Solar observation with the Fourier transform spectrometer Ⅰ:Preliminary results of the visible and near-infrared solar spectrum

The Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS)is a core instrument for solar observation with high spectral resolution,especially in the infrared.The Infrared System for the Accurate Measurement of Solar Magnetic Field(AIMS),working at 10-13μm,will use an FTS to observe the solar spectrum.The Bruker IFS-125 HR,which meets the spectral resolution requirement of AIMS but simply equips with a point source detector,is employed to carry out preliminary experiment for AIMS.A sun-light feeding experimental system is further developed.Several experiments are taken with them during 2018 and 2019 to observe the solar spectrum in the visible and near infrared wavelength,respectively.We also proposed an inversion method to retrieve the solar spectrum from the observed interferogram and compared it with the standard solar spectrum atlas.Although there is a wavelength limitation due to the present sun-light feeding system,the results in the wavelength band from 0.45-1.0μm and 1.0-2.2μm show a good consistency with the solar spectrum atlas,indicating the validity of our observing configuration,the data analysis method and the potential to work in longer wavelength.The work provided valuable experience for the AIMS not only for the operation of an FTS but also for the development of its scientific data processing software.

Characterization of products from photooxidation of toluene

Photooxidation reaction of toluene in smog chamber systems was initiated by the UV radiation of tolucne/CH5ONO/NOx mixtures. The products of the photooxidation reaction of toluene and its subsequent reactions were analyzed directly utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （FTIR）. Detailed assignments to FTIR spectrum of gas-phase products were given. The information of some important functional groups in the products, such as, carbonyl groups （C-O）, hydroxyl groups （-OH）, carboxylic acid （- COOH）, C-C bonding, N O bonding and C-H bonding （C H）, was got from this analysis. These results were compared to those analyzed by aerosol time of flight mass spectrometer （ATOFMS）. It was found that there are some differcnccs between FTIR analysis of gas-phase products and that of particle-phase, for example, the products with carbonyl groups, which were connected to unsaturated chemical bonds, was relatively higher in the gas phase, while kctoncs, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and organonitrates were the dominant functional groups in the aerosol-phase reaction products. The possible reaction pathways of some important products in the gas phase were also discussed.

印度洋深海热液区贻贝足丝结构和性能特征研究

贻贝营半固着生活,依靠足丝将自己牢固地黏附在底物上。足丝的结构和性能对贻贝的正常生命活动至关重要。为研究热液区极端环境下深海贻贝足丝的结构和性能,采集了印度洋龙旂深海热液区的贻贝(Bathymodiolus marisindicus)足丝,对其力学特性、结构特征和组分进行了分析。力学性能测试发现与近海贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)相比,B.marisindicus足丝的力学性能表现为模量小、弹性小、弹性缓冲较差。傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)分析显示深海热液区贻贝足丝的主要成分是胶原蛋白,官能团特征显示足丝蛋白含大量的β折叠结构,足丝近端和远端的二级结构梯度较小。扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)结果显示热液区贻贝足丝表面光滑,内部结构呈纤维状整齐排列。氨基酸分析结果显示深海热液区贻贝足丝中甘氨酸、脯氨酸含量高于近海贻贝足丝,这可能会增加足丝蛋白中三螺旋结构的稳定性,使足丝在热液环境中保持性能稳定。热液区深海贻贝足丝独特的力学性能、结构特征和组分特征为研究热液区贻贝的环境适应性提供了一定的基础。

Terahertz atmospheric transmission measured at the AliCPT site

Cosmic-microwave-background(CMB)B-mode measurements may reveal primordial gravitational waves from the earliest phases of the Big Bang.As the first CMB experiment in the northern hemisphere,the Ali CMB polarization telescope(Ali CPT)will carry out measurements of this kind at Ali(Nagri)in Tibet.It is therefore of particular importance to understand the terahertz atmospheric transmission at this site.Here we report on the measurement results for three consecutive seasons with a Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS)spanning a wide frequency range from 0.75 to 14 THz.The zenith median precipitable-watervapor(PWV)is found to be as low as 1 mm at the Ali CPT site,which appears as good as those CMB B-mode measurement sites in the southern hemisphere such as Chile's Atacama Desert.

Validation of Column-Averaged Dry-Air Mole Fraction of CO_2 Retrieved from OCO-2 Using Ground-Based FTS Measurements

In order to correctly use the column-averaged atmospheric COdry-air mole fraction(XCO) data in the COflux studies, XCOmeasurements retrieved from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2(OCO-2) in 2015 were compared with those obtained from the global ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer(FTS) participating in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON). The XCOretrieved from three observing modes adopted by OCO-2, i.e., nadir, target, and glint, were separately validated by the FTS measurements at up to eight TCCON stations located in different areas. These comparisons show that OCO-2 glint mode yields the best qualitative estimations of COconcentration among the three operational approaches. The overall results regarding the glint mode show no obvious systematic biases. These facts may indicate that the glint concept is appropriate for not only oceans but also land regions. Negative systematic biases in nadir and target modes have been found at most TCCON sites. The standard deviations of XCOretrieved from target and nadir modes within the observation period are similar, and larger than those from glint mode. We also used the FTS site in Beijing, China, to assess the OCO-2 XCOin 2016. This site is located in a typical urban area, which has been absent in previous studies. Overall, OCO-2 XCOagrees well with that from FTS at this site. Such a study will benefit the validation of the newly launched TanSat products in China.

Constructing zwitterionic nanofiber film for anti-adhesion of marine corrosive microorganisms

A zwitterionic nanofiber film was constructed through combining zwitterionic polymer with anodic aluminum oxide template for anti-adhering typical marine corrosive microorganisms,i.e.Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Chaetoceros muelleri.Results showed that the fabricated zwitterionic polymers film has fibrous nanostructure with uniform distribution and super hydrophilia.This film has wide anti-adhering properties,and it can effectively reduce the attachment of these three microorganisms by more than 99%.Moreover,the adhesion of extracellular polymeric substances secreted from these three microorganisms are also inhibited,which is one reason for the fabricated nanofiber film with antiadhesion characteristic of microorganisms.This research provides valuable information for solving the problem of microbial adhesion on metal surfaces in the marine environment.

Processing of Calamine with Modern Analytical Techniques:Processed with Huanglian Decoction(黄连汤)and Sanhuang Decoction(三黄汤)

Objective： To determine the pyrolysis characteristics of calcined and processed calamine, qualitatively and quantitatively compare the contents of related elements, morphology and functional groups of the pyrolysis products dried at different heating temperatures and explore the critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature for the process of calamine with Huanglian Decoction（HLD, 黄连汤） and San Huang Decoction（SHD, 三黄汤）. Methods： Pyrolysis products were prepared by programmable and constantly heating the calcined and processed calamine to or at different heating temperatures. Thermogravimetry（TG） was used to test their pyrolysis characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopeenergy dispersive spectrometer were used to determine their morphology, functional groups and element contents. Page model was used to investigate the constant drying kinetics of processed calamine. Results： The adding of HLD or SHD to calcined calamine（CC） can slow its weight loss in drying pyrolysis process. The temperature ranges where HLD and SHD can affect its weight loss were 65–150 ℃ and 74–180 ℃, respectively. The drying temperature was optimized as 90 ℃. The drying kinetic for the processed calamine fits Page model shows good linearity. Conclusions： The critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature where HLD and SHD can affect the weight loss rate in the process of calamine were explored using the theories and methods of both biophysical chemistry and processing of Chinese materia medica. This work provides a good example for the study of the process of other Chinese medicines using modern analytical techniques.