色苷,总酚,类黄酮,含量在贮藏期间均高于聚丙烯塑料(Polypropylene,pp)罐。在贮藏末期,Vc和花色苷比pp罐高126.50%和37.36%,差异显著。铝罐杨梅汤DPPH清除率及ABTS清除率均强于pp罐。电子鼻风味显示,两者风味基本一致,在贮藏120 d后气味特征完全重叠。铝罐挥发性成分α-石竹烯较pp罐多16.09%,但整体种类略少于pp罐。综上,铝罐包装更有利于杨梅汤贮藏品质的提升。该文研究结果为杨梅汤的生产加工提供理论参数,为提升品质,延长货架期提供理论指导。

湿热处理对杂豆馒头淀粉消化特性及风味品质的影响

目的研究湿热处理对杂豆馒头消化特性及风味品质的影响。方法选取湿热处理豌豆、红豆、白芸豆3种杂豆制作杂豆馒头,对湿热杂豆馒头的色度、比容、感官评分等进行评价,通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)分析湿热粉杂豆馒头挥发性风味物质变化规律,并对馒头进行体外淀粉消化实验。结果湿热处理杂豆粉的添加降低了馒头的比容,改变了馒头的色度。对豌豆馒头和白芸豆馒头感官评分没有影响,但可显著提高红豆馒头的感官评分(P<0.05)。SPME-GC-MS从湿热杂豆馒头中共检出47种挥发性成分,主要为醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类、芳香族类、烷烃类及杂环类。淀粉体外消化特性表明3种杂豆馒头的抗性淀粉含量显著高于小麦馒头,淀粉水解率低于小麦馒头。结论湿热处理可使杂豆馒头风味品质改善,使红豆馒头和白芸豆馒头抗性淀粉含量提高和淀粉水解率降低,但对豌豆馒头没有影响。研究结果为淀粉基杂豆营养健康食品的加工提供数据支撑。

《神农本草经》与《中国药典》2020年版对中药四气五味表述异同分析

目的明确《神农本草经》与现代中药四气五味表述的差异,为进一步指导临床合理用药提供参考。方法以《神农本草经》收载的365种中药为来源进行统计,《中国药典》2020年版和《临床用药须知》(2015版)收录《神农本草经》记载的药物为研究对象,建立数据库,对比分析中药“四气”“五味”的表述差异。结果本研究共统计203种中药,其中中药四气表述完全不相同的有66种,占32.51%;中药五味表述完全不一致的有20种,占9.85%。结论通过对比《中国药典》《临床用药须知》与《神农本草经》中药“四气”“五味”,大部分中药表述一致,表述不一致的中药值得进一步深入研究。

响应面法优化草本风味核桃加工工艺

为研制草本风味即食手剥核桃,以新疆纸皮核桃为原料,着重对杀青条件、浸泡和烘烤条件进行研究。以单因素试验为基础,选择浸泡时间、烘烤温度和烘烤时间3个影响因素的水平,根据BoxBenhnken试验设计,以感官评分为响应值,运用响应面法确定草本风味手剥核桃最优工艺条件。结果表明,核桃的最佳杀青条件为80℃杀青8 h。通过响应面分析建立的回归模型显著,各因素对核桃感官评分的影响顺序为烘烤温度>烘烤时间>浸泡时间。确定草本手剥核桃最佳工艺条件为:烘烤温度80℃,烘烤时间7 h,浸泡时间2.5 min。按照优化的工艺条件加工的草本风味核桃感官品质最佳,核桃色泽美观,核桃仁金黄,草本风味佳,无苦涩味,口感酥脆。研究结果为核桃制品的开发及其产业化利用提供了技术支撑。

布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮对饼干品质及风味的影响

研究添加布拉迪酵母(Saccharomyces boulardii)发酵麸皮对面团和饼干质量的影响,进而提高益生菌发酵麸皮在食品中的应用价值。对发酵麸皮与低筋粉复配的面团质构及饼干的质构、比容、抗氧化特性、感官品质与挥发性风味物质进行分析。研究结果表明:与原麸皮(RWB)组相比,布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮(SBWB)组面团的弹性及黏聚性有所提升,其饼干的脆性、弹性、回复性及咀嚼性均有所提升,比容无显著差异;SBWB组饼干的抗氧化能力显著提升(P<0.05);SBWB组饼干的感官评分较RWB组有所提高;GC-MS检测出饼干中有44种挥发性风味物质,其中SBWB组饼干中醇类、酯类的相对含量是RWB组的3.31、2.33倍,其特征挥发性风味物质含量提升较多的主要是苯乙醇、苯甲醛、己二酸二甲酯、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪等,这些风味物质呈现玫瑰花香、水果香及坚果焙烤香气,赋予饼干浓郁风味。发酵麸皮的添加对麸皮面制品的品质改善具有较好的效果。

新外来中药香蜂草的药性探讨

香蜂草为唇形科植物Melissa officinalis L.的叶。原产于欧洲地中海地区,欧洲、北美、亚洲各大洲均有分布,我国的中南、西南部以及台湾也有野生种分布。香蜂草在国外有长久的应用历史,被广泛应用于治疗精神和中枢神经系统疾病、心血管疾病等。也作为抗焦虑药、睡眠辅助剂以及解毒剂。目前香蜂草在我国作为香料使用,并有多种以香蜂草为原料的专利。中医药学自古就广泛吸收外来药物不断扩大我国中药资源,如藿香、丁香、木香等源自域外的“香药”至今也是我国的常用中药。将香蜂草列入中药潜在的引入对象进行研究,以其临床研究和应用文献为基础,结合中医药理论对香蜂草的中药药性进行理论分析。结果为香蜂草药性辛、凉,归心、肝经,具有宁心安神益智、疏肝解郁、缓急止痛的功效,用于治疗心神不宁,失眠,健忘,心悸;情志抑郁,烦躁多虑;腹痛、牙痛等症状。

发酵对蛋白质组成、结构与功能特性及风味影响的研究进展

发酵作为最古老的食品加工技术之一,不仅可对食品进行加工和处理,也可调节其内部结构及成分,从而优化食品质量。伴随着科学技术的进步,发酵工艺对食品中蛋白质影响的研究也逐步深入。文章总结了发酵对蛋白质组成成分、结构、功能特性的影响,进一步探究其在营养风味方面的影响,并对发酵影响蛋白质变化的机理及相应检测指标的测定方法进行简单表述。旨在阐明发酵过程中蛋白质的变化,为进一步提高食品发酵工艺提供新的思路和理论指导。

甜瓜酸奶发酵工艺优化及其品质分析

该研究以纯牛奶和甜瓜汁为原料制备甜瓜酸奶,以酸度、持水力和感官评分为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法对甜瓜酸奶的发酵工艺进行优化,并对其贮藏特性、抗氧化活性、流变特性、微观结构以及挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明,甜瓜酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为:甜瓜汁添加量7%,赤藓糖醇添加量7%,发酵时间8 h,接种量0.3%。在此优化条件下,甜瓜酸奶酸度为82.62°T,持水力为81.13%,感官评分为90.70分。在贮藏21 d后,甜瓜酸奶的感官评分、酸度、持水力分别为73.0分、88.4°T、68.2%;甜瓜酸奶具有均一、连续、紧密蛋白质网络结构和更好的流变性能;共检出33种挥发性风味成分,包括7种醇类、9种酯类、7种醛类、4种酮类、2种酸类和4种其他类化合物,相对含量分别为19.64%、28.43%、27.70%、11.69%、9.18%、3.36%。甜瓜汁的添加能改善酸奶的品质,赋予酸奶甜瓜香气。

不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响

为了探究不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究分别采用干法、湿法和微波熬制三种工艺提取鸡油,并对不同工艺提取鸡油的理化性质进行综合比较,同时采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其挥发性风味物质构成,结合相对气味活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析明确不同提取工艺鸡油中的关键挥发性风味成分组成差异。结果表明,干法熬制的鸡油亮度最低,颜色更红、更黄,丙二醛含量较低;湿法熬制的鸡油亮度最高,颜色偏绿、偏黄,酸价较低;微波熬制的鸡油亮度稍暗,黄色和红色较浅,提取率较高,氧化稳定性较好且熬制时间短。不同提取工艺鸡油样品中共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质,其中干法、湿法和微波法三种不同工艺所提取的鸡油中挥发性风味物质分别有39种、41种和44种,共有挥发性风味物质30种。结合ROAV和PCA,确定了(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-戊醇、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、3-甲基丁醛为鸡油的主要特征风味物质。微波法提取鸡油的特征性风味物质含量较高且种类较多。本研究表明微波工艺相对而言具有耗时短、得率高、氧化稳定好以及鸡油特征性风味物质含量较高且种类多等优点,是一种值得深入研究与探索的鸡油提取工艺。

辐照杀菌对低盐切片腊肉风味及理化性质的影响

为探究不同剂量的辐照杀菌对低盐切片腊肉品质的影响,常温下采用高能电子加速器对样品进行辐照处理,剂量分别设定为2、3、4 kGy,以未杀菌组为对照,于4℃储藏的第0、60、120、180 d测定其菌落总数、风味物质及理化指标。结果表明,相同条件下随辐照剂量的增加,低盐切片腊肉的亚硝酸盐含量显著降低(P<0.05),a^(*)值和过氧化值(POV)升高。第180 d时,辐照组的水分含量和b^(*)值显著高于对照组(P<0.05),L^(*)和a^(*)值与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),POV值显著低于对照组(P<0.05);储藏阶段,辐照组菌落总数增长缓慢,且始终低于对照组。二甲基二硫醚等异味物质含量增高,与对照组的风味差异增大,香味评分降低。气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和电子鼻分析结果显示,辐照异味随储藏时间的延长而减少,主要风味物质含量占比增加,与对照组的风味差异减小。综合分析可得,2、3 kGy处理的腊肉样品脂肪氧化程度较低;辐照后与对照组的风味差异较小,异味相对较弱;储藏后的水分含量较高,风味较好。但杀菌效果及质构方面,3 kGy组略优于2 kGy组,杀菌效果更强,组织结构评分略高,因此3 kGy为本实验的最佳辐照剂量。

畜禽肝脏食用品质特征及调控研究进展

肝脏是重要的畜禽可食用副产物之一,具有较高的营养价值,在我国具有悠久的食用历史。但是,肝脏也存在腥味较重、质构特性较差、有害物质残留风险较高等诸多问题,使其整体食品利用率不高,既降低了肉类加工行业的整体利润,也造成了一定的资源浪费。本文综述了近年来畜禽肝脏营养品质、风味特性、质构特性、品质调控技术方面的报道,对研究成果进行归纳,并对目前研究存在的缺陷以及盲点进行总结,以期为后续的相关研究提供帮助,为实现畜禽肝脏的高值化利用提供参考和借鉴。

不同原料制备的稀奶油风味及感官特性评价

目的探究三大类不同原料制备的稀奶油(A类以无水奶油为原料;B类以无水奶油和新鲜稀奶油混合为原料;C类以新鲜稀奶油为原料)整体风味差异。方法通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)及顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)并结合电子鼻、电子舌及感官评价方法进行综合评价。结果通过SPME-GC-MS和HS-GC-IMS方法从8种稀奶油中共检出32种挥发性有机化合物,特征性风味物质主要有2-庚酮、2-壬酮、辛酸、己酸、δ-辛内酯等,不同稀奶油样品之间的挥发性有机物相对含量存在一定差异,含有无水奶油的A、B类稀奶油的酸类物质含量高于以新鲜稀奶油为原料的C类稀奶油。电子鼻结果显示添加了无水奶油的A、B类稀奶油与以新鲜稀奶油为原料的C类稀奶油整体气味有显著差异。电子舌表明A类稀奶油主要以酸味和鲜味为主,B类稀奶油咸味较重,C类稀奶油的鲜味值普遍较高。最后感官评价结果显示以新鲜稀奶油为原料的C类稀奶油气味优于添加了无水奶油的A、B类稀奶油。结论通过5种不同方法的检测表明以新鲜稀奶油为原料的C类稀奶油风味和感官评价明显优于其他两类。为进一步阐明其特征风味物质的形成机制提供参考。