MPC-based Torque Distribution for Planar Motion of Four-wheel Independently Driven Electric Vehicles:Considering Motor Models and Iron Losses

The most critical obstacle for four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles(4WID-EVs)is the driving range.Being the actuators of 4WID-EVs,motors account for its major power consumption.In this sense,by properly distributing torques to minimize the power consumption,the driving range of 4WID-EV can be effectively improved.This paper proposes a model predictive control(MPC)-based torque distribution scheme,which minimizes the power consumption of 4WID-EVs while guaranteeing its tracking performance of planar motions.By incorporating the motor model considering iron losses,the optimal torque distribution can be achieved without an additional torque controller.Also,for this reason,the proposed control scheme is computationally efficient,since the power consumption term to be optimized,which is expressed as the product of the motor voltages and currents,is much simpler than that derived from the efficiency map.With reasonable simplification and linearization,the MPC problem is converted to a quadratic programming problem,which can be solved efficiently.The simulation results in MATLAB and CarSim co-simulation environments demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively reduces power consumption with guaranteed tracking performance.

Research on the Stability Control Strategy of Four-Wheel Independent Driving Electric Vehicle

In order to research stability of four-wheel independent driving (4WID) electric vehicle, a torque allocation method based on the tire longitudinal forces optimization distribution is adopted. There are two layers in the controller, which includes the upper layer and the lower layer. In the upper layer, according to the demand of the longitudinal force, PID controller is set up to calculate the additional yaw moment created by yaw rate and side-slip angle. In the lower layer, the additional yaw moment is distributed properly to each wheel limited by several constraints. Carsim is used to build up the vehicle model and MATLAB/Simulink is used to build up the control model and both of them are used to simulate jointly. The result of simulation shows that a torque allocation method based on the tire longitudinal forces optimization distribution can ensure the stability of the vehicle.

A new braking force distribution strategy for electric vehicle based on regenerative braking strength continuity

Regenerative braking was the process of converting the kinetic energy and potential energy, which were stored in the vehicle body when vehicle braked or went downhill, into electrical energy and storing it into battery. The problem on how to distribute braking forces of front wheel and rear wheel for electric vehicles with four-wheel drive was more complex than that for electric vehicles with front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive. In this work, the frictional braking forces distribution curve of front wheel and rear wheel is determined by optimizing the braking force distribution curve of hydraulic proportional-adjustable valve, and then the safety brake range is obtained correspondingly. A new braking force distribution strategy based on regenerative braking strength continuity is proposed to solve the braking force distribution problem for electric vehicles with four-wheel drive. Highway fuel economy test(HWFET) driving condition is used to provide the speed signals, the braking force equations of front wheel and rear wheel are expressed with linear equations. The feasibility, effectiveness, and practicality of the new braking force distribution strategy based on regenerative braking strength continuity are verified by regenerative braking strength simulation curve and braking force distribution simulation curves of front wheel and rear wheel. The proposed strategy is simple in structure, easy to be implemented and worthy being spread.

Integrated energy-oriented lateral stability control of a four-wheelindependent-drive electric vehicle

Improving the energy efficiency of an electric vehicle(EV) is an effective approach to extend its driving range. This paper proposes an integrated energy-oriented lateral stability controller(IESC) for a four-wheel independent-drive EV(4 WID-EV) to optimize its energy consumption while maintaining vehicular stability during cornering. The IESC is a hierarchical controller with two levels. The high-level decision-making controller determines the virtual control inputs, i.e., the desired additional yaw moment and total wheel torque, while the low-level controller allocates the motor torques according to the virtual control inputs.In the high-level controller, the desired additional yaw moment is first calculated using a linear quadratic regulator(LQR) to minimize the control expenditure. Meanwhile, a stability weighting factor(SWF) based on phase plane analysis is proposed to adjust the additional yaw moment, which can reduce the additional energy consumption caused by the mismatch between the reference model and the actual vehicle. In addition to the yaw moment, the desired total wheel torque is calculated using a proportional-integral(PI) controller to track the desired longitudinal velocity. In the low-level controller, a multi-objective convex-optimization problem is established to optimize the motor torque by minimizing the energy consumption and considering the tire-road frictional limit and motor saturation. A globally optimal solution is obtained by using an active-set method. Finally,double-lane change(DLC) simulations are conducted using Car Sim and MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves great lateral stability control performance and reduces the energy consumption by5.23% and 2.95% compared with the rule-based control strategy for high-and low-friction DLC maneuvers, respectively.

Simulation investigation of tractive energy conservation for a cornering rear-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle through torque vectoring

Although electric vehicle fully exhibits its comparative merits of energy conservation and environmental friendliness, further improvement of its traction energy efficiency lacks comprehensive investigations in the past. In this paper, the effect of the torque vectoring on traction energy conservation during cornering for a rear-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle is investigated.Firstly, turning resistance coefficient and energy conservation mechanism of torque vectoring are derived from the single track dynamic model. Next, an optimal torque vectoring control strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed, with the consideration of the influence of the operation-point change of the in-wheel motors, to find out the best torque vectoring ratio offline. Finally,various simulation tests are conducted to validate the energy conservation effect after Simulink modelling. The results verify that though the optimization of the operating region of the motors is the main part for tractive energy conservation, the contribution of torque vectoring itself can reach up to 1.7% in some typical cases.

An Integrated Control Framework for Torque Vectoring and Active Suspension System

Four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles(FWID-EV)endow a flexible and scalable control framework to improve vehicle performance.This paper integrates the torque vectoring and active suspension system(ASS)to enhance the vehicle’s longitudinal and vertical motion control performance.While the nonlinear characteristic of the tire model leads to a relatively heavier computational burden.To facilitate the controller design and ease the load,a half-vehicle dynamics system is built and simplified to the linear-time-varying(LTV)model.Then a model predictive controller is developed by formulating the objective function by comprehensively considering the safety,energy-saving and comfort requirements.The in-wheel motor efficiency and the power loss of tire slip are treated as optimization indices in this work to reduce energy consumption.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through the rapid-control-prototype(RCP)test.The results demonstrate the enhancement of the energy-saving as well as comfort on the basis of vehicle stability.

基于多胞体系统的FWID EV鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动电动汽车(FWID EV)轨迹跟踪控制性能,针对车辆横向运动系统的不确定性与非线性问题,考虑转向执行机构的动态特性,提出了基于线性变参数(LPV)的鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制策略。首先利用凸分解技术将LPV系统转化为有限多胞顶点凸组合的多胞体系统,然后基于离线设计的每个多胞顶点控制器和线性组合在线计算任意时变参数对应的系统控制器参数,并利用MATLAB和CarSim进行联合仿真。结果表明:在加速变道场景下,所设计的控制器可以保证横向偏移误差不超过2 cm,横向偏移平均绝对误差不超过0.9 cm的较高跟踪精度及行驶稳定性和鲁棒性。

Lateral stability region conservativeness estimation and torque distribution for FWIA electric vehicle steering

Estimation of the lateral stability region and torque distribution on steering is very important to improve stability in lateral handling for all wheel drive electric vehicles.Based on the built-nonlinear vehicle dynamic model,the lateral stability region of the vehicle related to steering is estimated using Lyapunov function.We obtained stable equilibrium points of non-straight driving according to the estimated lateral stability region and also reconstructed the Lyapunov function matrix,which proved that the closed-loop system composed of yaw rate and lateral velocity is satisfied with negative definite property.In addition,the designed controller dynamically allocates the drive torque in terms of the vertical load and slip rate of the four wheels.The simulation results show that the estimated lateral stability region and the designed controller are satisfactory in handling stability performance against different roads and vehicle parameters.

基于模糊滑模直接横摆力矩的车辆横摆稳定性控制

为了避免车辆发生横向失稳的风险,根据四轮独立驱动电动汽车四轮驱动/制动力矩独立可控的特点,提出了一种具有上层控制器和下层控制器两层结构的模糊滑模直接横摆力矩控制策略。上层控制器采用模糊滑模控制器计算车辆总的需求横摆力矩,并对4个车轮纵向力进行分配。下层控制器将轮胎纵向力转化为对轮胎滑动率的控制,并通过控制4个车轮的力矩使轮胎纵向力得到实现。仿真结果表明,该模糊滑模直接横摆力矩控制策略在不同的附着路面条件下都能保证车辆的横向稳定性,并能削弱传统滑模控制器造成的系统抖振。

独立驱动电动汽车质心侧偏角融合估计方法

针对传统质心侧偏角估计精度低、实时性差等问题,把四轮独立驱动电动汽车作为研究对象,提出一种基于强跟踪卡尔曼滤波及无迹卡尔曼滤波融合估计的质心侧偏角估计方法。由于汽车在侧向加速度较小时车辆动力学特性基本呈线性变化,此时通过强跟踪卡尔曼滤波快速估计,当汽车侧向加速度较大时车辆动力学特性趋于非线性变化,通过无迹卡尔曼滤波准确估计。最后将两种估计方法的数据融合,完成不同车速不同工况下对车辆质心侧偏角的估计。搭建Simulink-Carsim联合仿真平台对提出的方法进行验证,结果表明该方法在保证估计精度的同时具有较好的实时跟踪效果及鲁棒性。

四轮独立驱动EV侧向稳定性H∞鲁棒容错控制

为解决参数不确定性四轮独立驱动电动汽车发生执行器及传感器故障时车辆侧向稳定性控制问题,提出一种H∞鲁棒容错控制方法。运用故障矩阵函数引入车辆连续性故障,建立了考虑执行器及传感器故障的二自由度车辆参数不确定性动力学模型。运用线性矩阵不等式求解方法设计车辆侧向稳定性H∞鲁棒容错控制器,保证车辆动力学系统渐近稳定性及抗干扰能力,实现控制系统H∞鲁棒性能满足给定的干扰衰减指标。搭建CarSim与MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真实验平台,验证控制器的有效性。仿真实验表明,所设计H∞鲁棒容错控制器能有效提升了车辆的侧向稳定性及安全性,对车辆故障具有良好的容错控制能力。

分布式驱动电动汽车动力系统优化控制探究

针对分布式电动汽车四轮驱动系统的冗余结构,驱动轮之间动力控制易出现干涉耦合效应,为此建立电动汽车四驱动轮动力优化控制系统。联合MATLAB和CarSim建立了整车动力学模型及电机驱动协调优化控制模型,其中包含计算驾驶需求动力及广义稳定横摆力矩的上控制层,以轮胎附着裕量、稳定性及动力性为优化目标的转矩分配控制层,通过与无动力优化控制系统分析对比,验证了优化动力控制系统的正确性及有效性,表明了其控制系统的适应性能更优。

基于控制分配的四轮独立电驱动车辆驱动力分配算法

针对目前四轮独立电驱动车辆研究中尚未有效解决的系统失效控制问题,提出了一种基于控制分配的驱动力分配算法。首先建立了满足车辆经济性要求的目标函数和相关约束条件,通过优化保证在正常驱动状态下整车具有最佳的经济性能。接着基于控制分配原理对故障电机驱动转矩进行约束处理,使目标转矩能够在多种失效情况下实现再分配,有效解决了多驱动电机系统失效控制问题。最后,仿真结果验证了所提出的算法能在安全约束下有效地改善车辆的经济性,并系统地提升了车辆应对故障的能力。

基于四轮独立驱动电动汽车的动力学仿真模型

四轮独立驱动技术是电动汽车驱动系统研究的热点。建立了包括转向角在内的18自由度四轮独立驱动电动汽车的动力学模型并详细给出了各运动方程。通过整车试验数据与相同工况下的仿真结果对比,表明所述模型可以以很好的精度反映汽车在各种工况下的动力学性能。为开展四轮独立驱动电动汽车动力学控制研究奠定了基础。

四轮独立驱动电动车转向驱动的转矩协调控制

通过对四轮独立驱动电动汽车进行转矩协调控制进行动力学理论分析,表明转矩协调控制可以增强车辆的动力性以及弯道极限行驶性能,提高车辆的操纵性和稳定性。提出采用BP神经网络PID控制方法协调驱动力矩。利用建立的四轮独立驱动电动车7自由度模型进行了阶跃输入、稳态回转和正弦输入仿真。仿真结果表明:提出的转矩协调方法改善了车辆的操纵性和稳定性。

独立电驱动车辆车轮驱动防滑自抗扰控制

针对独立电驱动车辆加速过程中车轮的一种非线性防滑控制方法进行研究,采用Magic公式和直流电机模型建立1/4车辆动力学模型,将电机电流考虑成内部扰动,负载考虑成外部扰动,利用扩张状态观测器对扰动进行观测;以最优滑移率为控制目标,使用二阶自抗扰控制器设计车辆单轮驱动防滑控制系统,并利用遗传算法确定控制器的参数,且对多种工况下的加速过程进行仿真研究。仿真结果表明:基于自抗扰控制的防滑控制系统对系统内部和外部扰动具有鲁棒性,可以在各种工况下获得良好的纵向加速性能。

前后轴双电机电动汽车转矩分配优化策略

针对前后轴双电机电动汽车的效率提升问题,在对前后轴双电机方案效率特性研究的基础上,设计了基于电机效率最优和基于电池效率最优的前后轮双电机转矩分配方法。研究发现这两种效率最优的方法在转矩分配上存在冲突现象,因此,采用一种多目标粒子群优化算法求得同时兼顾电机效率和电池效率的最优策略,从而避免两种策略同时工作时出现的竞争现象。仿真和实验结果表明,采用多目标粒子群优化算法的前后轴双电机转矩分配方案可以提高电动汽车的系统效率和续航里程。整车动力学分析表明,采用多目标粒子群优化算法的前后轴双电机转矩分配方案不会对整车的稳定性和平顺性产生影响。

电动汽车多电机独立驱动技术研究综述

多电机独立驱动电动汽车是电动汽车发展中的重要方向之一,其多电机驱动系统的协调控制及可靠性问题是亟待解决的首要问题。针对由多台轮毂电机驱动及线控技术为特征的分布式四轮独立驱动(4WID)电动汽车,介绍了其驱动系统在电子差速、主动安全控制、多电机转矩协调、容错控制等方面的研究现状,指出了多电机独立驱动电动汽车研究尚存的问题,并探索了该领域今后的研究方向与趋势。

四轮独立驱动电动汽车能效分析与功率分配

本文中分析了四轮独立驱动电动汽车样车的结构与原理,利用快速原型建立了分布式整车控制系统架构。通过轮毂电机及其控制器与样车的台架试验和底盘测功机道路模拟试验,得到了轮毂电机的转矩响应特性和能量效率曲线,采用最小二乘法拟合驱动电机控制规律。与此同时,鉴于轮毂电机及其控制器效率的非线性和在转矩区间的差异,提出了一种减少整车能量消耗的前后轴驱动力分配方法,并进行了样车道路试验。结果表明,通过驱动力分配进行整车能量优化,不同行驶速度下能效最大改善超过10%,优化驱动模式可进一步降低整车能耗。

独立驱动电动汽车稳定性的滑模变结构控制

为充分利用双电机独立驱动电动汽车两侧电机独立可控这个特点来提高车辆稳定性,在研究汽车动力学与稳定性特点的基础上,利用MATLAB/Simulink建立了包括任意路径下的单点预瞄驾驶员模型和"魔术公式"轮胎模型在内的8自由度的"人-车"闭环动力学仿真平台。运用滑模变结构控制原理,分别设计了以两侧电机为执行机构,以横摆角速度、质心侧偏角和横摆角速度与质心侧偏角联合为控制变量的3种等速趋近滑模变结构控制器,在仿真平台进行了稳定性控制的仿真。结果表明,3种控制器均可有效提高汽车极端工况下的操纵稳定性,其中,又以横摆角速度与质心侧偏角为联合控制变量的控制器效果最好。