Effectively modulating spatial vortex four-wave mixing in a diamond atomic system

Due to the spatial characteristics of orbital angular momentum,vortex fields can be applied in the fields of quantum storage and quantum information.We study the realization of spatially modulated vortex fields based on four-wave mixing in a four-level atomic system with a diamond structure.The intensity and spiral phase of the vortex field are effectively transferred to the generated four-wave mixing field.By changing the detuning of the probe field,the phase and intensity of the generated vertex four-wave mixing field can be changed.When the probe field takes a large detuning value,the spatial distribution of the intensity and phase of the vertex four-wave mixing field can be effectively tuned by adjusting the Rabi frequency or detuning value of the coupled field.At the same time,we also provide a detailed explanation based on the dispersion relationship,and the results agree well with our simulation results.

Characterize and optimize the four-wave mixing in dual-interferometer coupled silicon microrings

By designing and fabricating a series of dual-interferometer coupled silicon microrings, the coupling condition of the pump, signal, and idler beams can be engineered independently and then we carried out both the continuous-wave and pulse pumped four-wave mixing experiments to verify the dependence of conversion efficiency on the coupling conditions of the four interacting beams, respectively. Under the continuous-wave pump, the four-wave mixing efficiency gets maximized when both the pump and signal/idler beams are closely operated at the critical coupling point, while for the pulse pump case, the efficiency can be enhanced greatly when the pump and converted idler beams are all overcoupled. These experiment results agree well with our theoretical calculations. Our design provides a platform for explicitly characterizing the four-wave mixing under different pumping conditions, and offers a method to optimize the four-wave mixing, which will facilitate the development of on-chip all-optical signal processing with a higher efficiency or reduced pump power.

Dynamic and inner-dressing control of four-wave mixing in periodically-driven atomic system

Four-wave-mixing(FWM) process is examined by using density matrix formalism in a periodically-driven atomic medium. Numerical result shows that FWM signals can be controlled by selecting different dynamic parameters of the probe field and strengths of the inner-dressing fields. It is also shown that the controllable FWM process is dominantly influenced by the evolution of atomic population difference and two-photon coherence. This dynamic and inner-dressing control of FWM is probably used for optimizing the optical nonlinear process and information processing.

Electro-optomechanical switch via tunable bistability and four-wave mixing

We investigate the tunable bistable behavior of a hybrid nano-electro-optomechanical system(NEOMS) composed of S-shaped in the presence of two-level atoms, trapped inside a Fabry–Pérot cavity, and driven by a strong driving field and a weak probe field. The bistable behavior of the steady-state photon number and the mechanical steady-state positions are discussed. Further, we tune bistability by tuning all the coupling frequencies involved in the system and amplitude of the driving field. The present study provides the possibility of realization of a controllable optical switch depending on atom-field coupling, optomechanical coupling, electrostatic Coulomb coupling, and threshold power. In addition, we discuss that the non-linear effect of the hybrid NEOMS generates the four-wave mixing(FWM) process. Moreover, we show that the FWM process can be suppressed by the atom-field detuning and cavity-field detuning, which exhibits low photon transmission.

Online Inter-Modal Dispersion Monitoring Based on Four-Wave Mixing

A novel online Differential Mode Group Delay(DMGD)monitoring method based on four-wave mixing(FWM) in few mode fiber(FMF) transmission system is proposed, and the DMGD monitoring is achieved on the whole range of 15-50 ps/km. Detection principle is deduced and relationship of the power of idler waves and DMGD is analyzed. With various chromatic dispersion(CD)values, different line widths and different optical signal noise ratio(OSNR) values, the simulations are carried out. The simulation results show that this new DMGD monitoring method is less affected by different line widths and has a high tolerance for OSNR.

Enhancement of multiple four-wave mixing via cascaded fibers with discrete dispersion decreasing

Cascaded fiber geometry with the dispersion of each fiber decreasing is proposed to enhance the multiple four-wave mixing(FWM) generation. The first fiber with relatively large dispersion initiates and accelerates the expansion of multiple FWM, and the second fiber with small dispersion would allow the phase-matching process(thus the spectrum broadening)to keep going. Numerical and experimental results show that with this geometry not only multiple FWM expansion can be accelerated, but also the efficiency of multiple FWM products can be effectively improved with shorter fibers.

Coherent 420 nm laser beam generated by four-wave mixing in Rb vapor with a single continuous-wave laser

We demonstrate the generation of the coherent 420 nm laser via parametric four-wave mixing process in Rb vapor.A single 778 nm laser with circular polarization is directly injected into a high-density atomic vapor,which drives the atoms from the 5S1/2 state to the 5D5/2 state with monochromatic two-photon transition.The frequency up-conversion laser is generated by the parametric four-wave mixing process under the phase matching condition.This coherent laser is firstly certified by the knife-edge method and a narrow range grating spectrometer.Then the generated laser power is investigated in terms of the power and frequency of the incoming beam as well as the density of the atoms.Finally,a 420 nm coherent laser with power of 19μW and beam quality of Mx^2=1.32,My^2=1.37 is obtained with optimal experimental parameters.This novel laser shows potential prospects in the measurement of material properties,information storage,and underwater optical communication.

Four-wave mixing in silicon-nanocrystal embedded high-index doped silica micro-ring resonator

A nonlinear integrated optical platform that allows the fabrication of waveguide circuits with different material composition,and at small dimensions,offers advantages in terms of field enhancement and increased interaction length,thereby facilitating the observation of nonlinear optics effects at a much lower power level.To enhance the nonlinearity of the conventional waveguide structure,in this work,we propose and demonstrate a microstructured waveguide where silicon rich layer is embedded in the core of the conventional waveguide in order to increase its nonlinearity.By embedding a 20 nm thin film of silicon nanocrystal(Si-nc),we achieve a twofold increase of the nonlinear parameter,γ.The linear relationship between the fourwave mixing conversion efficiency and pump power reveals the negligible nonlinear absorption and small dispersion in the micro-ring resonators.This simple approach of embedding an ultra-thin Si-nc layer into conventional high-index doped silica dramatically increases its nonlinear performance,and could potentially find applications in all-optical processing functions.

Controllable four-wave mixing response in a dual-cavity hybrid optomechanical system

We systematically investigate the four-wave mixing(FWM)spectrum in a dual-cavity hybrid optomechanical system,which is made up of one optical cavity with an ensemble of two-level atoms and another with a mechanical oscillator.In this work,we propose that the hybrid dual-cavity optomechanical system can be employed as a highly sensitive mass sensor due to the fact that the FWM spectrum generated in this system has a narrow spectral width and the intensity of the FWM can be easily tuned by controlling the coupling strength(cavity-cavity,atom-cavity).More fascinatingly,the dual-cavity hybrid optomechanical system can also be used as an all-optical switch in view of the easy on/off control of FWM signals by adjusting the atom-pump detuning to be positive or negative.The proposed schemes have great potential applications in quantum information processing and highly sensitive detection.

Analysis of Radio over Fiber system for mitigating four-wave mixing effect

In this paper,an efficient 8-channel 32Gbps RoF(Radio over Fiber)system incorporating Bessel Filter(8/32 RoFBF)has been demonstrated to reduce the impact of non-linear transmission effects,specifically Four-Wave Mixing(FWM).The simulation results indicate that the proposed 8/32 RoF-BF system provides an optimum result w.r.t.channel spacing(75 GHz),input source power(0 dBm)and number of input channels(8).In comparison with the existing RoF system,the proposed 8/32 RoF-BF system has been validated analytically and it is found that the performance of the proposed system is in close proximity particularly in FWM sideband power reduction of the order of 4 dBm for the 8-channel 32Gbps RoF system.

Electrical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement in Detection of Mid-IR Signals by Four-Wave Mixing in As2S3-on-LiNbO3 Waveguides

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) signals can be converted to near-infrared (near-IR) wavelengths in As2S3-on-LiNbO3 waveguides by high efficiency four-wave mixing. It provided us a solution to detect mid-IR signals indirectly by state-of-the-art near-IR detectors. High efficiency four-wave mixing was demonstrated and electrical signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) improvement was also investigated. Compared to direct detection by PbSe and HgCdTe (MCT) mid-IR detectors, the calculation indicated that, at room temperature, the indirect detection to mid-IR signals increased the electrical signal-to-noise ratio up to 67 dB.

Phase-matching analysis of four-wave mixing induced by modulation instability in a single-mode fiber

Four-wave mixing induced by modulation instability in a single-mode fiber is analyzed from the phase-matching point of view. For the two-channel transmission, a method is proposed to select the four-wave-mixing-induced sidebands, which is based on the proper use of a continuous-wave and a pulse as light sources. We find that a mass of sidebands are generated in the modulation instability resonance region, and the power of the sideband increases with not only the peak power of the pump pulse but also the continuous-wave power which acts as a seed. The research will provide guidance for fiber communication and sensing systems using wavelength division multiplexing technology.

Wavelength dependence four-wave mixing spectroscopy in a micrometric atomic vapour

This paper presents a theoretical study of wavelength dependence four-wave-mixing (FWM) spectroscopy in a micrometric thin atomic vapour. It compares three cases termed as mismatched case Ⅰ, matched case and mismatched case Ⅱ for the probe wavelength less, equal and greater than the pump wavelength respectively. It finds that Dickenarrowing can overcome width broadening induced by Doppler effects and polarisation interference of thermal atoms, and high resolution FWM spectra can be achieved both in matched and mismatched wavelength for many cases. It also finds that the magnitude of the FWM signal can be dramatically modified to be suppressed or to be enhanced in comparison with that of matched wavelength in mismatched case Ⅰ or Ⅱ. The width narrowing and the magnitude suppression or enhancement can be demonstrated by considering enhanced contribution of slow atoms induced by atom-wall collision and transient effect of atom-light interaction in a micrometric thin vapour.

Photon statistics of pulse-pumped four-wave mixing in fiber with weak signal injection

We study the photon statistics of pulse-pumped four-wave mixing in fibers with weak coherent signal injection by measuring the intensity correlation functions of individual signal and idler fields. The experimental results show that the intensity correlation function of individual signal(idler) field g_(s(i))^(2) decreases with the intensity of signal injection. After applying narrow band filter in signal(idler) band, the value of g_(s(i))^(2) decreases from 1.9 ± 0.02(1.9 ± 0.02) to 1.03 ± 0.02(1.05 ± 0.02) when the intensity of signal injection varies from 0 to 120 photons/pulse. The results indicate that the photon statistics changes from Bose–Einstein distribution to Poisson distribution. We calculate the intensity correlation functions by using the multi-mode theory of four-wave mixing in fibers. The theoretical curves well fit the experimental results.Our investigation will be useful for mitigating the crosstalk between quantum and classical channels in a dense wavelength division multiplexing network.

Dynamical effects of the four-wave mixing enhancement induced by constructive quantum interference

In a four-level system of ultracold 87 Rb atoms,through analytical and numerical calculations we propose an efficient scheme to achieve the enhanced four-wave mixing process and demonstrate its dynamical control by various parameters such as the travel distance z,probe detuning δ and the probe pulse width τ.In particular,we find that the maximal intensity of the nonlinearly generated signal pulse can be about 80% of the initial input probe under the optimal condition.This greatly enhanced conversion efficiency occurs due to the constructive quantum interference between two different components of the generated signal pulse.

Slow light via four-wave mixing in a hot rubidium vapour

In this work,we report on an off-resonant four-wave mixing experiment via a ladder-type configuration in a hot rubidium atomic vapour.We find for the first time,to the best of our knowledge,that the generated light is delayed compared with the reference.At the same time,the seeded signal beam is also delayed,though the delay time is not as so large as the one that the generated light has.Both delayed times can be adjusted experimentally by controlling the two-photon detuning.The experimental results are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions.Our results may be important for storing telecom-band photons.

Quantum interferences in four-wave mixing processes inside a cavity driven by quantized fields

Interferences in the quantum fluctuations of the output fields are demonstrated in four-wave mixing processes inside a cavity,which is driven by two quantized fields at the signal and the idler frequencies.These interferences depend on the phase fluctuations of the input fields and induce mode splitting in the transmission spectra.

Highly efficient four-wave mixing induced by quantum constructive interference in rubidium vapour

We demonstrate efficient four-wave mixing with an intensity conversion efficiency of nearly 100% in theory without considering the Doppler-broadening effect in a four-level double-Λ system of hot 87 Rb gas.The corresponding experimental value of about 73% was reported in our earlier work under the same conditions.This dramatic efficiency is critically dependent on the constructive interference between two four-wave mixing processes relevant to the internally generated four-wave mixing signal.