Influence of masticatory fatigue on the fracture resistance of the pulpless teeth restored with quartz-fiber post-core and crown

To investigate whether masticatory fatigue affects the fracture resistance and pattern of lower premolars restored with quartz-fiber post-core and full crown, 44 single rooted lower premolars recently extracted from orthodontic patients were divided into two groups of 22 each. The crowns of all teeth were removed and endodontically treated and then restored with quartz-fiber post-core and full crown. Twenty-two teeth in one group were selected randomly and circularly loaded at 45° to the long axis of the teeth of 127.4 N at a 6 Hz frequency, and the other group was not delivered to cyclic loading and considered as control. Subsequently, all teeth in two groups were continually loaded to fail at 45° to the long axis of the teeth at a crosshead speed of 1 mm.min-1. The mean destructive force values were （733.88±254.99） and （869.14±280.26） N for the experimental and the control group, respectively, and no statistically significant differences were found between two groups （P〉O.05）. Bevel fracture and horizontal fracture in the neck of root were the major fracture mode of the specimens. Under the circumstances of this study, it seems that cyclic loading does not affect the fracture strength and pattern of the quartz-fiber post-core-crown complex.

Influence of fiber posts on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars with different dental defects

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of quartz fiber post placement on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars with different dental defects under dynamic loading.Fifty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were randomized into five groups.Each group was prepared according to numbers of residual walls ranged from 0 to 4.Then each group was divided into two subgroups with one restored with quartz fiber posts and the other without posts.In no-post groups,gutta percha point 2 mm below cemento-enamel junction was removed.Composite resin was adapted to the well and used to shape the core directly.Each tooth was restored with a complete metal crown.Dynamic loading was carried out in a masticatory simulator with a nominal load of 50 N at 2 Hz for 300 000 loading cycles.Then a quasi-statically load was applied in a universal testing machine 306 to the long axis with a crosshead speed of 1 mm？min21until fracture.Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and pairwise comparison（P,0.05）.No specimens failed during dynamic loading.The fracture resistance enhanced with the increase of numbers of coronal walls and the differences were significant（P,0.05）.Placement of fiber posts had a significant effect when fewer than two walls remained（P,0.05）,but it had no significant influence in groups with two,three or four walls（P.0.05）.Fiber post did not change failure mode,and the fracture pattern was mainly favorable.More dentin walls need to be retained in clinic.When no less than two walls remained,a fiber post is not always necessary.

Overall Evaluation of the Effect of Residual Stress Induced by Shot Peening in the Improvement of Fatigue Fracture Resistance for Metallic Materials

Before 1980s,the circular suspension spring in automobile subjected to torsion fatigue load,under the cyclic normal tensile stresses,the majority of fatigue fracture occurred was in normal tensile fracture mode（NTFM）and the fracture surface was under 45°diagonal.Because there exists the interaction between the residual stresses induced by shot peening and the applied cyclic normal tensile stresses in NTFM,which represents as＂stress strengthening mechanism＂,shot peening technology could be used for improving the fatigue fracture resistance（FFR）of springs.However,since 1990s up to date,in addition to regular NTFM,the fatigue fractures occurred of peened springs from time to time are in longitudinal shear fracture mode（LSFM）or transverse shear fracture mode（TSFM）with the increase of applied cyclic shear stresses,which leads to a remarkable decrease of FFR.However,LSFM/TSFM can be avoided effectively by means of shot peening treatment again on the peened springs.The phenomena have been rarely happened before.At present there are few literatures concerning this problem.Based upon the results of force analysis of a spring,there is no interaction between the residual stresses by shot peening and the applied cyclic shear stresses in shear fracture.This;means that the effect of＂stress strengthening mechanism＂for improving the FFR of LSFM/TSFM is disappeared basically.During shot peening,however,both of residual stress and cyclic plastic deformed microstructure are induced synchronously like＂twins＂in the surface layer of a spring.It has been found for the first time by means of force analysis and experimental results that the modified microstructure in the＂twins＂as a＂structure strengthening mechanism＂can improve the FFR of LSFM/TSFM.At the same time,it is;also shown that the optimum technology of shot peening strengthening must have both＂stress strengthening mechanism＂and＂structure strengthening mechanism＂simultaneously so that the FFR of both NTFM and LSFM/TSFM can be improved by shot peening.

Fracture Resistance and Failure Patterns of Open Apex Root Teeth with Different Posts after Endodontic Treatment

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different posts on the fracture mechanics of endodontically-treated teeth with open apex. Forty-eight human maxillary anterior teeth were collected, and the root was transversely sectioned 12 mm under the cementoenamal junction （CEJ）. These samples were then randomly divided into two groups, i.e., minor diameter open apex root （group A） and major diameter open apex root （group B）, with mineral trioxide aggregate （MTA） placed into the apical 4 mm in the root canals. Subsequently, both groups were respectively further divided into three subgroups as follows： fiber-post （subgroup 1）, metal post （subgroup 2） and non-post （subgroup 3） group. Teeth were restored with a composite resin crown and tested by using a universal testing machine at the rate of 1 mm/min cross-head. Values of the maximum fracture resistance and failure patterns were recorded and compared among all subgroups. In addition, the changes of MTA properties were carefully examined via X-ray photography. Our results indicate that （1） In group A, the mean value of fracture resistance for teeth restored with fiber posts were statistically higher than that with either metal post or non-post; （2） In group B, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean value of fracture resistance among three subgroups; （3） No statistical significance in the mean value of fracture resistance was found between group A and group B; （4） The failure modes of most samples （58%） were irreparable; （5） MTA in two teeth developed cracks after loading tests. In conclusion, endodontically-treated teeth restored with fiber posts are more resistant to fracture than those restored with either metal posts or non-post, and most of the fracture modes are catastrophic in nature.

Effect of Boron on Delayed Fracture Resistance of Medium-Carbon High Strength Spring Steel

The delayed fracture behavior of medium carbon high strength spring steel containing different amounts of boron （0. 000 5%, 0. 001 6 %） was studied using sustained load delayed fracture test. The results show that delayed fracture resistance of boron containing steels is higher than that of conventional steel 60Si2MnA at the same strength level and it increases with the increase of boron eontent from 0. 000 5% to 0. 001 6%. The delayed fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the boron containing steels tempered at 350℃, which indicates that the addition of boron does not change the fracture character. However, the increase of boron content enlarges the size of the crack initia tion area. Further study of phase analysis indicates that most boron is in solid solution, and only a very small quantity of boron is in the M3 （C, B） phase.

Fracture resistance of posterior teeth restored with modern restorative materials

We studied the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars restored with recent restorative materials. Fifty maxillary premolars were divided into five groups： Group 1 were unprepared teeth; Group 2 were teeth prepared without restoration; Group 3 were teeth restored with tetric ceram HB; Group 4 were teeth restored with InTen S; and Group 5 were teeth restored with Admira. The samples were tested using a universal testing machine. Peak loads at fracture were recorded. The teeth restored with Admira had the highest fracture resistance followed by those restored with InTen-S and tetric ceram HB. Prepared, unrestored teeth were the weakest group. There was a significant difference between the fracture resistance of intact teeth and the prepared, unrestored teeth. There was also a significant difference among the tested restorative materials. Teeth restored with Admira showed no significant difference when compared with the unprepared teeth. It was concluded that the teeth restored with Admira exhibited the highest fracture resistance.

Fracture behavior and microstructure analysis of Al2O3–MgO–CaO castables for steel-ladle purging plugs

Three different castables based on the Al_2O_3–MgO –CaO system were prepared as steel-ladle purging plug refractories： corundum-based low-cement castable（C-LCC）, corundum-spinel-based low-cement castable（C-S-LCC）, and corundum-spinel no-cement castable（C-S-NCC）（hydratable alumina（ρ-Al_2O_3） bonded）. The fracture behavior at room temperature was tested by the method of ＂wedge-splitting＂ on samples pre-fired at different temperatures; the specific fracture energy G′f and notched tensile strength σNT were obtained from these tests. In addition, the Young＇s modulus E was measured by the method of resonance frequency of damping analysis（RFDA）. The thermal stress resistance parameter R′′′′ calculated using the values of G′f, σNT, and E was used to evaluate the thermal shock resistance of the materials. According to the microstructure analysis results, the sintering effect and the bonding type of the matrix material were different among these three castables, which explains their different fracture behaviors.

Some results of modeling D-D seismogenic pattern by the fracture model experiment of large-scale rock samples(I)

sing the natural limestone samples taken from the field with dimension of 500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm, the D-D (dilatancy-diffusion) seismogeny pattern was modeled under the condition of water injection, which observes the time-space evolutionary features about the relative physics fields of the loaded samples from deformation, formation of microcracks to the occurrence of main rupture. The results of observed apparent resistivity show: ① The process of the deformation from microcrack to main rupture on the loaded rock sample could be characterized by the precursory spatial-temporal changes in the observation of apparent resistivity; ② The precursory temporal changes of observation in apparent resistivity could be divided into several stages, and its spatial distribution shows the difference in different parts of the rock sample; ③ Before the main rupture of the rock sample the obvious ″tendency anomaly′ and ′short-term anomaly″ were observed, and some of them could be likely considered as the ″impending earthquake ″anomaly precursor of apparent resistivity. The changes and distribution features of apparent resistivity show that they are intrinsically related to the dilatancy phenomenon of the loaded rock sample. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of resistivity change of loaded rock sample theoretically.

FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF 3D-C/SiC COMPOSITES AT 1300℃

Based on the energy conservation, the elastic energy linked to the compliance change, non-elastic energy dissipated by irreversible deformation and the resistance for crack propagation were quantitatively characterized by evaluation the load/load point displacement curves tested by three points bend experiment with single notch beam at 1300℃. The cracks length was determined by compliance calibration curves. It is shown by experimental results that the compliance of 3D-C/SiC composites changes with the cracks can be described by third order polynomial. The variation of crack advancing resistance with non-dimensional equivalent crack length presents a convex curve. The crack advancing resistance increases firstly and then decreases with the non-dimensional equivalent crack length, finally is in comparatively low level. The maximum values of crack advancing resistance are 269.73kJ/m2 for non-dimensional equivalent crack length of 0.318 and original notch length of 0.35mm, and 138.65kJ/m2 for non-dimensional equivalent crack length of 0.381 and original notch length of 2.06mm, respectively.

Low-Energy Multi-Impact Fracture Resistance of Cross Rolled Low Chromium Cast Semi-Steel Containing Rare Earth Grinding Ball

The low-energy multi-impact fracture resistance of the cross rolled low chromium cast semi-steel containing RE grinding balls was studied. Moreover, its damage mode was analyzed by means of metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopic examination and drop ball test. The results show that it can obtain extractive impact fracture resistance after proper heat treatment. More advantages were obtained for the ball worked in the condition of low-imp ductility act. The main reasons are the function of RE and the change in morphology of eutectic carbide network.

Hardness, Wear Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Cast Hiduminium/Corundum Particulate Composites

This paper reports some results obtained in an investigation to see how increasing the corundum dispersoid content from 0% to 7% in a matrix of as-cast and wrought hiduminium alloy affects the hardness. wear resistance and fracture toughness of the composite. The results show that as the corundum content is increased, the hardness and the wear resistance increase remarkably,whereas the fracture toughness drops significantly. It was found that Just a minute amount of corundum is sufficient to cause a fairly large change in these mechanical properties. The hardness of the material is also affected signifIcantly by the aging time. Moreover, if other factors are kept constant, hot extrusion improves both its hardness and its wear resistance. whereas the fracture toughness is decreased

Analytical study of silane-based and wax-based additives on the interfacial bonding characteristics between natural rubber modified binder and different aggregate types

The modification of asphalt binder with natural rubber latex(NR)significantly improves the rutting and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures.However,NR-modified binder is prone to low workability and wettability due to its high viscosity.Therefore,this research focuses on examining the influences of silane and wax-based additives on the wettability of natural rubber-modified binders and the binder-aggregates adhesion performances.In this study,experimental and analytical approaches were used.The contact angles of asphalt binder were measured using a goniometer through the sessile drop method with three solvents:deionised water,formamide,and glycerol.The Cþþalgorithm was adopted to compute the surface free energy(SFE)elements of the asphalt binder.Analytical methods were employed to analyse the results based on the Young-Dupre equation,followed by linear regression to establish a correlation between the compatibility ratio(CR)and the SFE components.The results inferred that modified asphalt binders with additives possessed improved moisture resistance,wherein dry work adhesion values were less than 210 mJ/m^(2)under granite interfaces,whereas the limestone interface exhibited higher dry adhesion values of 340 mJ/m^(2)and below.Similar performance results were observed under wet adhesion conditions;with granite wet adhesive values observed below 120 mJ/m^(2),while limestone wet adhesion values were ascertained below 180 mJ/m^(2)for all tested samples and conditions.According to the spread–ability coefficient results,the limestone interface has greater spread-ability than granite interfaces.Meanwhile,compatibility ratio values indicated better compatibility of 1.9 or higher for tested samples under granite interfaces,whereas compatibility values of 1.7 and below were observed under limestone interfaces.

Properties of Cross-Rolled Low Alloy White Cast Iron Grinding Ball

The low-energy, multi-impact fracture resistance and the abrasiveness of the cross-rolled low alloy white cast iron grinding balls were studied after heat treatments at residual rolling temperature. Moreover, the means by which they are damaged and characters of the wear surface were analyzed. The results show that high resistance to impact fracture and high abrasiveness can be achieved after appropriate heat treatment at residual rolling temperature. This kind of heat treatment technology has several advantages under low impact and hard abrasive. These results are very useful for determining the optimized heat treatment technology at residual rolling temperatures.

Deformation mechanism and stability control of roadway along a fault subjected to mining

It is difficult to maintain the roadway around a fault because of the fractured surroundings, complex stress environment, and large and intense deformation in the mining process. Based on a tailgate of panel $2205 in Tunliu colliery, in Shanxi province, China, we investigated the evolution of stress and displace- ment of rocks surrounding the roadway during the drivage and mining period using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field trial methods. We analyzed the deformation and failure mechanisms of the tailgate near a fault. The deformation of surrounding rock caused by unloading in the drivage period is large and asymmetric, the roadway convergence increases with activation of the fault and secondary fracture develops in the mining period. Therefore, we proposed a specific control technique of the road- way along a fault as follows： （1） High-strength yielding bolt not only supports the shallow rock to load- bearing structures, but also releases primary deformation energy by use of a pressure release device in order to achieve high resistance to the pressure retained： （2） Grouting of near-fault ribside after initial stabilization of the rock deformation is used to reinforce the broken rock, and to improve the integral load-bearing capacity ol~ the roadway. The research results were successfully applied to a field trial.

Peeling behavior and spalling resistance of CFRP sheets bonded to bent concrete surfaces

In this paper, the peeling behavior and the spalling resistance effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheets externally bonded to bent concrete surfaces are firstly investigated experimentally. Twenty one curved specimens and seven plane specimens are studied in the paper, in which curved specimens with bonded CFRP sheets can simulate the concrete spalling in tunnel, culvert, arch bridge etc., whereas plane specimens with bonded CFRP sheets can simulate the concrete spalling in beam bridge, slab bridge and pedestrian bridge. Three kinds of curved specimens with different radii of curvature are chosen by referring to practical tunnel structures, and plane specimens are used for comparison with curved ones. A peeling load is applied on the FRP sheet by loading a circular steel tube placed into the central notch of beam to debond CFRP sheets from the bent concrete surface, meanwhile full-range load-deflection curves are recorded by a MTS 831.10 Elastomer Test System. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical analysis is also conducted for the specimens. Both theoretical and experimental results show that only two material parameters, the interfacial fracture energy of CFRP-concrete interface and the tensile stiffness of CFRP sheets, are needed for describing the interfacial spalling behavior. It is found that the radius of curvature has remarkable influence on peeling load-deflection curves. The test methods and test results given in the paper are helpful and available for reference to the designer of tunnel strengthening.

Effects of Geometrical Characteristics of Suture on Fracture Resistance of Walnut Shell

Nut shells have good impact and fracture resistance,but many kinds of nut shells have suture structures with low bonding strength.Therefore,the mechanism of impact and fracture resistance of nut shells as a whole is important to study,particularly given that sutures maintain low bonding strength.In this study,we investigated the effect of the geometrical characteristics of sutures(morphology,thickness,and number)on the overall fracture resistance of walnuts,based on mechanical tests of C-ring samples,microstructure analysis after cracking,quantitative analysis of suture geometric model,and numerical simulations.We found that the cracking of walnuts was mainly caused by tensile stress,and the bonding strength was approximately 2.48±0.64 MPa.We discovered that the thickness of the suture was 1.55±0.32 times thicker than the shell,which improved the fracture resistance ability by more than 28.4%.The undulating and inclined morphology of the walnut suture also increased the fracture force.Additionally,an appropriate suture number reduced the cracking of walnuts.In conclusion,our study sheds light on the physiological function of walnut sutures from a biomechanical perspective and provides useful references for designing fracture resistance measures in thin shell structures.

EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PRE-CONDITIONING ON FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF POLYPROPYLENE

The effect of externally applied mechanical pre-conditioning, i.e. pre-impact treatment, on the fracture resistance was investigated for polypropylene （PP）. Impact strength was obtained via notched and/or unnotched samples. It has been shown that the pre-impact treatment is favorable to the improvement of the fracture resistance. The impact strength increases linearly with the applied pre-impact energy. Both optical and SEM results show that there are at least two possible mechanisms for the improvement of the fracture resistance. One is the crack blunting effect which is introduced to notched sample by pre-impact treatment, reducing the sensitivity of PP to the applied notch. The other is the formation of large amount of microvoids induced by pre-impact treatment, which changes the stress distribution and induces intensive plastic deformation of PP at the second impact measurement, leading to the improvement of the fracture resistance.

Amine functionalization on thermal and mechanical behaviors of graphite nanofibers-loaded epoxy composites

With the growing demand for faster and more powerful computing,effective heat dissipation is essential to ensure the longevity,reliability,and high performance of electronic systems.In the field of modern electronic packaging materials,there is a great need for graphitic material-loaded polymeric composites(GPCs)with excellent thermal conductivities.However,the enhancement efficiency of GPCs is hindered by the agglomeration of fillers and the interfacial thermal resistance caused by the lack of continuous thermally conductive pathways between the filler and matrix.Understanding the interfaces between filler and matrix is of great importance in optimizing the performances of GPCs.Here,we fabricated graphite nanofibers(GNF)-loaded nanocomposites using acid-functionalized GNF(AGNF)and acidtetraethylenepentamine-functionalized(TGNF)as a filler and epoxy resin as a matrix with different GNF loading contents to explore the interfacial properties of the nanocomposites.The optimal GNF loading for AGNF was 0.5 wt.%,while the TGNF showed 0.75 wt.%.The highest thermal conductivity(0.51 W m^(−1) K^(−1))and fracture toughness(25.8 MPa m^(1/2))values were found in the TGNF-loaded nanocomposites with a fraction of 0.75 wt.%,representing enhancements of∼145%and∼400%,respectively,compared to those of neat nanocomposites.The experimental data presented herein demonstrate that the interfacial properties play a significant role in enhancing the thermal and mechanical performances of the nanocomposites.The present approach is expected to serve as a valuable tool in the design of conductive polymeric nanocomposites for further practical applications,such as thermal interface materials and packaging of high-power electric devices.