Fracture strength of centre surface cracked tensile specimens made of 2219-T87 Al alloy welding

Fracture data of both parent metal and weldment metals from surface cracked tensile plates made of 2219-T87 Al alloy at cryogenic temperatures were correlated using a modified inherent flaw model. Fracture parameters to generate the failure assessment diagram were determined for the material. Fracture analysis was carried out considering the ultimate tensile strength value and the fracture data of aluminium base metal and weldment metal generated from center–surface cracked tensile specimens having different thicknesses. The failure assessment diagram of a material generated from tensile fracture plate configuration can be applied to failure pressure estimation of any cracked component, made of the same material.

Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage

Based on uniaxial compression experimental results on fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage, we studied the strength and deformation properties, the failure model, crack formation and evolution laws of fractured sandstone under different conditions of anchorage. The experimental results show that the strength and elastic modulus of fractured sandstone with different fracture angles are significantly lower than those of intact sandstone. Compared with the fractured samples without anchorage,the peak strength, residual strength, peak and ultimate axial strain of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increase by 64.5–320.0%, 62.8–493.0%, and 31.6–181.4%, respectively. The number of bolts and degree of pre-stress has certain effects on the peak strength and failure model of fractured sandstone. The peak strength of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increases to some extent, and the failure model of fractured sandstone also transforms from tensile failure to tensile–shear mixed failure with the number of bolts. The pre-stress can restrain the formation and evolution process of tensile cracks, delay the failure process of fractured sandstone under anchorage and impel the transformation of failure model from brittle failure to plastic failure.

CRACK GROWTH,FRACTURE FEATURE AND RUPTURE LIFE DURING CYCLIC CREEP OF SUPERALLOY GH2132

The effects of cyclic loading on crack growth, fracture feature and rupture life of superalloy GH2132 have been studied in the present paper. The crack growth tests were carried out at 550 on compact tension specimens under a wide range of load levels and various periods of hold time, and the fracture surfaces were examined on a scanning electron microscope. The results show that, for both static and cyclic creep, Stage-I of crack growth is related with initial test stress, during which the crack extension is about 0.5mm, and that the final effect of cyclic loading on rupture life depends on the counteraction of its two reversed effects on crack growth rate before and after the point n=0.2.

Fracture strength evaluation of titanium alloys using modified average stress criterion

Structural integrity procedures were used to demonstrate the fitness for the purpose of engineering components transmitting loads. The prediction of the fracture strength of titanium alloys containing sharp notches through the damage model depends on the un-notched strength and the critical length of the damage zone ahead of the notch. In general, the critical length of the damage zone depends on the material, specimen, and size of the sharp notch. Modifications were made in one of the stress fracture criteria known as the average stress criterion for accurate prediction of notched tensile strength of titanium alloy specimen containing sharp notches. To examine the adequacy of these modifications, fracture data of center-cracked titanium alloys with various thicknesses are considered. The notched （fracture） strength estimates are found to be close to the test results. The modified average stress criterion is very simple to predict the notched tensile strength.

Master crack types and typical acoustic emission characteristics during rock failure

Acoustic emission(AE)signals contain substantial information about the internal fracture characteristics of rocks and are useful for revealing the laws governing the release of energy stored therein.Reported here is the evolution of rock failure with diferent master crack types as investigated using Brazilian splitting tests(BSTs),direct shear tests(DSTs),and uniaxial compression tests(UCTs).The AE parameters and typical modes of each fracture type were obtained,and the energy release characteristics of each fracture mechanism were discussed.From the observed changes in the AE parameters,the rock fracture process exhibits characteristics of staged intensifcation.The scale and energy level of crack activity in the BSTs were signifcantly lower than those in the DSTs and UCTs.The proportion of tensile cracks in the BSTs was 65%–75%,while the proportions of shear cracks in the DSTs and UCTs were 75%–85%and 70%–75%,respectively.During the rock loading process under diferent conditions,failure was accompanied by an increased number of shear cracks.The amplitude,duration,and rise time of the AE signal from rock failure were larger when the failure was dominated by shear cracks rather than tensile ones,and most of the medium-and high-energy signals had medium to low frequencies.After calculating the proposed energy amplitude ratio,the energy release of shear cracks was found to exceed that of tensile cracks at the same fracture scale.

Cryo-Cracking方法及其在焊接接头蠕变断裂失效分析中的应用

介绍了 Cryo- Cracking方法及其在分析和评定高温下长期服役的焊管焊接接头蠕变失效中的应用特点。这种方法使用的试样易于截取 ,制样工艺过程简单 ,对制样者的技艺无特殊要求 ,不易产生因试样的制备而引起的误解。通过扫描电镜断口形貌的分析 ,结合金相定量分析方法 ,从分析断口的二维图象获得的数据 ,可以定量地反映在役构件蠕变失效的程度。实践表明 ,Cryo- Cracking方法是一种简单实用的焊接接头蠕变失效分析方法。

管道环焊缝失效评估曲线分析

为了提高管道断裂评估准确性,基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,结合数值模拟仿真方法,建立了3种典型服役工况下的FAL曲线预测模型。分别考虑了材料属性、裂纹的几何尺寸以及拉伸、内压、弯曲等三种载荷对FAL曲线的影响。结果表明,管道壁厚和外径对FAL曲线影响较小,基本可以忽略其作用;浅裂纹(a/t<0.5)时,FAL曲线在弹塑性区分布较为集中;深裂纹(a/t≥0.5)时,FAL曲线会随裂纹长度的变化具有较高的敏感性。同时提出多参数拟合模型,以简化现有三级断裂评估的复杂流程,其中多参数拟合模型材料屈服强度、抗拉强度、裂纹深度、裂纹长度和管壁厚度,预测结果表示多元参数模型可以描述复杂断裂评估曲线的变化趋势。

Effect ofαphase morphology on fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−1Cr−1Fe alloy

Taking a Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−1Cr−1Fe alloy as exemplary case,the fatigue crack growth sensitivity and fracture features with various tailoredαphase morphologies were thoroughly investigated using fatigue crack growth rate(FCGR)test,optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The tailored microstructures by heat treatments include the fine and coarse secondaryαphase,as well as the widmanstatten and basket weave features.The sample with coarse secondaryαphase exhibits better comprehensive properties of good crack propagation resistance(with long Paris regime ranging from 15 to 60 MPa·m1/2),high yield strength(1113 MPa)and ultimate strength(1150 MPa),and good elongation(11.6%).The good crack propagation resistance can be attributed to crack deflection,long secondary crack,and tortuous crack path induced by coarse secondaryαphase.

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.

某高架桥高强度螺栓断裂失效分析

高架桥用42CrMoA高强度双头螺栓在服役期间发生螺纹断裂现象,通过外观检查、化学成分分析及扫描电镜分析等手段,对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明,螺栓在冶炼过程中成分控制不严,在安装中质量不达标,紧固力不均匀或预紧力不足造成螺栓在螺纹处出现缝隙或间隙,在腐蚀环境下发生缝隙腐蚀。在闭塞腐蚀电池及应力集中作用下加速溶解金属基体,在缝隙腐蚀的阳极端部形成裂纹源。裂纹在腐蚀和疲劳的双重作用下,使裂纹不断向纵深扩展,直至螺栓断裂。安装质量不达标且冶炼工艺控制不严是引发螺栓断裂的关键因素。

厚松散层薄基岩综放开采覆岩破坏与地裂缝发育规律

开采引起的覆岩移动、破坏及地表变形裂缝的研究对于煤矿安全生产和采动损害保护具有重要意义。以郑煤集团某矿12203工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、现场实测与数值模拟等方法分析了覆岩受采动影响演化机制,给出了回采距离与覆岩发育高度之间的函数关系以及覆岩充分破坏埋深与回采距离之间关系,分析了该地质情况下的地裂缝分布特征。结果表明:①厚松散层薄基岩覆岩破坏演化可分为开始、快速增加阶段、缓慢增加及稳定4个阶段;覆岩破坏高度与回采距离存在Logistic函数关系、与煤层厚度存在线性函数关系,该地质条件下覆岩充分破坏时,回采距离等于埋深;②覆岩裂隙演化中,基岩部分比松散层部分破坏程度剧烈;③地裂缝形态主要为拉伸裂缝与台阶裂缝,二者交互存在,工作面边缘裂缝整体随工作面回采呈现椭圆形—圆形—椭圆形动态变化;地裂缝发育超前工作面一段距离出现,动态超前裂缝距为84.07 m,动态超前裂缝角为73.15°。

基于近场动力学的含损伤缺陷Q345钢裂纹扩展分析

船舶与海洋工程结构中由于材料本身缺陷或服役过程中产生的细小裂纹,使结构不可避免地产生裂纹损伤,造成应力集中而破坏。为了研究含裂纹缺陷低合金钢构件的裂纹扩展行为,以应用广泛的Q345钢为研究对象,基于近场动力学(Peridynamics,PD)理论提出一种改进的双参数PD方法。首先考虑PD力的非局部长程力特性,推导对应的键刚度系数;其次,根据含裂纹缺陷Q345钢拉伸破坏的线性和非线性的力学行为,构建双参数PD本构力函数的基本形式。通过研究不同双裂纹间距、长度和角度的Q345钢裂纹扩展行为,与试验结果对比验证本文改进的双参数PD方法的准确性,并且给出交变荷载情形下疲劳裂纹扩展的计算方法。结果可为船舶钢构件的优化设计和断裂预防提供参考。

坚硬覆岩预裂弱化改性效应及导水裂缝带控制机理

针对深部煤层开采坚硬覆岩条件下导水裂缝带控制问题,充分借鉴坚硬顶板预裂弱化技术,提出预裂弱化坚硬主控覆岩控制导水裂缝带高度的新方法。综合采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟等方法,研究了坚硬主控覆岩预裂弱化改性效应,详细阐述了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制机理,并进行了实测验证。研究结果表明:预制裂缝可以使坚硬岩石往强度低的方向进行转变,并将完整岩样的劈裂破坏特征转变为以预制裂缝为主控的张拉剪切破坏,坚硬岩石的破坏程度由剧烈趋于缓和;揭示了预制裂缝对坚硬岩体的弱化改性效应,计算得到应力与裂缝耦合的损伤变量,定性的分析了弱化程度与岩性转变的关系,改性后岩体能量存储能力降低,耗散能力增强;数值模拟了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制效果,综合对比覆岩破坏形态、裂隙数量及破坏高度动态演化规律,发现“马鞍形”破坏形态随着弱化层位的升高而逐渐减弱,覆岩裂隙数量演化基本呈现“缓增−突增”的演化趋势,未弱化以及中、高位弱化覆岩破坏高度动态演化近似呈现“S”形,而中位弱化呈“半抛形”,综合分析得出低位弱化对导水裂缝带的控制效果最好;在分析高、中、低位坚硬岩层破坏特征的基础上,揭示了不同预裂弱化层位控制导水裂缝带发育机理;钻孔实测孟村矿顶板压裂条件下的“两带”发育高度,对比发现预裂弱化条件下裂采比降低,初步验证了顶板预裂弱化对导水裂缝带发育的抑制性。研究成果将为深部矿区耦合灾害防控、水资源及生态保护等领域提供理论和科学依据。

复杂力热载荷下推力室内壁失效机理研究

大推力氢氧火箭发动机在经过多次试车后,推力室内壁会产生不同程度的裂纹,严重影响发动机的工作可靠性。为了分析复杂力热载荷下推力室内壁的失效机理,本文根据发动机实际工作过程涉及预冷-工作-后冷-松弛四个阶段,分别计算了经过单次和多次工作循环的内壁应力应变情况,并针对试车分解后的内壁材料进行断貌分析和金相检查。仿真与材料分析结果表明:内壁面的失效机理为疲劳和棘轮共同作用下导致通道中心点处残余拉应变不断累积,不断向外鼓起,而内壁材料在高温下会出现晶粒粗化和再结晶现象,导致材料性能出现不可逆的下降,加速了结构失效,最终产生裂纹。

三轴压缩条件下共面双裂隙复合类岩断裂机制

为了研究裂隙构型属性和围压对复合岩的破坏特性影响及裂隙在复合岩中的扩展规律,基于室内单轴和三轴压缩试验,采用PFC 2D数值模拟软件建立含共面双裂隙复合岩三轴压缩颗粒模型,研究裂隙复合岩在不同裂隙倾角、裂隙长度和围压下的破坏特性和声发射演化规律。结果表明:岩样的破坏模式主要受裂隙倾角控制,而岩样的完整性主要受裂隙长度和围压控制;随着裂隙倾角的增加,岩样的破坏模式呈现张拉破坏→剪切破坏→拉-剪复合破坏的变化规律,随着裂隙长度和围压的增大,岩样的宏观裂纹减少,完整性越好;岩桥的贯通模式主要受裂隙倾角、结构面和围压的影响,裂隙倾角和围压越大,岩桥越容易贯通,结构面的存在会抑制岩桥的贯通;裂隙倾角越大,微裂纹呈“弥散式”分布于岩样的现象越明显,裂隙长度和围压越大,微裂纹的聚集现象越明显,岩样微裂纹的损伤积累随裂隙倾角和长度的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大;岩样在变形加载过程中,声发射计数整体随裂隙倾角的增大而增大,随裂隙长度和围压的增大而减小,裂隙倾角、长度和围压主要改变的是声发射计数的数值大小。

含裂纹反应堆支承结构偏心承载能力研究

针对偏心载荷下含裂纹反应堆支承结构的安全性评定和剩余承载力评估问题,本文开展了支承结构材料断裂力学性能试验。结合数值模拟和双参数失效评定法,探讨了不同裂纹长度和载荷偏心度对支承结构承载能力的影响。结果表明:裂纹长度和载荷偏心度对支承结构的剩余承载力均有显著影响,在进行含裂纹支承结构完整性评定时要考虑载荷的偏心特点,但不同裂纹长度下的双参数失效评定曲线有较为明显的区别,不同载荷偏心度下的评定曲线差别不大;轴向拉伸载荷下的剩余承载力与裂纹长度近似为线性相关,偏心拉伸载荷下具有一定非线性特征。研究成果为核动力系统生命力评估提供方法和数据库。

基于循环孔洞扩张模型的X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测

海洋工程钢结构在服役过程中,受风、浪、流或地震等极端循环载荷的影响,易发生超低周疲劳断裂破坏,造成人员伤亡及财产损失,因此超低周疲劳断裂分析及寿命预测对于海工结构安全性评估至关重要。然而,现阶段基于累积损伤理论提出的多种超低周疲劳寿命预测模型无法对多尺度节点实现统一预测,造成了实际工程应用的不便。因此文中基于循环孔洞扩张模型开展X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测。首先,开发了基于循环孔洞扩张模型的VUSDFLD程序,实现ABAQUS与FORTRAN子程序联合应用,利用有限元分析验证循环孔洞扩张模型在X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂分析中的有效性;其次,根据多组X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂有限元分析结果,在宏观层面提出了一种基于Manson-Coffin公式的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式;最后,依据Miner理论,将适用于等幅加载的超低周疲劳寿命公式扩展至变幅加载情况,验证了多种节点尺寸下超低周疲劳公式的适用性,为工程应用提供了理论依据。

基于黏弹性近场动力学方法的素混凝土板冲击破坏形态分析

通过拉格朗日方程推导出一种基于单键双参数键型近场动力学的黏弹性模型,对冲击荷载下的素混凝土板的破坏过程进行模拟,采用单轴动态强度S准则得出物质点对间键的动态断裂准则。分别将低速落锤撞击下的素混凝土板的仿真结果与连续-不连续介质力学方法(CDEM)的模拟结果,高速子弹射击下的素混凝土板的仿真结果与试验结果进行对比。结果表明,黏弹性单键双参数近场动力学模型能合理地描述混凝土在冲击荷载下的破坏形态,且该模型能针对不同加载速率做出不同的反应,为冲击作用下的混凝土防护与混凝土的结构改造提供了一种有效的方法。

某钢厂输送液压油API管道失效分析

某钢厂输送液压油API级无缝钢管在一个月中发生了两次失效,第一次失效出现了4.7 m长的纵向裂缝,第二次失效时管道出现了少量泄漏。管道输送液压油的压力为3~14 MPa,环境温度为25~40℃,该无缝管的失效可能是高应变率或氢致开裂(HIC)等因素导致的管体开裂。采用化学分析、拉伸试验、硬度测试、宏观观察、光学和电子显微镜以及能谱分析(EDS)等方法对其失效原因及其机理进行分析。结果表明,管道中输送液压油分解产生的氢与管材内部中的硫化物夹杂相结合,导致管体因氢致开裂而失效。

Understanding Fatigue Failure in Binary Rubber Blends: Role of Crack Initiation and Propagation

Under cyclic loading conditions,the breakdown of rubber products is mainly caused by the formation and spread of cracks.This study focuses on understanding how cracks initiate and grow during the fatigue failure of blended rubber.We prepared composite materials by blending bio-mimetic rubber (BMR);butadiene rubber (BR) in different mass ratios and evaluated their resistance to crack initiation and propagation.Our results indicate a clear trend: as the BR content increases,crack initiation in blended rubber is inhibited,while crack propagation is enhanced.This shift leads to a change in the primary factor influencing fatigue fracture from crack initiation to crack propagation.Additionally,we observed that the fatigue life of the rubber blend initially increases and then decreases as the BMR content rises,indicating a critical threshold when the mass ratio of BMR to BR is comparable.By closely examining the materials using a scanning electron microscope (SEM);image analysis,we confirmed that before the threshold,crack initiation is the dominant factor in fatigue failure,while after the threshold,crack propagation takes over.This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms behind fatigue failure in rubber blends,contributing to a better understanding of this important material behavior.