RAPID DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN IN MILLET BY FOURIER TRANSFORM NEAR-INFRARED(FTNIR)DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

In this paper,the Fourier transform near-infrared(FTNIR)diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is applied for the rapid determination of protein in millet.The partial least-squares(PLS)regression is successfully used as an effective multivariate calibration technique.The calibration set is composed of 20 standard millet samples that the protein contents were determined by the traditional Kjeldahl method.The optimal model dimension is found to be 5 by cross-validation.22 millet samples were determined by the proposed FTNIR-PLS method.The correlation coefficient between the concentration values obtained by the FTNIR-PLS method and the traditional Kjeldahl method is 0.9805.The standard error of prediction(SEP)is 0.28% and the mean recovery is 100.2%.The proposed method has been successfully applied for the routine analysis of protein in about 10,000 grain samples.

Classification of Guizhou Aspidistra Plants by Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of Guizhou Aspidistra plants. [Method] Twenty three batch- es of Guizhou Aspidistra plants including A. chishuiensis, A. spinula, A. Caespitosa, A. sichuanensis, A. ebianensis, A. retusa, A. guizhouensis and A. liboensis were subjected to drying, pulverization and sieving and then directly determined for near- infrared reflectance spectrums; and the plants in this genus were classified by clus- ter analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. [Result] The near-infrared re- flectance spectrums of the 23 batches of Guizhou Aspidistra plants showed very high similarity. The spectrums were processed by first derivative method, and the spectral range of 4 000-7 500 cm-1 was selected as the analytical range. Cluster analysis and PCA were employed to mass spectrum variables of plants in Aspidis- tra, fewer new variables became the linear combination of primary variables, and small differences between different varieties were enlarged, thereby facilitating intu- itive classification of plants in this genus. [Conclusion] Near-infrared diffuse re- flectance spectroscopy is nondestructive and rapid for determination of solid sam- pies, and provides a new method for the classification of Guizhou Aspidistra plants combined by information processing techniques.

Supercritical water syntheses of transition metal-doped CeO_2 nano-catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO:An in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study

In the present study,we synthesized CeO2 catalysts doped with various transition metals(M=Co,Fe,or Cu)using a supercritical water hydrothermal route,which led to the incorporation of the metal ions in the CeO2 lattice,forming solid solutions.The catalysts were then used for the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO by CO.The Cu‐doped catalyst exhibited the highest SCR activity;it had a T50(i.e.,50%NO conversion)of only 83°C and a T90(i.e.,90%NO conversion)of 126°C.Such an activity was also higher than in many state‐of‐the‐art catalysts.In situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that the MOx‐CeO2 catalysts(M=Co and Fe)mainly followed an Eley‐Rideal reaction mechanism for CO‐SCR.In contrast,a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood SCR reaction mechanism occurred in CuO‐CeO2 owing to the presence of Cu+species,which ensured effective adsorption of CO.This explains why CuO‐CeO2 exhibited the highest activity with regard to the SCR of NO by CO.

Rapid Identification for Drought Resistance of Wheat Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study aimed to establish an identification system for drought-resistance in wheat by using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. [Method] In 2006-2007, 36 wheat varieties with different drought resistance were selected and were classified according to their drought resistance grades determined by the Technical Specification of Identification and Evaluation for Drought Resistance in Wheat （GB/T 21127-2007）. In addition, the harvested wheat seed samples were spectrally analyzed with FOSS NIRSystems5000 near-infrared spectrum analyzer for grain quality （full spectrum analyzer） and then the forecasted regression equations were established. [Result] After the establishment of a database and validation, dis- criminated functions were obtained. The determination coefficient （RSQ） and coeffi- cients of determination for cross validation （1-VR） in the discriminant function built with seed samples from water stress area were 0.846 0 and 0.781 8, respectively, which indicated that the consistency between drought resistance and spectral charac- teristics in wheat varieties was good, and there was high correlation between the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of seeds and the drought resistance in wheat. [Conclusiou] Under water stress condition, it is feasible to establish a conve- nient, rapid and no-damage identification system for the drought resistance in wheat by using the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectrum technique to scan wheat seeds.

Rapid, Non-Destructive, Textile Classification Using SIMCA on Diffuse Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra

Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) was successful in classifying a large library of 758 commercially available, non-blended samples of acetate, cotton, polyester, rayon, silk and wool 89% - 98% of the time at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.05 significance level). In the present study, cotton and silk had a 62% and 24% chance, respectively, of being classified with their own group and also with rayon. SIMCA correctly identified a counterfeit “silk” sample as polyester. When coupled with diffuse NIR reflectance spectroscopy and a large sample library, SIMCA shows considerable promise as a quick, non-destructive, multivariate method for fiber identification. A major advantage is simplicity. No sample pretreatment of any kind was required, and no adjust-ments were made for fiber origin, manufacturing process residues, topical finishes, weave pattern, or dye content. Increasing the sample library should make the models more robust and improve identification rates over those reported in this paper.

Monitoring real time polymorphic transformation of sulfanilamide by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy

This study investigated the development of a novel approach to surface characterization of drug poly- morphism and the extension of the capabilities of this method to perform ＇real time＇ in situ measure- ments. This was achieved using diffuse reflectance visible （DRV） spectroscopy and dye deposition, using the pH sensitive dye, thymol blue （TB）. Two polymorphs, SFN-β and SFN-γ, of the drug substance sulfanilamide （SFN） were examined. The interaction of adsorbed dye with polymorphs showed different behavior, and thus reported different DRV spectra. Consideration of the acid/base properties of the morphological forms of the drug molecule provided a rationalization of the mechanism of differential coloration by indicator dyes. The kinetics of the polymorphic transformation of SFN polymorphs was monitored using treatment with TB dye and DRV spectroscopy. The thermally-induced transformation fitted a first-order solid-state kinetic model （R2=0.992）, giving a rate constant of 2.43 × 10^- 2 s 1.

Evaluation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Diagnosis of Peroxisomal Diseases with Abnormal Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are accumulated in cells and blood in patients with peroxisomal diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and Zellwger Syndrome (ZS). The purpose of this study is to investigate usefulness of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total reflection (ATR) analysis method for clinical diagnosis of those diseases, thereby we measured the infrared spectra of the sera of patients and healthy controls. Correlation coefficients between 2nd derivative FTIR spectra of the serum samples and the VLCFA content ratio which is used as a clinical parameter to date were comprehensively calculated to investigate which wavenumber showed high correlation with the VLCFA ratio. Multiple regression analysis using the serum FTIR spectra showed that high correlations were observed with VLCFA ratios (C26:0/C22:0 ratio), and we could construct a suitable regression model (R2 = 0.97, p ﹣19). In addition, the model system using various VLCFAs in newborn bovine serum also showed that several FTIR peaks in 800 ~ 900 cm﹣1 region were found to have good correlation with VLCFA ratios. Our results support that FTIR analysis is useful for diagnosis of peroxisomal diseases.

Titanium dioxide as an adsorbent to enhance the detection ability of near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

A method for quantitative determination of fish sperm deoxyribonucleic acid(fsDNA)was developed by using titanium dioxide(TiO2)as an adsorbent and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS).The selective enrichment of fsDNA was proved by comparing the adsorption efficiency of bovine serum albumin,tyrosine and tryptophan,and the low adsorption background of TiO2 was illustrated by comparing the spectra of four commonly-used inorganic adsorbents(alkaline aluminium oxide,neutral aluminium oxide,nano-hydroxyapatite and silica).The spectral feature of fsDNA can be clearly observed in the spectrum of the sample.Partial least squares(PLS)model was built for quantitative determination of fsDNA using 28 solutions,and 13 solutions with interferences were used for validation of the model.The results showed that the correlation coefficient(R)between the predicted and the reference concentration is 0.9727 and the recoveries of the validation samples are in the range of 98.2%-100.7%.

Determination of Cysteine Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy with Enrichment via Thiol-maleimide Click Reaction

Enrichment technique has been proved to be an efficient way to make the near-infrared diffuse reflectancespectroscopy（NIRDRS） suitable for micro analysis. However, low selectivity presented by conventional enrichmentmethods makes the quantitative analysis easy to be affected by the coexisting components. In this study, a specificenrichment method with chemical bonding via thiol-maleimide click reaction was used to achieve the reduction of theinterferences. Taking cysteine as the analyzing target, maleimide-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared forthe enrichment of cysteine. Then determination of cysteine in aqueous solution and human serum was studied usingthe partial least squares model built from the NIRDRS spectra of the adsorbate. The results show that the concentra-tion that can be quantitatively detected is as low as 2.0 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient（R） between thereference and predicted concentration is 0.9871 for the validation samples. The recoveries are in the range of89.5%-113.8% for human serum samples in the concentration range of 0--16.2 μg/mL.

Determination of triglycerides in human serum by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using silver mirror as a substrate

Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS) has gained wide attention due to its convenience for rapid quantitative analysis of complex samples. A method for rapid analysis of triglycerides in human serum using NIRDRS with silver mirror as the substrate is developed. Due to the even and high reflectance of the silver mirror, the spectral response is enhanced and the background interference is reduced.Furthermore, both linear and nonlinear modeling strategies were investigated adopting the partial least squares(PLS) and least squares support vector regression(LS-SVR), continuous wavelet transform(CWT)was used for spectral preprocessing, and variable selection was tried using Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination(MC-UVE), randomization test(RT) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) for optimization the models. The results show that the determination coefficient(R) between the predicted and reference concentration is 0.9624 and the root mean squared error of prediction(RMSEP) is 0.21. The maximum deviation of the prediction results is as low as 0.473 mmol/L. The proposed method may provide an alternative method for routine analysis of serum triglycerides in clinical applications.

Chemometric Feature Selection and Classification of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>Spores and Fruiting Body Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

Ganoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) spores as a valuable Chinese herbal medicine have vast marketable prospect for its bioactivities and medicinal efficacy. This study aims at the development of an effective and simple analytical method to distinguish G. lucidum spores from its fruiting body, which is of essential importance for the quality control and fast discrimination of raw materials of Chinese herbal medicine. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with the appropriate chemometric methods including penalized discriminant analysis, principal component discriminant analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis has been proven to be a rapid and powerful tool for discrimination of G. lucidum spores and its fruiting body with classification accuracy of 99%. The model leads to a well-performed selection of informative spectral absorption bands which improve the classification accuracy, reduce the model complexity and enhance the quantitative interpretations of the chemical constituents of G. lucidum spores regarding its anticancer effects.

Feasibility assessment of phenotyping cotton fiber maturity using infrared spectroscopy and algorithms for genotyping analyses

Background:Cotton fiber maturity is an important property that partially determines the processing and performance of cotton.Due to difficulties of obtaining fiber maturity values accurately from every plant of a genetic population,cotton geneticists often use micronaire(MIC) and/or lint percentage for classifying immature phenotypes from mature fiber phenotyp es although they are complex fiber traits.The recent development of an algorithm for determining cotton fiber maturity(MIR)from Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra explores a novel way to measure fiber maturity efficiently and accurately.However,the algorithm has not been tested with a genetic population consisting of a large number of progeny pla,nts.Results:The merits and limits of the MIC-or lint percentage-bas ed phenotyping method were demonstrated by comparing the observed phenotypes with the predicted phenotypes based on their DNA marker genotypes in a genetic population consisting of 708 F2 plants with various fiber maturity.The observed MIC-based fiber phenotypes matched to the predicted phenotypes better than the observed lint percenta ge-based fiber phenotypes.The lint percentage was obtained from each of F2 plants,whereas the MIC values were unable to be obtained from the entire population since certain F2 plants produced insufficient fiber mass for their measurements.To test the feasibiility of cotton fiber infrared maturity(MIR)as a viable phenotyping tool for genetic analyses,we me asured FT-IR spectra from the second population composed of 80 F2 plants with various fiber maturities,determined MIR values using the algorithms,and compared them with their genotypes in addition to other fiber phenotypes.The results showed that MIR values were successfully obtained from each of the F2 plants,and the observed MIR-based phenotypes fit well to the predicted phenotypes based on their DNA marker genotypes as well as the observed phenotypes based on a combination of MIC and lint percentage.Conclusions:The M,R value obtained from FT-IR spectra of cotton fibers is able to accurately assess fiber maturity of all plants of a population in a quantitative way.The technique provides an option for cotton geneticists to determine fiber maturity rapidly and efficiently.

应用衰减全反射红外光谱无损鉴别中国传统手工纸的方法研究

纤维种类鉴别是古代纸张保护的重要基础工作。探究中国传统手工纸的无损纤维鉴别的方法对中国古籍、档案及纸质文物的研究和保护具有重要意义。该研究应用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR)对已知纤维成分的17类64种中国传统手工纸标准样品进行了无损分析,参考纤维素和木质素的红外峰位及部分纸样的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果确认纸样中的所有红外谱峰归属;并采用分波段比较分析的方法对相似度极高的谱图进行比对分析,分别总结各类纸张在4000~1800、1800~1500、1500~1200和1200~600cm^(-1)四个波段的谱图特征;同时对4cm^(-1)精度的谱图进行二阶导数处理,分别总结各类纸张在1500~1200和1200~900cm^(-1)两个波段的二阶导数谱图特征;最后通过红外结晶指数及其他峰高和峰面积比值计算结果实现对纸类更细致的区分。应用上述方法对16个盲测样品进行了有效性测试,红外分析结果与显微纤维鉴别结果一致,初步证明了该方法在中国传统手工纸无损纤维鉴别上的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,应用ATR-FTIR无损分析法可对麻、桑构皮、檀皮、瑞香皮和竹几大类原料的传统手工纸纤维类型作出快速而准确的鉴别,对于混料的宣纸也同样适用;但对于显微分析也难以鉴别的亲缘关系较近的植物原料如桑、构皮之间的精细鉴别仍有一定局限性。

聚光太阳能驱动二氧化碳甲烷化实验研究

针对聚光光热驱动CO_(2)甲烷化反应过程中聚光的作用机制尚不清晰的问题,以具有优异反应活性及光热转换特性的Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂为研究对象,开展了聚光光热驱动和热驱动下的CO_(2)甲烷化实验及机理研究。通过表观活化能测试、温度梯度实验及时间分辨的原位漫反射红外光谱实验,探究了聚光在反应过程中的作用机制,揭示了光热驱动CO_(2)甲烷化的反应机理。结果表明,与纯热驱动过程相比,光热驱动在相同温度下表现出更佳的催化性能。光热驱动下w(Ni)为15%的Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂在350℃下可达到86.8%的CO_(2)转化率,达到峰值转化率所需的温度比纯热驱动过程降低了25℃。此外,光热较热驱动过程的表观活化能降低了25%,且光致温度梯度进一步促进了CO_(2)的转化。时间分辨的原位漫反射红外光谱实验结果表明,聚光改善了CO_(2)在催化剂表面的吸附,促进了关键中间体的转变,增强了CO*生成CH4的反应路径,从微观动力学上促进了CO_(2)的转化。该研究为认识聚光太阳能驱动CO_(2)甲烷化过程中聚光的作用机制提供了新的思路。

铁钾基复合氧化物上CO_(2)氧化乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯的原位DRIFTS研究

采用湿法造粒法制备了Fe-K,Fe-K-Ce,Fe-K-Ce-Mo复合氧化物催化剂,利用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱技术考察了催化剂在CO_(2)氧化乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯反应中的反应机理、促进作用和构效关系。实验结果表明,在CO_(2)氧化乙苯脱氢反应中,Ce的加入提高了催化剂的活性,Mo改性提升了苯乙烯的选择性。催化剂经改性后促进了碳酸盐物种的形成,Fe-K-Ce催化剂形成了更多桥联碳酸盐物种,Fe-K-Ce-Mo催化剂增加了双齿碳酸盐物种。这些碳酸盐物种在高温下分解进行CO_(2)脱附并释放活性位点,乙苯会吸附在这些位点上脱氢生成苯乙烯和H2,H2与CO_(2)进行逆水煤气变换反应。此外,引入CO_(2)后缩短了催化剂的活化诱导期,提高了苯乙烯产量。

比较教学法在红外光谱分析实验教学中的探索与应用

紧密结合实验特性和教学目的,提出将比较教学法应用于实验课堂,深入探讨了其在红外光谱分析实验教学中的应用与实践。通过实施这种教学方法,学生不仅能深入理解透射法与衰减全反射红外光谱分析法的异同点,而且能掌握这两种方法的实际应用技巧。实践表明,比较学习法有效推动了高分子材料分析实验的教学改革和质量的提升,有助于强化学生实践操作能力,激发他们的科研兴趣,为培养未来的科研人才奠定坚实基础。

傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法的应用与进展

随着傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的应用及化学计量学的发展 ,傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR FTIR)成为用传统透过法制样效果不理想 (或制样复杂 )的样品及表层结构分析的有利工具和手段。ATR FTIR技术已应用到纺织、质检、公安等各个领域。目前 ,人们正在针对ATR FTIR的特性 ,开展应用研究。为此 ,文章主要介绍了国内外应用ATR FTIR技术进行深度剖析的研究 ,对材料表面的定性分析 ,组分的定量分析 ,光学纤维与ATR附件的联用技术 ,以及在其他领域 (如运用ATR FTIR技术考察中空纤维的结构及取向变化 ,研究皮肤促进剂的作用机理 )

傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术测定完整油菜籽中芥酸和硫甙含量

利用傅里叶变换漫反射近红外光谱技术和大量代表性油菜籽标准样品建立完整油菜籽中芥酸、硫甙测定模型,内部交叉法和外部检验集样品对模型验证结果表明:芥酸、硫甙模型复相关系数分别为0.9618和0.9785,内部验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.97和5.16。用所建模型对油菜籽样品芥酸、硫甙测定结果与国家和国际标准方法测定结果基本一致,建立的近红外分析模型能够满足油菜育种中对初级世代材料芥酸、硫甙含量的快速测定筛选要求。

傅立叶变换拉曼光谱和红外光谱鉴别塑料

用傅立叶变换拉曼光谱、衰减全反射红外光谱和近红外光谱结合OPUS/Ident软件对添加不同填料、不同助剂的塑料进行鉴别分类。结果表明:分子光谱结合化学计量学鉴别塑料是一种快速可靠的方法。其中拉曼光谱和衰减全反射红外光谱能够直接区分样品,而近红外光谱非常类似,不能直接区分。但是用OPUS/Ident软件中的W ard算法处理这3种光谱后,得到的树形图能够将样品准确分类。

常温下MnO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂催化臭氧氧化甲苯反应

采用浸渍法制备了Al2O3负载的5种过渡金属氧化物催化剂,考察了它们在常温下催化臭氧氧化甲苯的性能,并运用程序升温还原、程序升温氧化、N2吸附-脱附和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,NiO/Al2O3,CoO/Al2O3和MnO2/Al2O3催化剂上活性氧中心数量较少,臭氧与甲苯转化率较高;而Fe2O3/Al2O3和CuO/Al2O3催化剂上则相反.催化降解臭氧效率较高的催化剂上甲苯转化率也较高,在本文实验条件下,CO2产率低于30%.当甲苯浓度为666mg/m3,O3浓度从193mg/m3提高至965mg/m3时,甲苯转化率从15.2%提高至46.7%,并且使反应后催化剂表面产物和晶格氧含量增加.原位漫反射红外光谱研究发现,反应过程中生成了含COO-,C=O和C-O官能团的物质,O3浓度的提高加速了COO-向C=O与C-O的转化,前者在573KO2气氛下几乎不发生反应,而后者在373K开始分解.基于此,提出了常温下臭氧催化氧化甲苯的反应机理.